Kerala Panineeyam


]oTnI
4. hhnImc

Pohnncnp Imesmw {]mWnIv AhcpsS icocmwifn kZm amdd kw`hnpsImncnpp. AXpt]mse `mjIpw Pohibn AXpIfpsS icoc`qXamb hfn hnImc hpsImncnpp. "sNbvInd', "t]mInd' FmWv Dp\oeoktiImc DcnpXv. \mw Ctm "sNp', "t]mIp' (t]mhp) Fpcnpp. hv ]e ImcWfm hnImcw hcmw: (1) APvRm AdnhnmbvIbm hsf Zpjnnpp. Fncv= Fsmcp; IprnWXv= IpnbncnpXv. Aev]PvRm anSpn\pthn hsf amddpw. hnnjvSw hnnjvTw= hnnw; CXns\s kwkvIrX{`aw Ieiembn "_nw_njvSw' IqSnbmnsbpw hcmw. hnnSpI= izmkwappI F [mXphns \macq]w "hnnw' Ft Dp. Cu IqnemWv t`jvIm, Vop, [ohn apXembh. (2) Fm `mjIpw s]mXpth tbmPnp Nne hhnImcfpv. CuhI hnImc A`nPvRmp kXamWv. CXpIfpsS aqew {]mtbW HuZmko\y \ymbw Fv i_vZimkv{XImcm tLmjnp Hcp knmw BIpp. {iasv Dcntp [z\nIsf {ItaW eLpsSppIbmIpp CXns kz`mhw. (3) C\n hwi]mccyw apdbvv knnpXmbnpw Nne Acamddfpv. Cs\ aqphI hhnImcfpXn\m HmatXv kkXamXn\m AXns\ddn hnkvXcntXn. cpwaqpw C\sf Xmsg hnhcnpp:

AB aebmfn A, C, D Fv aqp tIhekzc DXn AImcs DcnpXn\mWv {]bmkw A[nIw. CXn Ipdbpw DImcn\v; CImcn\v AXnepw Ipdbpw. AXn\m AImcw Xo{h{]bXv\w; CImcw arZp{]bXv\w; DImcw ay{]bXv\w. Fm "kwhrXw' Fp ]dbp DImcn\v CImcsmfpw bXv\w Ipdbpw; kwhrXDImcw DmcW kuIcyn\pthn AyhyRvP\fn tNp Hcp kzcNvOmb Ft Dp. AImcw Xo{h{]bXv\amIbm AXns DmcWw ]e hmpIfnepw Zpjnnpv. aebmfn AImcns Zpjn [z\n FImcns Hcp Ombbn BWv. Fs\ Fm,

	Kw= sKw	_p= s_p
	P\w= sP\w	biv= sbivp
	Uw`w= sUw`vp	chn= schn
	Zb= sZb	ePvP= sePvP

Cu DZmlcWfn\npw kwkvIrnse arZptfmSpw a[yatfmSpw tN AImcs aebmfnI FImcwt]mse Dcnpp Fp kv]jvSambn. "hcw', "hkp' CXymZnIfn hImcn\v ]ZmZnbn shImtcmmcWw ImWpnsnepw "tZhI' CXymZnIfn shImtcmmcWw Dv. arZpa[yafn\npw ]cambn hcp AImcn\v Cu FImtcmmcWw sNmXv Xangv, sXepv, ImSIw F addp {ZmhnUfnepw XpeyamWv. Cs\ Zpjnv FImcNvOmbbn hcp AImcn\v XmehymImcw Fp t] sNmw. icnbmb AImcw ipw; ZpjnXv Xmehyw.

kwkvIrXn ]Zmambn \nevp BImcs Ipdpn aebmfn Xmehyampp.

Bim Bi; tcJm tcJ; Iem Ie; {]`m {]`

"Bi hnp',"Bi shbvpp Ft]mse cq]t`Zw Hpw IqSmsX \nevptm AImcw XmehyamsWp kv]jvSamIpIbn; Fm "Bibm', "BibpsS', "Bibn' Bibvv Fv hn`n {]Xyb tNm AImcw XmehywXs Fp t_m[sSpw. XmehyXzw sImpXsbmWv "Bi+B= Bibm' Fp knbn bImcw klImcnbmbn hcpXpw. Cu AImcw Xangn sFImcambnpw, ImSIn FImcambnpw amdpp.

kwkvIrXw	Xangv	ImSIw	aebmfw,sXepv
Bim	Bssi	Bsi	Bi
tcJm	tcssI	tcsJ	tcJ
Iem	Isse	Ise	Ie
{]`m	]ncss]	{]s`	{]`

hn`ncq]fpsS KXn t\mptm \mafpsS HSphn hcp AImcsamw XmehyamWv: X, X, IpS, Xg, Ce, hne, IpXnc, Xnc, ]pI, hI CXymZn \ma t\mpI. "Xbpw Xbpw' FsgpXnbmepw \mw hmbnpXv "Xsbpw Xsbpw' Ft]mse BWv. IrXnIfnepw ]mXnbne[nIw Fns Ayamb AImcw Xmehyw Xs: AWbpI, ]dbpI, XncbpI, hebpI, ISbpI, hfbpI, XgbvpI, hndbvpI, IgbvpI, AdbvpI, NnebvpI CXymZn. XpcpI, XpdpI, adpI (HmhnSpI), InSpI (ibnpI) CXymZn Nne ImcnX[mXpfn am{Xta AImcw Xmehyambn ZpjnmsXbpp. ap sNm "Xhtm]aw' Asn "XmehymtZiw' F \b{]Imcw Xmehymv AWp, ]dp, Xgp, hndp Fp `qXcq] hcpp. ipmImcmmIs Xpcp, adp CXymZn XmehymtZiwIqSm cq] Xs BIpp Fp ImI. AImcns kz`mha\pkcnv Nnetm [mXphn\v At`Zhpw hcmdpv.

	ipw		Xmehyw
adpI= HmhnSpI		adbvpI= ImWm]mSnmsX BpI
InSpI= ibnpI		InSbvpI= e`npI

tamWn FmhI DZmlcWfnepw AImcs XmehyambnsbmWv DcnpI ]Xnhv. Fm Fgpn ipamb AImcsm Xmehyn\v bmsXmcp t`Zhpw sNmdn. icnbmbn DcntXv ipamb AImcwXs BWv; Xmehy[z\n tIpXmIs, DZmko\X\nanapmIp Hcp DmcW sshIeyw FmWv `mh\. Fm hmkvXhw As\b; DmcWn XmehyXzw ImWpnSsmw av CImcmZnIfmb XmehykzcfpsS kwkn DmIp cq]hnImcsfmw Cu AImcns kwknepw DmIppshp \mw Iphtm. AXn\m hymIcWsqSn kv]inp Cu hhnImcw XpNvOsap XnfbX; Xmehyamb AImcn Ahkm\np \mafnepw IrXnIfnepw kzctam Ccn {]XybmZyIImctam tNcptm bImcmKaw hcpw.

tcJ	tcJbpsS	tcJbvv
eX	eXbpsS	eXbvv
Na	NabpsS	NabvpI
AW	AWbpI	AWbvpI

Cu kwKXnbn Xetcn apXemb hS{]tZifn Hcp ]t`Zw ImWpp. B \mpIm FgpXpXpw hmbnpXpw tcsJv, esXv, NsabvpI, AsWbvpI Fv icnbmb FImcw sImpXsbmWv awKem]pcv ASn Kpns aebmf \nLphns "NabpI' "AWbpI' Fv tIhe[mXpcq]hpw "NsapI' "AsWpI' Fv {]tbmPIcq]hpw ASnp ImWpp. CSmewhsc Xrqcn ASn ]pkvXIfnepwIqSn Cu Hcp hntijhn[n IpsImncpp. Fm XrqmcpsS DmcWn FImc[z\nsbm "Abv' F bImc[z\nXsbmWv A[nIw {ihnpXv. Xmehykzcfn bImcw tNpI kzcw ]cambm am{Xw aXn; {]XybIImcw ]cambm thm Fp Iev]npIbmsWn AXn\p kam[m\w Dv; {]XybIImcn\p ap]pam{Xw XmehyXzw kv^pSamn FImcw FgpXWw Fp ]dbpXn\v Hcp bpnbpw ImWpn. Xetcn apXemb ZnpIfn ImSIkwkmepmb Hcp tZiyhntijamWv CXv Fp kam[m\sSmt\ \ymbw ImWppp. ImSI aebmfnse XmehyAImcs FImcamnbmWv FgpXpIbpw DcnpIbpw sNpsXv ap]pXs {]kvXmhnnptm.

Xangnse AImcss FImcambnpw NnseSv CImcambnpw amddnbnpv.

	Xangv	aebmfw
	]cpamddw	s]cpamddw
	IpIndm	sIpp
	]SpIndXp	s]Spp
	I\mhp	In\mhv
	]emhv	]nemhv

I\mhv BZyw In\mhmbn amdnbnp ]noSv CImchpw tem]nv Iv\mhmbnp Npcppp. Cu hn[amWv HuZmko\y\ymbns hnemkw.

Xmehyambnv ZpjnpXpt]mse AImcw HmjvTyambnpw Zpjnmdpv. Fm AXv A]qhpw, hymIcWs kv]inm Hcp DmcWsshIeyw am{Xhpw BIpp. HmjvTyamb AImcw HImcNvOmbbn Ccnpw. {]mtbW CXv HmjvTyhkwknepw A\pkzmcw Fp ]dbp aImcn\pw ap]pw BWv ImWpXv.

	CShw	CSshmw
	Ipw`w	Ipws`mw
	I^w	Is^mw
	\	\p
	\mw	t\mw

aebmfn ZoLmi_vZ Npcppw. FmhmpIfpw {lkzn Ahkm\nWsamWv `mjbpsS GmSv. AXn\met{X addp`mjIfn \nsSpp ZoLm]Zsf aebmfn IpdppXv. ZoLns Hcp ]Zw Ahkm\nWsamhiysSpXmbm s]mcpw t\mn AXn bImctam hImctam Hcpmbnp tNpw. kzcw XmehyamsWn bImcw; HmjvTyamsWn hImcw Fp s]mcpw. AImcw Xmehyambnpw HmjvTyambnpw hcpsap ]dXn\m aebmfnse kzc Xmehyw, HmjvTyw Fp cmbnncnbpIbpw sNpp:

	A, C, F, sF  Xmehyw
	A, D, H, Hu  HmjvTyw

ZoLv Ahew_ambnmWtm bImchImc hcpXv. ""SoIm SqImat]tX'' Fp ]dbptmse Cu Ahew_p thsd Ahew_w thnhcpp. FpsImsm hyRvP\w Hcp kzcklmbw IqSmsX i_vZmn X\ntb \nevpIbn; AXntembnv bImchImcfn kwhrXDImcw tNtnhcpp. Atm ZoLmi_vZ,

Bbvp		Cubvp	Gbvp	sFbvp
Bhvp		Duhvp	Hmhvp	Huhvp

FmWv Ahkm\npI.

		Im= Imbvp	]nem= ]nemhvp
		\o= \obvp	]q= ]qhvp
		t]= t]bvp	tKm= tKmhvp
		ssI= ssIbvp	\u= \uhvp

hyRvP\sf Dcnp \ndpptmgpmIp AkuIcyw ]cnlcnmthn tNp kwhrXDImcw kzbta AXyw eLp {]bXv\amWv. AXns\ ]ns kzcn\pw hyRvP\n\pw CSbvp \nevpIbm "ayaw' Fp ]dbp bImchImcfn tNptm AXns {]bXv\w hfsc hfsc t\pt]mIpp. "ImSvp, amSvp CXymZnIfnse kwhrXw AcbpImcamsWn "cmPmhv', "]qhv', "Imbv',"ssIbv' CXymZnIfnteXv Im DImcamsWp thWw ]dbphm. C{Xbpw Zp_eamIpI \nanw Cu kzcn\p ]ehn[w amdd kw`hnnpv. Nne ZnpIm kwhrXs _esSpn CImchpw AImchpw Bpp; addpNne kwhrXs HpIqSn Zp_esSpn tem]npp. AXn\m

Im	Imbv	Imbvp	Imbn	Imb
]m	]mbv	]mbvp	]mbn	]mb
ssI	ssIbv	ssIbvp	Iv	
]q	]qhv	]qhvp		

Fv Hmtcm ]X\nepw D cq] tZit`Z\ \Sn hnpv. bImcmKan\p hcpnStmfw amdd hImcmKan\p hcmdnsp ImI.

C, Cu: ]ZmZnbn tIheamtbm hyRvP\m ]camtbm \nevp CImcw FImcambnv DcnsSpp. CXpw Hcp DmcWtZmjw am{XamIbm Fgpn CImcw Xs \Sv.

Ce Fe		hne she	]nS s]S
CS FS		hndIv shdIv	\new s\ew

ipamb AImctbpw ipamb CImctbpw DcnpXn A[nIw kuIcyw AImchpw CImchpw Ie FImcw DcnpXn Dv. AXn\memWv cn\pw FImc{ipXn hcpXv. t\tcadnv Nnetm FImcw thnSv CImcw Dcnmdpapv: F\nv C\nv; sNehvp Nnehvp. CXv tIhew {`aaqeIamIpp. ]ncfpI FXn\v ]pcfpI Fpw, ]ndtI FXn\v ]pdtI Fpw FgpXmdpXpt]mse CImckvYm\v Nne hmpIfn DImcw D]tbmKnmdpv.

Dcnp \ndpptm CuImcn bImcw tNcpw. Cu kwKXnsbddn appXs {]kvXmhnpIgnp.

D, Du: CImcn\v FImtcmmcWw hcpXn\p ImWn \nanfnsemw DImcn\v HImtcmmcWw hcpw. ]pI s]mI, IpS sImS CXymZn. AXpt]mseXs "sIme' (h[w) Fp thXns\ sXddnv "Ipe" Bmdpw Dv. Ahkm\n DuImcn hImcw tNcpXpw CuImcn bImcw tNcp apdbvpXs.

{lkzamb DImcn\p ]cpdsa {lkzXcamb Hcp DImcw Dv; CXn\v kwhrXw Fp t]cpw, Dv Fv D]cn AN{Nnlv\w ASbmfhpw sNbvXncnpp. Kppkmbv]v CXn\p sImSpnp t] AcbpImcw FmWv. Fm hrimkv{Xn CXn\pw addp {lkzsmw Hcp am{XXs Iev]nncnpIbm B t] Dt]ntnhcpp:

""\mSvp hnvp \Snvp ImSvp ]pvp hknXv''

F tmImn FmZfpw kwhrXn Ahkm\nppshnepw AXpIp addp {lkzsfm Hcp hntijhpw ImWpn. am{Xmhrfn AcbpImcn\v Ac am{Xtb Dp Fv {`an\nSsImSpmsXbpw CcnWatm. kwhrXDImcw Fm {ZmhnU`mjIpw DXmWv; aebmfn AXv cq]\njv]nv DXIp Hcp hymIcWImcyambnocpIbm AXn\v A[nIw {]m[m\yapst Dp. aebmfn `qXImespdnp {]Xybns DImcn\p kwhrXhnhrXt`ZamWv AXp apddphn\tbm hn\sbtam Fp Xocpam\npXv:

		apddphn\  ]dp, sNbvXp
		hn\sbw  ]dvp, sNbvXp

Xangnse hnhrXkwhrXt`Zw kwkvIrXnse AImcn DXpt]mse Hcp hymIcWkw_hpanm tIhew DmcWt`Zw BIpp. aebmfnemIs, kwhrXDImcs hymIcWImcy kw_nnStmfw Hcp kzcambnpXs KWnnn.

		Xangv ]ddpop, Bddpmin
		aebmfw ]pNovp, Bddp]mb

ChnsS Dc]ZmZnbn kzcNnpIfn\npw ]camb Jcw Ccnpw F knkq{Xw sImv Xangn NImc]Imcv ZznXzwhcpXpt]mse aebmfn hcpn. AXv kwhrXs Hcp kzcambn hIshbvmbvIbmemIpp.

hyRvP\w kzbw DmcWaw A; Atm Hcp ]Zw hyRvP\n Ahkm\npIbmsWn AXns Ayhw DmcWn sXfnbmsXt]mIpw. kwkvIrXw apXemb Bcy`mjIfn AyhyRvP\w ]c]ZmZnbn tNnt {ihnpIbpp; Ahkm\nembm sXfnbmsXXs \nevpw. Hne[nIw hyRvP\fn Hcp ]Zw Ahkm\npIbmsWn AyhyRvP\s tem]nnWsapXs ]mWn\n hn[npp. ""kwtbmKmky tem]x'' (]m. 8223). Cwojv, P apXemb kwtbmKmtem]anm `mjIfn AyhyRvP\n\v Akv^ptSmmcWw A\p`h{]XyamWv. {ZmhnUfnemIs, Ayhw hyRvP\ambmepw AXns\ kv^pSambns DcnWsamWv \nbaw. Atm tIhehyRvP\s Dcnp \ndptnhcpp; As\ sNptm AXn Hcp kzcmwiw DudnhcmsX IgnbpIbn. Cu DudkzcamWv kwhrXw. {ZmhnU kz`mjm]cnNbm Bcy`mjm]ZtfmSpIqSn kwhrXw tNv kzcmfmpp.

hmIv  hmv		Record-  dnmv
a\kv  a\v		Chemist-  sIankvddv

hyRvP\m]Zfnsemw kwhrXw tNWsa \n_w sXepnemWv A[nIw. sXepn,

`mKyhim FXns\ `mKyhimXp Fpw, [\w FXns\ [\ap Fpw Dcnpp.

aebmfn kwhrXs Hcp kzcambn KWnWtam? KWnpIbmsWn AXv Hcp ]pXnb kzctam AtXm asmns hIt`Ztam? hIt`ZamsWn GXns? CXymZn ]te Xfpw Dmbnpv. hnZymhnt\mZn\n, cknIcRvPn\n apXemb amknIIfn CXns\n ]e hmZ{]XnhmZ \Snpv. hsgpv \SmbncpnStmfw Imew XangpcoXn A\pkcnv kwhrXn\v DImcwXs FgpXnhp. AXphnv BcyFgpp kzoIcntm en]nhn\ymkn Dmb Ipgfn HmWv kwhrXn\v Hcp Nnlv\hpw IqSmsX "DeI', "\mS', Fsms shdpw AImcwXs FgpXnpSnbXv. "DeIp, "\mSp' Fv hnhrX DImcwXs FgpXpXv ]mXncn aebmfamsWv hSp henb Bt]apv. DImcw kwhrXamsWp ImWnpXn\v "DeIvp', "\mSvp' Fv N{emNnlv\w CSpXpw hSp cknnn. "DeIv', "\mSv' Fv DImcwIqSmsX thWsan FgpXntbmw Fv Ahv kXapsp tXmpp. Fm "DeIpI', "\mSptXmdpw' FnSpw addpw DImcw Xs FgpXphm hSpw aSnbn. AXn\m _lphN\nep cq]wXs GIhN\nepw thsXv Ahcpw kXnm en]nhn\ymkn\v sFIcq]yw hcpambncpp. AImcw, kwhrXDImcw, hnhrXDImcw Cu aqpw aebmfn {Inbm]ZfpsS cq]t`Zsf hyhkvYsSpp hymIcWImcyfmIpIbm Cu aqv Acpw hyXymkw en]nhn\ymkn Ahiyw ImWntXmWv. sNbvXp (apddphn\), sNbvXv(hn\sbw), sNbvX(t]scw). DImcns ta AmsX AImcns tas N{ebnv "sNbvXv' Fp kwhrXw IpdnpXn cmt]apv; HmaXv, kwhrXw AImcns hIt`ZamsWp hnNmcnp t]mIpw; cmaXv.

""apnSa`ypXambv ]nnStam t{imWn`mckXambv''

CXymZnIfn kzcw tNcm shdpw hyRvP\n\pw N{emNnlv\wXs D]tbmKnpXv {`an\p ImcWambnocpw. kwhrXw Hcp kzcta Asp ]mcmbncnWw DImcNnlv\w FgpXnapIfn N{ebnSm IgnbpIbnsp iTnpXv; Fm Ah Hcp kwKXn HmWw. Atm,

""\mSvp hnvp \Snvp ImSvp ]pvp hknXvp''

Fv apImWn A\pjvSp]vtmImn ]v Acta Dp Fp hcpw.

kv^ptSmmcWn hyRvP\v Ahew_ambn hcp kzcamWtm kwhrXw. Fm Fm hyRvP\n\pw Hpt]mse Ahew_mt]bn; an a[yafpw Nne A\p\mknIfpw CqnemWv. Fs\ Fm:

\mbv	Icfv	IWv
tXcv	Iogv	tX
]mev	hbdv	acav

CXn bImcw A]qambnt ]Zmn hcq; ZoLfn tNcpbImcKaambncnpw an Znnepw ]ZmbImcw. ]Zmn hcp tc^s hyRvP\p ap]v _esSpn dImcamWw; AXn\m tc^Imcsf ]Zmn cmbnWnm\n.

DZm: tXcv+Xvp= tXvp
aecv+s]mSn= aesmSn  CXymZn

kzcw ]cambm tc^{ipXnXs tIpw:

tXcv+Hmw= tXtcmw
aecv+A-= aec

fImcgImcfptSbpw kvYnXn GItZiw CXpt]msebmWv. "Atmgv' F gImcn\pw, "Amfv' F fImcn\pw hmkvXhnep [z\nt`Zs hIshbvmsX cpw Hpt]mse fImcambnmWv DcnpI \Sv. kzcw ]camIptmt]mepw "AtmgmWv' F "AtmfmWv' FpXs FgpXpIbpw hmbnpIbpw sNpp. ]Zmn kwhrXwIqSmsX \nevmhp Cu hyRvP\v "NnpI' Fp t] sNbvXncnpp; Ahbvp {]tXyIw en]nIfpw Gsnpv:

cv	}	= ;	fv	}	= ; Wv = ; =  av = w; ev = 
dv			gv

aImcnepw eImcnepw D Nnlv\ kwkvIrXmcame kzoIcntm Dmb hntijhn[nIfmWv. kwkvIrXn ]ZmaImcn\p hnImcamWv "A\pkzmcw' Fp ]dbp sNdnbhw. kwkvIrXnse XImcs kzcw]camImsX Ccnptm eImcambnmWv `mjbn DcnpI ]Xnhv; AXn\memWv eImcNnns Nnlv\w XImcn\npw DmbXmbnp ImWpXv. CXpt]mse "' F fImcNnnsbpw Dhw kwkvIrXteJ\n\npXs BbncnWw. "k{amSv' FnSs SImcs (UImcs= BZyn fImcs) aebmfnI "k{amfv' Fv Dcnpp. > > >  \SphnqSn IpdptI apIfntep hc Nnns Nnlv\amIpp.

kwhrXns klmbwIqSmsX i_vZmn X\ntb \nevmhp hyRvP\ "NnpI' Fp Nnn\p eWw sNmw. b, c, d, e, f, g, W, , a Fo H]Xp hyRvP\tf NnpIfmbv hcq. bImcw Nnmbv hcpXv ZoLkzcfn BKaambntm, Asn "Bbn' "t]mbn' F `qXcq]t`ZfpsS CImcw tem]nntm am{XamIpp; AXn\m AXns\ KWnphm C. c d Ipw, f g Ipw [z\n HpXs. AXpsImv, , , , ,  Fv AsamWv {]m[mt\y\ NnpI A\pkzmchpw NnpXs.

Nnmbn hcp hyRvP\p Nnmbn \nevptm DmcWn hntijw Dv. Xmsg sImSpncnp DZmlcW t\mpI:

		\oacpXv  \Z Ah bmNnp  [mhfyw hnhen  hnezw Ihnemkw  IWz kwtbmKw  kmayw

NnpIfn Hcp kzcssNX\yw eo\ambnpv. AXn\memWv AXpI kzbw DmcWa BIpXv. AXn\ms NnpI ASpphcp hyRvP\n km[mcW Iqcwt]mse Acp tNcmsX thhnp \nevpp. kwhrXw hfsc t\ Hcp kzcw BIpp. NnpIfmIs kzcoIcn hyRvP\w Xs BWv. kwkvIrXn tc^eImcsf kzcoIcnpXmWtm EImc Imc. AXpt]mse `mjbn thsd hyRvP\sfbpw kzoIcnpp Ft Dp, , ,  F a[yafpsS NnpIp `mjbnepw GItZiw EImc ImcfpsS [z\nXs hcpw. EImcw Nne hmpIfn FgpXpIIqSn sNmdpv.

	cv	FXnhiw	FXrhiw	Xn= Xr
	cv	]pWXw	]pXw	W=
	cv	t\hgn	hgn	t\=
	dv	ImtaLw	taLw	Im=

	ev	apIname	aame	In=
	ev	AXn\nv	A\nv	Xn=
	ev	]mapXv	apXv	]m=

	gv	]pIs]mn\	]ps]mn\	I=
	fv	tXhnjw	hnjw	tX=

Cu DZmlcWfn Nnn\pw AXns ]qkzcn\pwIqSn AXmXp kzcns am{X ({lkzamsWn Hv ZnLsan cv) AmsX {]tXyInp am{X Hpw C. AXn\m ]qkzcw EImctam Imctam Bbmep ^eta am{Xkw_nnStmfw Dp. Nnns am{X ]qkzcn ebnpt]mIpXn\m ChnsS AXn\p [z\nv "eo\[z\n' Fpt]; asmn ebnpt]mImsX NnpIp kzbw D am{X {ihnhn[nepw DmcWw Cv. BamXncn DmcWn\p "{]IS[z\n' Fpt]. AsXs\ Fm:

\Ipp		\Ipp
]pIpp		]pIpp
amIgn		amIgn
hmI		hmI
sImI		sImI

ChnsS ]qkzcw {lkzambmepw Nnn\p am{XbpXn\m B kzcn\p KpcpXzw e`npp. Iqcn\p ap]v Ccnp kzcw KpcphmIpXv B Iqcns Ccnp _eambnp DmcWw Dsnte Dp. eo\[z\nbmb Nnv ASp hyRvP\n IqSntcmbvIbm AXpIfpsS tbmKw Iqcta BIpnsp hnNmcnmw. kwhrn\npw ]cambn hcp Iqcn\pw CXpXs KXn. kwhrXw knImcyhnjbn Hcp kzcambn KWnsSmXn\m AXn\v Apdw hcp Iqcns BZyhyRvP\n\p ZznXzw C. AXn\m kwhrXw Hcnepw KpcphmIpX. ""]mZmkvYw hnIevt]\'' F eW{]Imcw KpcpXzw Nne IhnI kwhrXn\pw Iev]nmdnsn; Fm AXv Hpw `wKnb.

a[yaNnpIp am{Xta eo\[z\nbpp; A\p\mknIwNnpIp k{X {]IS[z\nXsbmWv. a[yaNnpIv ASpp ]nhcp hyRvP\w ZznXzw DXmsWn [z\n "{]ISw'; Asn "eo\w' FmWv \nbaw.

{]ISw  aesmSn AXnqsS IhnSw
eo\w  aeame AXn\nv Ihnhmv

GImc]Zfnse NnpIp {]IS[z\n FmbnSpw thWw. Hdd am{Xambnv Hcp ]Zhpw CcppIqsSmWv aebmfnse \nbaw; AXn\m GImc]Zfnse NnpIp eo\[z\n sNm \nmlanmXmIpp CXn\p ImcWw.

addp hyRvP\sftmse NnpIfnepw kwhrXw tNpXn\p bmsXmcp hntcm[hpw C; CXpIsf kwhrXw tNmsXbpw Dcnmw Fp am{Xta Dp:

bv	Imbvp	Imbv
cv	tXcvp	tX
dv	tNmdvp	tNm
ev	]mevp	]m
fv	\mfvp	\m
gv	Xmgvp	Xm
	amv	am
Wv	I	I

aImcNnn\pam{Xw acw (acav) FmsX "acap' F kwhrXw tN cq]w C. sXepn "acap' FpXs cq]w Dv. kwhrXw tNpIbmsWn Atm AXn\v "v' FmtZiw hcpw.

t\cw t\cv; CSw CSv

E, kzcw kwkvIrX]Zfnte Dp. Xhfn EImcn\p ]Icw AImchpw CImchpw D]tbmKnpImWpp:

IrjvW= I; hrj`w= CShw

kwkvIrXPvRm\anmh Xafn EImcs "A' Fv Bpamdpv; {]hrn {]hn.

F, G, sF H, Hm, Hu: CXpIsfddn A[nIsampw ]dtbXn. sFImcs Fgpn "Abv' Fp ammdpv.

ssIbn= In sshbmIcW= hmIcW

HuImcw ip{ZmhnU]Zfn C. sFImcs "Abv' BpXn\p hn]coXambnv "Ahv' FXns\ HuImcw Bmdpv. Aw= Huhw.

Ihw: hfn BZy am{Xta {ZmhnUn Dp. tijw aqpw kwkvIrn\npw FSpnphbmIbm Ahbvv hnImcns\mpw hIbn; knbn HmjvTykzcv AmKaambn hcp hImcn\p ]Icw [mXpfn IImcw D]tbmKnpamdpv.

XS	XShpp	XSIpp
Nm	Nmhpp	NmIpp
Iq	Iqhpp	IqIpp
sXmgp	sXmgphpp	sXmgpIpp
t]m	t]mhpp	t]mIpp

Xangnse IImcns kvYm\v sXepn ]ebnSpw hImcw ImWmdpv. AXn\m sXepns\ A\pIcnp hXmbncnWw aebmfnse Cu \Sv. Fm AXv knhnImcsam{Xw kv]inXn\v Hcp ImcWhpw kv]jvSamIpn.

Nne hyRvP\ Ffpn tem]npt]mIpw; tem]n\v {]Xnhn[n Bbnv Atm ASp kzcw ZoLnpIbpw sNpw. CqnemWv IImcw.

	sNbvXpsImpp	sNbvtXmfpp
	]IpXn	]mXn
	F{XIv	Ft{Xv

MImcw Ccntm kzhJcamb IImcn\p ap]ntem am{Xta \nevpIbpp. AXn\v A\p\mknImXn{]kc\b{]Imcw ZznXzw hcptm NnebnSv apkzcw Xmehyw BsWn Hcp XmehyNvOmbIqSn DmIpw:

hgpX\m hgpX\bvm; DXfm DXfbvm

Nhw: aebmfn NImcn\v kwkvIrXnse NImcn\p DmcWw XsbmWv; Xangnep iImcn\p Xpeyamb [z\n C. Xangnse \Imcn\v ]te i_vZfnepw aebmfn RImcw ImWpw:

\v= Rv; \cpw= sRcpw; \m= Rm; \ymbw= Rmbw

Shw: Shmcsampw ]ZmZnbn hcpIbn. SoI, Unnaw, V CXymZnI kwkvIrXXafmIpp. kwkvIrXnse XhkvYm\v Nnetm aebmfn Shw ImWpw.

]\w= ]Ww sshZqcyw= sshUqcyw
ZmUnaw= UmUnaw imZzew= imUzew

kwkvIrXUImcs aebmfn gImchpw fImchpw Bmdpv.

\mUnI= \mgnI; k{amUv= k{am

Xangnse WImcw sXeppapdb\pkcnv ]ebnSpw ImcambntmIpw.

Xangv	sXepv	aebmfw
XpWnIntd	XpXpm\p	Xpnbpt
Ip	I	IIv

Fm hn]coXambnv "\nv' FXns\ "\nWv' Fp ampIbpw A]qambnpv.

hw: Imcw Hbmbn \nevmXpsImpw Ccnptm AXn\v tc^w CcnXnt\mSv [z\nkmayw hcpXpsImpw B hw ep]vXambntmbn Fpw AXns kvYm\w Ctm dImcw B{Ianncnpp Fpw ap]p {]kvXmhnpIgnp. ImcamIs, Xangnepw aebmfnepw Cpw \ne\nppsnepw AXns DmcWw Xangn \ImtcmmcWtmSp Xpeyambntmbn. aebmfn DmcWt`Zw kv^pSambn sNbvXphcmdpv; Fm en]nbn t`Zw A\pjvTnmdn. Ccn ImckvXm\v Ccn XImchpw t\tcadnpw NnebnSp ImWppv:

hnevXp= hnp; Fmnepw Fmnepw

Imcw Jcpapv eImcambn amdpw: s]m+IpSw= s]mpSw

Xhw: kzctam a[yatam ]cambm am{Xta XImcn\v aebmfn kzw [z\nbpp; X\ntb \nevpItbm ]qhyRvP\w ]camIpItbm sNbvXm eImc[z\nbmWv:

himXv= himev; Dhw= Devkhw

Xhw XmehymtZiwsImv s]mcp{]Imcw Nhambn t]mIpXv ap]pXs {]kvXmhnnpv.

]hw: ImcnX[mXpfnse IImcmKan\p ]Icw ]Imcw sshIev]nIambnmWpw.

tI tIm, tIm; tIq, tIq knbn Xangnse aImcw aebmfn hImcamIpw. {]IrXnIfn hn]coXhpw BWv:

[\av+Dw= [\hpw sNmpav+B= sNmphm
hm= am hngppI= angppI

a[ya:

(F) bImcn\p ]Icw \Imcw ]ebnSpw D]tbmKnmdpv "C' F `qX{]Xybn\pdw hcp "A' F t]sc {]XybtmSp knbnemWv CXv A[nIw ImWpXv:

Bb B\; sNmnb sNmn\; hneknb hnekn\

bm\m Rm; bpKw \pIw; ba \a

iImcn\v _ewIpdm AXv bImchpw t\tcadnv bImcn\v _ewIqnbm AXp iImchpw Bbnocpw:

]ip]bp ss];		IivIbv ssIv;
Iiw Ibw;		s]is]b t];
hnbv hniv;		hmbhmi hmX.

	(_n) Aytc^w ]ebnSpw dImcambn amdpw;
	(Xmcn\zn Xmtsamgn) Xmcv= Xm;
	tXcv= tX; Ahcv= Ah; Nncn= Nndn.

	(kn) gImcs NnebnSv fImcammdpv:
	Atmgv= Atm (s]mgpXv).

(Un) eImcfImcv A\p\mknItbmKn s]mcpsamnp apdbvv \ImcWImc BtZiambn ImWpw:

s\ev+aWn= s\Wn \ev+\q= \q
shfv+a= shWva shfv+\o= shWv+\o= sho

tc^hpw eImchpw ]ZmZnbn hpIqsSmWv Xangnse GmSv. `mjmcfn \nsSpp ]Z Cu AcsImv Bcw`npIbmsWn B, C, D F aqekzcfnsemv BZyw tNpsImI; Cs\ Dmbnp Xh [mcmfapv:

(cmP) cmPmhv= AcN cq]w= Dcphw
ehMvKw= CehMw emm= Acv
temIw= DeIv eyw= Cemv

DujvalImc: {ZmhnUn Cm Cu hsf {]mtbW ]ZmZnbn Dt]npIbpw, ]Zayn s]mcp{]Imcw N, S, X, I F Jcsf D]tbmKnpIbpw sNbvXphcpp:

{imhWw	=	HmWw
ipjvIw	=	Npv
kym	=	An
lnXw	=	CXw
{ihnjvvTm	=	Ahnw
IrjvW	=	I
amkw	=	amXw
lncWyw	=	CcWyw
Cuizc	=	Cuc
kmn	=	NmSvn
a\kv	=	a\Xv
tamlw	=	tamIw