Kerala Panineeyam


]oTnI
3. Acame

aebmfnse Acamebn Xmsg ImWnp Ac ASnbncnpp:

(i) kzcw

kam\mcw	kycw	BsI

{lkzw: A C D E	F H  	7
ZoLw: B Cu Du	G Hm sF Hu	9
	BsI	16

(ii) hyRvP\w

	Jcw	AXnJcw	arZp	tLmjw	A\p\mknIw	hw
	1	2	3	4	5
1	I	J	K	L	M	Ihw
2	N	O	P	Q	R	Nhw
3	S	T	U	V	W	Shw
4	X	Y	Z	[	\	Xhw
5	]	^	_	`	a	]hw

b	c	e	h	AxkvYw Asn a[yaw4
i	j	k		Dujvamhv3
l				tLmjn1
f	g	d		{ZmhnUa[yaw3
				{ZmhnUm\p\mknIw1
				BsI 37


tamWn 53 DmcWfn Hmtcmpw Hcp hamIpp. aebmfhmpI BkIew Chsb amnbpw adnpw Iqntm DfhmIphtb Dp. "I' apX "' hsc Dhbn kuIcyn\pthn "A' F BZyhsqSn tNmWv DcnpI k{Zmbw; AXn\m Ahbn Iv, Jv, Kv CXymZn "A' hnp DmcWta ChnsS {KmlyamIppp. " v ' F N{emNnlv\w AImcs Xn DcnWsap ImWnpp. tamWn 53 FfpsS DmcWn\v BWv hsap t] sNbvXXv. B DmcWs Ipdnp "A',"B' apXemb Nnlv\mIs, "en]n' Fp t]. en]nsb AmsX hs FgpXnmWnm \nmlw C. Htc hn\pXs Nnlv\ambnv Hmtcmtcm `mjm Hmtcmtcm en]nIsf D]tbmKnpp. Fs\ Fm: "A' Fv ChnsS ImWn DmcWn\p Xangn Fpw, {Kn Fpw sXepn Fpw, kwkvIrXn Fpw, Cwojn A Fpw Cs\ ]eamXncn en]nI Gs"ncnpp. AXn\m hmkvXhambXp ]Zmw; AXns\ Ipdnp i_vZw hw; B hs Hmnnp Fgpv en]n. DcnpXpw FgpXpXpw ]ehn[ambmepw B\, KPw, Fens^dv CsXmw Xpnssbpw hmepw apw D Hcp henb \mevmenPphns\s Ipdnpp.

"kzcw'Fpw, "hyRvP\w' Fpw [z\nIv cp almhn`mKw sNbvXXn kzcsf am{Xta X\ntb Hbmbnv Dcnphm km[npIbpq; hyRvP\fmIs" DmcWmlamIWsan kzcklmbw BhiysSpp. amhv, ]nemhv apXemb acsftmse kzX{fmWv kzc. AXpIfn apfphcp Cnt]mse ]cm{ibnIfmWv hyRvP\. A, C, D Fv kzc X\ntb \npw; hyRvP\amIs, I, In, Ip Fv B kzcfpsS apn {ihnsSptXbpp. "Iv' Fv Hbmbnv FSpv Dcnphm km[npn. "DeIv' Fpw apw D hmpIfn "Iv' Hbmbn \nptmse tXmmw; Fm, AhnsSbpw "kwhrtXmImcw' Fp ]dbp Hcp kzcw Dsv D]cn kv]jvSamIpw. GsXnepw Hcp kzcNvOmb tNcmsX hyRvP\w Dcnp t\mnbm shfnbn ]pdsSpIbn. hyRvP\v Cuhn[w kzc klmbw A]cnlmcyamIbmemWv Fm hyRvP\tfbpw "A' tNv DcnpI Fv GmSv sNbvXXv.

sshtijnIm ""temInse hkvXpsfmw ]`qXsfsmp NaXmWv'' Fp ]dbpwt]msetbm, Asn B[p\nIckX{m ""kzw apXemb temlfmepw, KIw apXemb Atemlfmepw LSnXamWp PKv''Fp ]dbptmsetbm `mjsb A]{KY\wsNbvXm AXns aqeXzw kzcw, hyRvP\w Fv cphn[amb hamsWXn\p kwiban. Fm sshtijnImcpsS ]rYznhymZn ]`qXsfsmpw ckX{mcpsS kzKImZnsImpw A \mw temIn s]cpamdpXv. \mw D]tbmKnp ]rYznhymZnIfpw kzKImZnIfpw apw aqeXztfmSp IecpIbm AhcpsS ZrjvSym AXyw AipfmWv. AXpt]mse `mjmimkv{X{]Imcw aqeXzamb hs A, ]e h Iev DmIp Acw BWv \mw FgpXpXv.

`v, Du Fv cp hw tNpmbXmWv `q F Acw
iv, cv, Cu Fv aqp hw tNpmbXmWv {io F Acw
kv, Xv, cv, Cu Fv \mep hw tNpmbXmWv kv{Xo F Acw

tamWn bpn{]Imcw DmcWkuIcyw {]amWnv \mw h tNv DmIp Acv ASbmfanv en]nIsf Iev]nncnpp. hse am{Xambnp ImWntnhcptm Iv, Jv CXymZnbmbn AImcw IfbpXntev {]tXyIw Nnlv\w tNv hyRvP\sf FgpXpp. kzcw kzbw DmcWaw BIpIbm AXv Hhamb AcamIpp Fpam{Xw t`Zw. X\ntb Dcnphm ]mSnm hyRvP\fn GsXnepw Hcp kzcw tNv DcntnhcpXn\m sFIcq]yn\p thn Fmnepw Hpt]mse "A' F kzcw tNpI FmWv GmSv. AXn\m \psS en]nIsfmw AcamebpsS Nnlv\amWv; hamebptSX.

\stmse av CUymcpw Acamesb FgpXphcmWv. bqtdmnemIs Acameb hamebmWv FgpXpI ]Xnhv. AXn\m bqtdm]y`mjI A`yknpXn \apv Nne AkuIcy t\cnSpp. hyRvP\sf kzcklmbwIqSmsX Dcnphm ]mSnsp ImWnphtm. \mw AXntepthn Fm hyRvP\nepw "A' tNv ]dbpp. bqtdmpImv Cu hyhkvYbn.

Iv F hyRvP\s Cwojn "sI' FmWp ]dbpI
kv F hyRvP\s Cwojn "Fv' FmWp ]dbpI
_v F hyRvP\s Cwojn "_n' FmWp ]dbpI

\mw Fmnepw Hpt]mse I, k, _ Fv "A' tNp ]dIbm hyhkvY Dv. sI, Fv, _n Fnh Cwojn AXmXp hfpsS t]cmWv. \apv C Acw Fv Hcp t]cmndtbnhcptm AhnsSbpw \mw "A' F kzchpw "Imcw' F {]Xybhpw tNv IImcw, kImcw, _Imcw Fv GIcq]ambndbpp. \mw Acsf FgpXpXp sImv kvs]nwKv (spelling) Fv Cwojn ]dbp h\nbatiw \psS `mjIfn C.

Fgpn Acw {][m\hpw, Acn kzcw {][m\hpw BIbm en]nbnepw kzcn\v {]m[m\yw sImSpWw Fv \apv tXmntbmw; Fm AXv t\tcadnmWv. PUamb icocs hym]cnnpXv Poh\mWv; Fm aqambnp \mw ImWpXv icocamIpp. "tNjvSbnmXmbm icocn\npw Poh ths]pt]mbn' Fv \mw DulnptX Dp; "Poh C CSv Ccnpp' Fv Bcpw ImWpn. CXpt]mse ImgvNbn {]m[m\yw hyRvP\n\mIbm en]nhn\ymkn hyRvP\s {][m\amn kzcsf AXn A`hnnpXmbn Iev]npIbmWv ]Xnhv. Cu bpn{]Imcw Xang hyRvP\n\v "sabv' Fpw, kzcn\v "Dbn' Fpw t]cpI sImSpncnpp. "I' F en]nbn {][m\ambnmWpXv "Iv' F hyRvP\w BsWnepw AXn AImcw A`hnnpv. AImcns ZoLamsWn "Im' Fv ZoLNnlv\w Iqntpp. CImcamsWn "In' Fv apIfn "hn' Fn ]dbp " n ' Nnlv\w tNWw; DImcambm "Ip' Fv Xmsg Hcp Ip\nv; FImcambm "sI' Fv CSp]pdp ]pn "s' F Nnlv\w CXymZn. hyRvP\fnepw kwkvIrXa[ya kzcmwiw tNhbmIbm AXpIsfbpw ASbmfsfsmp IpdnpI \Smbn. (b c e h).

Ivb= Iy; Ivc= {I; Ive= ; Ivh= Iz; cvI= I.

en]nbn kzcw A{][m\ambntmbXpsImv hyRvP\n kzcw tNm AXns\ "Iq«cw' Fp ]dbmdn. "I' FXp Iv+A BsWnepw AXv Hcp Iq«cw A. , , kva, {i CXymZn hyRvP\tbmKsf am{Xta Iq«cw Fp ]dbmdpp.

FgpNvOs Imewhsc aebmfnI hs«gpmWv D]tbmKnncnpXv. ASpImew hsc aebmftZin Cu Fgpn\v {]Nmcw Dmbncpp. Cpw Nne ]pcmX\fmb {]amWfpw apw Cu Acn FgpXnbXmbn«v KrlkvYmcpsS B[mcs«nIfn ImWpw. hs«gpv XangcpsS AcamebmbncpXn\m AXn Xangc am{Xta Dp; kwkvIrXmcv en]nI Gs«n«n. imk\fnepw apw Bhiys«m CXymZnI Xangv {Kmcn \npw ISwhmn D]tbmKnp ImWpw. Cu \yq\X ]cnlcnphm thnbmWv FgpNvO {Kmcsf FSpv Xebpw hmepw apdnv ta\nbmn aebmfn Ctm \Sp Acame XoXv. Fm "aebmfmcame FgpNvO \nnp' Fpw ]dhm Xcan; Xpfpmcpw Cu AcameXs D]tbmKnncpp. AXpsImv "Xpfpaebmfw Acame' Fpw \psS Acamebvp t] Dmbncpp.

AcamebpsS kwKXnbn Xangpw kwkvIrXhpw Xn tbmPnpnsp ]dphtm. AXv Xmsg ]dbpw{]Imcw BIpp: kzcfn "E' F cshpw "kv]iw' Fp ]dbp hmcfn AXnJcw, arZp, tLmjw Fv \Sphnse aqcfpw Dujvamfpw, "tLmjn' Fp t]cn« lImchpw Xangn C. A\p\mknIfn F Hpw a[yafn d, f, g F aqshpw Xangn A[nIw Dv. aebmfnemIs«, Xangnepw kwkvIrXnepw D Fm Acfpw Bhiys«n«pv. kwkvIrX]Zsf icnbmbn FgpXphm thn kwkvIrXmcamesb kzoIcnv AXn Xangn\p {]tXyIw D \mec Iq«ntp krjvSnXmWv aebmfmcame. Xangn AcZmcn{Zyw Dsp ]dphtm. Fm AXv \mw inpnStmfw C. hmkvXhn Xangn\pXv en]nZmcn{ZyamWv; [z\nZmcn{Zya. Cu kwKXn kvYm]nphm ]pdsSpwap]v hfpsS D]nkzcq]w, At\ym\yt`Zw CXymZnIsfpdnv Aev]w {]kvXmhntnbncnpp. kzcw, hyRvP\w F almhn`mKw; AXn kzcv {lkzZoL, kam\mckyc Fv cphn[w Ahmchn`mKw; kv]iv ]nsbpw JcAXnJc arZptLmjA\p\mknI Fv Dncnhv. Cs\ Acamem]«nIbn ImWn XcwXncnns\mw ASnkvYm\sav?

izmktImifn\npw ]pdsSp \nzmkhmbp "Golttis' Fp ]dbp IWvTc{n {]thinv AhnsS\npw IWvTw, Xmep apXemb aptJmZckvYm\fn X«n shfnbntep ]pdsSpXmWv hmIamb [z\n. AXmXp kvYm\fn X«ptm \mhns tNjvSIsImpw Cu [z\n t`ZsSpw. hv ]eamXncn {ipXn hcpXv AphI ImcWfm BIpp:

(1) A\p{]Zm\w (B`yc{]bXv\w = Emission): CXn\v izmks shfnbntep hnSpXns amXncnt`Zw Fw. izmks \mhns A{Kw (Aw), D]m{Kw (An\Sp `mKw) a[yw, aqew, hi CXpIfn HpsImv IWvTmZnkvYm\fn X«nStm XSbmsXtbm hnSmw; XSbpXnepw Aev]ambnt«m ]IpXntbmftam XSbmw. XSbmsX hnSpXv Akv]rjvSw; Aev]w XSbpXv Cujkv]rjvSw. Cs\ \mephn[w A\p{]Zm\w. kzcfpsS A\p{]Zm\w Akv]rjvSamWv; AXpIsf Dcnptm hmbphns\ H«pw XSbpn. \mhns At{Km]m{Ka[yaqe]miz F IcWfn HpsImv IWvTXmepaqZtmjvT F kvYm\fn Hp sXmSppsnepw kztcmmcWn hmbphns \na\s H«pw XSbpn. t\tcadnv hmcsf Dcnptm IWvTmZnkvYm\fn Pnlzm{KmZnIcWfpsS _eamb kv]iwsImvv hmbp \ntjw XSbpp. XSw \optm DmIp [z\nbmWv «I' apX "a' hsc D h. Cu hp kv]im[nIyapXpsImmWv "kv]iw' Fp t] hXpw. i  j  k F Dujvampw l F tLmjnpw t\akv]rjvSw A\p{]Zm\w; Chsb Dcnptm kvYm\fn IcWp ]IpXntbmfw kv]iw Dv. bhcegdf F a[yav Cujkv]rjvSw A\p{]Zm\w; Chbn kv]iw kzev]ta Dp. kv]iw IqSpnStmfw XSw IqSpw; XSw IqSpnStmfw izmkw shfnbn ]pdsSmbvIbm hs X\ntb Dcnphm\p kuIcyw Ipdbpw. H«pw kv]ianmbvIbm kzcsf X\ntb Dcnmw. kv]iw _eamIbm hmcsf kzcklmbtmSpIqSntb Dcnphm km[npIbpp. kv]iw IpdbpXn\m a[yasf kzcw tNmsXbpw Hcphn[w Dcnmw; AXn\msbmWv b  h  c  e  g  d  f  Iv "a[yaw' Fpt] sImSpXpw; kzcfpsSbpw hyRvP\fpsSbpw at[y\npXv "a[yaw' Fv AtbmP\. Cwojn Chbvv Semi vowels (A[kzcw) Fpt] sNbvXncnpp. DujvatLmjnI t\akv]rjvSfmIbm AXpIv ]mXn hyRvP\[hpw ]mXnkzc[hpw; hmcsfm A[nIw AXpI kzbw DmcWs klnpp.

kzcw, hyRvP\w F almhn`mKnsbpw hyRvP\v kv]iw, a[yaw, DujvatLmjnI F Ahmchn`mKnsbpw bpn CXpsImv kv]jvSambn.

(2) IcWhn{`aw Asn _mly{]bXv\w: IcWw Fm D]IcWw; [z\n ]pdsSphnpXn D]Icnp Ahbhw AXmbXv \mhv; AXns hn{`aw (tNjvSmhntijw); \mhpsImv IWvTc{s ASbvpIbpw XpdpIbpw Fp Xm]cyw IWvTc{w Xpdv Dcnm [z\n HtmsS QSnXnbmbn«p shfnbntep t]mcpw; Atm DmIp H Hcp abanmsX ]cp]cpncnpw. IWvTc{w Npcpn Zzmcw sNdpXmnhn«m [z\n ASv Dn apgn Aev]ambn«p apdbvp ]pdsSpw. BZyw ]dhn[nembm [z\n izmkcq]w; cmatXn \mZcq]w. hfn BZys csfpw Dujvamfpw izmknI; tijsamw, AXmbXv, hmcfn 3, 4, 5 hfpw kzcfpw a[yafpw \mZnI. "tLmjn' Fp t]cn« lImcn\p izmkhpw \mZhpw Ie [z\n FmWv {]mXnimJyImcmcpsS aXw. CXn ]e ]t`Zfpw Dv. izmk\mZt`Zn\p ImcWw IWvTc{w ASbvpIbpw XpdpIbpw BIbm _mly{]bXv\w (IcWhn{`aw) F Cu [z\nt`tZm]m[nsb hnhmcw, kwhmcw Fpw izmkw, \mZw Fpw cmbnncnmw.

(3) kwkw: kwkw Fm Hcp [z\nbn asmcp [z\nIqSn AcptNpI; sNpw Cubhpw tNpcpn shew DmpXpt]mse cp hsf thXncndnI hma«n Iq«ntbmPnnpXp kwkw. kwkn\v D]tbmKnp hw {]mtbW "tLmjn' Fp ]d lImcamWv. lImckwkwsImp h{]Yaamb Jcw AXnJcambpw XrXobamb arZp tLmjambpw Nabpp:

h{]Yahpw	}
lImchpw		:	Iv+l= J	Sv+l= T	]v+l= ^

hXrXobhpw	}
lImchpw		:	Kv+l= L	Uv+l= V	_v+l= `

Jcs AXnJcampXp tLmjnb; s]mcp{]Imcw Nvi= O; Svj= T CXymZnbmsWv Hcp ]apv. lImcn\p izmkhpw \mZhpw cpw Dsp Iev]nphm\p ImcWhpw CXpXsbmWv. Jcn tNcptm lImcw izmkn; arZphn tNcptm \mZn Fp Iev]nm cp hIIfnepw tNcpXv lImcwXs Fv AwKoIcnmw. \ho\]n kwkw sNpnSsmw lImcwXsbmWv cmas hyRvP\w.

izmknbmb h{]Yaw Jcw; AXn izmknbmb lImcw tNcptm DmIp hZznXobw AXnJcambnocpp. \mZnbmb hZznXobw arZp; AXn \mZnbmb lImcw tNcptm \mZm[nIym tLmjw (apgw) DmIpXpsImp hNXpn\v "tLmjw' Fpt] knnp. kwkap hv DmcWn _ew A[nIw thnhcpXn\m kwkrjvShfmb hZznXobNXpsf "alm{]mW' Fp ]dbpamdpv; kwkanmh Aev]{]mW; Jcw Aev]{]mWw; AXnJcw AXns alm{]mWw. arZp Aev]{]mWw; tLmjw AXns alm{]mWw. kwkw kzcfnepw Dv:

A+C= F A+D= H
A+F= sF A+H= Hu

Fm F, HIfn D tNcph (kwkw) kwkvIrXnsetmse `mjbn A{X kv^pSa. kwkvIrXn D]+C{x= Dt]{x; KwKm+DZIw= KwtKmZIw CXymZn knIfn kwkw kv]jvSamIptmse `mjbn kv]jvSambn ImWvam amw C. kwkns ssiYneymsbmWv kwkvIrXn G, HmIp {lkzanmsXt]mbXpw; `mjbnemIs«, kwkZmVym CXpIsf Hbcfmbns KWnpIbm {lkzZoLt`Zhpw Dmbn. kwkwsImv DmbXv F kwKXn {]amWnmWv F, G, H, Hm, sF, Hu Iv "kyc' Fpw tijw kzcv "kam\mc' Fpw t]sNbvXXv.

(4) amt`Zw: izmkhmbphmWtm hambnabpXv. AXn\v IWvTtmfw hp Ignm ]pdsSpXn\p cp amw Dv. hmbnqSntbm aqnqSntbm \app izmkwhnSmw. \mZnIsf DcnpXp IWvTc{w Aapn Zzmcw Npcpn Aev]mev]ambn«mWv Fp ]dphtm. IWvTc{w ktmNnnXn\pta izmkhmbphns\ aqnqSn \nannm hw A\p\mknIambn; hmbnqSns Bbm "A\\p\mknIw' Asn "ipw'. \mZnImWv Cu t`Zw kw`hnpXv. arZpsf apJZzmcw ASp aqnqSn hnSpXmWv h]afmb A\p\mknI. kzcpw \mZw DmIpIbm A\p\mknIm\\p\mknIt`Zw kw`hnpw; B t`Zw kwkvIrXn DpXm\pw.

(5) kvYm\t`Zw: htmmcWn \nzm\hmbphns\ Pnlzmt{Km]m{Kayaqe ]mizsfsmp hmbn\v Dnep Nne kvYm\fn XSn«mWtm shfnbn hnSpXv; Cu kvYm\XsbmWv hfpsS m\. Ah Dn\np shfnbntep apdbvv IWvTw, Xmep(Amv), aqmhv(apIfnse AWIp aty D hmbpsS ta«v), Zw (]v) AXnepw tahcnbnse Du\v, HmjvTw Fv Asw BIpp. hmcfpsS ]mT{Iaw Cu apd A\pkcnmWv sNbvXncnpXv:

hw	Jcw	AXnJcw	arZp	tLmjw	A\p	kvYm\a\pkcnp
					\mknIw	hn`mKw

Ihw	I	J	K	L	M	IWvTyw
Nhw	N	O	P	Q	R	Xmehyw
Shw	S	T	U	V	W	aq\yw
Xhw	X	Y	Z	[	\	Zyw
]hw	]	^	_	`	a	HmjvTyw

kzcw, a[yaw, Dujvamhv CXpIfn apd Aev]w sXntmbn«pv. kzcfpsS ]mT{Iaw A, C, E, , D Fmnbm IWvTymZnbmbn HmjvTymamb apd icnbmIpw. a[yafn IWvTyw C; C, E, , D Fv t`ZsSpnb kzc{Ian\v b, c, e, h F a[ya{Iaw tbmPnpw. i, j, k F Dujvam Xmep aq Z F apdbvp tNpXs Ccnpp. IWvTw, HmjvTw F BZysbpw HSphnesbpw kvYm\fpsS kwLn Dujvam Cst Dp. «"IWvTkvYm\ntep lImcw Dv'' Fp ]dbmw. Fm AXp kkXw A; ""lImcn\v ASp kzcns kvYm\ta Dp'' FmWp NnecpsS aXw. lImcns icnbmb DmcWw CsXp XosSmbvI bmemWv ]t`Z. hfpsS kvYm\sf Fmw Iq«ntp Xmsg ImWnncnpp:

kzcw	hw	a[yaw	Dujvamhv

A	I		l(?)  ImWvTyw
C	N	b	i  Xmehyw
E	S	c	j  aq\yw
	X	e	k  Zyw
D	]	h	  HmjvTyw
G, sF			IWvTyXmehyw
Hm, Hu			IWvtTymjvTyw

kuIcyn\pthn tmInepw Bmw:

	A Ihw IWvTPamw C Nh bi Xmehyw D ]h h HmjvTPamw E Sh cj aq\yw. Xh ekw Zyw kycsamt]m ZzbkvYm\w c j f g aq\ywXm hyw {ZmhnUw Jneo`qXw.

(6) ]cnamWw: ]cnamWw Fm Afhv Asn am{X. CXmWv {lkzZoLt`Zns kzcq]w. A, C, D Fv H am{XbnepXv {lkzw; B, Cu, Du Fp cp am{XbnepXv ZoLw. {lkzZoLt`Zw kzcfn {]Xyambn«p ImWpp. hyRvP\fnepw CXp kw`hppw. "AXn\nv' FnSs "' F eImcw {lkzhpw "]pIpp' FnStXp ZoLhpw BWv.

hsf thXncnpXn\p D]m[nIsf Hmtcmmbn hnhcnpXop. C\n Cu D]m[nIsf ASnkvYm\sSpn hp sNbvXn«p hn`mKsf {]tXyInv FSppImWnmw. kv]rjvSw, Akv]rjvSw F A\p{]Zm\t`Zw {]amWnv hp kzcw, hyRvP\w F almhn`mKw; hyRvP\p kv]inse \yq\mXntcIw t\mn kv]iw Asn hmcw, a[y-aw, Dujva-tLm-jn-I F Ahm-chn`mKw; hm-cpn ]nsbpw JcmXnJcarZptLmjm\p\mknI F Dncnhv IcWhn{`aw ({]bXv\w), kwkw amt`Zw: F aqp]m[nIsf Bkv]Zamnbn«mWv. JcmXnJc izmkcq]; arZptLmjm\p\mknI \mZcq]. Jc lImc kwkwsImv AXnJcfmbnocpp, arZp AXpsImpXs tLmjfmbn ocpp; Aev]{]mWamb Jcns alm{]mWw AXnJcw; Aev]{]mWamb arZphns alm{]mWw tLmjw. \mZnbmbn arZphns\ Dcnptm \nzmkhmbp IWvTc{n cpambngnm hmbnqSns \ncnpp; A\p\mknIs Dcnp tmgmIs«, aqnqSn \ncnpp Fv Cu cpXcw hv amt`ZIrXamb t`Zw. hmcfpsS kz`mhw C{XbpwsImv {]XysSpp: IWvTkvYm\n Pnlzmaqew Ddnv c{wXpdv Dcnm I F Jcw; AXn lImckwkwIqSn sNbvXm J F AXnJcw; JtcmmcWn IWvTc{w XpdpXn\p]Icw sRn sRcpn Zzmcw Npcpn Dcnm K F arZp; arZphns lImckwkwIqSn sNbvXm L F tLmjw; arZphn lImckwkn\p ]Icw c{w NpcpnbXn\p ta \nzmks hmbnqSn hnSmsX \mknIbnqSn hnSpIbmWv `mhsan M F A\p\mknIw.

htmnsbbpw hhn`mKsfbpw]n {]kvXmhnp Ign kvYnXnv Xangnse AcZmcn{Zysn BtemNnmw. hmkvXhn Xang kwkvIrXnse lImcs am{Xta Dt]nn«pp. hfn I K M F JcarZz\p\mknI Xangn Dv; arZpv {]tXyIw en]n Gs«n«nsnepw B Zzen Xangn [mcmfamWv. Fs\ Fm:

	Fgpv	DmcWw
	]Sn	]Un
	IpXnc	IpZnc
	]w]cw	]w_cw

Dujvamhpw tIhew Csp ]dpIqSm. Cc«nmtmsgmsbpw NImcn\v iImcns [z\nbmWv:

	Fgpv	DmcWw
	]Nn	]in
	sNbv	sibv
	hNhv	hihv

lImcw CmXpsImpXs AXnJcw, tLmjw F cphI alm{]mWfpw CmsXt]mbn. AXn\m Xangn [z\nI, en]nImWp Ipdhv. Ctm \mw FgpXnhcp aebmfn \Imcn\pw Imcn\pw en]nt`Zw CmXpt]mse, Xangn JcarZpv en]nt`Zw Csp hnNmcnttX Dp. "\\bvpp' FsgpXnbmepw \mw "\bvpp' Fp hmbnpsXs\tbm As\bmWv Xangcpw "AIcw' Fv FgpXnbn«v "AKcw' Fp hmbnpXv. Cc«nmtm "\' F en]nv ]ZmZnbnam{Xw \Imc[z\n; AmnSsmw Imc[z\n FmWv kmamt\y\ \psS \nbaw. AXpt]mse Xangpw \nbaw Cv. I S X ] F Jcv ]ZmZnbnembm JtcmmcWw; ]Zaynepw Cc«nm JtcmmcWwXs. AXpsImv Cc«n arZp[z\n Cst Dp. Jcfn NImcw Hns\ am{Xw hn«phtm. AXn\v arZphmb PImcns A, Dujvamhmb iImcns BWv [z\n. AXnse \nban\pw Aev]w t`Zw Dv. ]ZmZnbntem ]Zayntem FhnsS Bbmepw NImcn\v Hbmbn \nptmsgmw "i' F Dujva[z\n; Cc«nm am{Xw "N' F Jc[z\n. kImcn\p]Ichpw Nnetm NImcw D]tbmKnpw: kabw= Nabw. ]ZmZna[yfnse \ne F kvYmat`ZwsImpw, H, Cc« F A\kvYmt`ZwsImpw hv [z\nt`Zw FXv Fm {ZmhnU`mjIpw klPamb Hcp [ambncpp; Ctm AXv Xangnam{Xw tijnpsht Dp.

C\n kwkvIrXnenmsX {ZmhnUn\p kzambp hsfn hnNmcWsNmw:

kwkvIrXn kv]rjvSm\p{]Zm\ap kv]iv JcmXnJcarZptLmjm\p \mknI Fv Aphn[amb Ahmchn`mKw Dv. XangnemIs«, JcarZz\p\mknI Fv aqt Dp. Fm kwkvIrXn Cujkv]rjvSfmb a[yav Ahmchn`mKw Hpta C. Xangn c, e F cp a[yav Ahmchn`mKw Dv. Cu hn`mKw hhn`mKns apd A\pkcnsp am{Xw t`Zw.

"IcWhn{`aw' Fv cmatXmbnd D]m[nsbHpIqSn hnkvXcntXpv. IWvTc{sktmNnnpIbpw hnIknnpIbpw sNpXpsImv h "\mZnI' Fpw "izmknI' Fpw cmbnncnbpp Fsmcp {]tbmP\w am{Xta app ImWnn«pp: thsd ]eXpw AXpsImp knnpp. IWvTXmep{]`rXnIfmb kvYm\fn PnlzbpsS A{Kw sXm«m [z\n Hcphn[w; D]m{Ktam a[yaqe]miztfm sXm«m thsd thsd hn[w; a[yaqesfs D]a[yw, D]aqew CXymZnbmbn C\nbpw hn`Pnmw. CXn\p]pdsa kv]ihpw ]eamXncn BImw: CShnSmsX sXmSpI (kv]inpI); hn«phn«p sXmSpI. cmas hn[n\v "kv^pcnXw' Fp t]. Hmwhn[w \ncckv]iw; Asn hntijw FSppImWnm kvYnXnv amdn hnNmcnm CSbnmXn\m shdpw kv]iw FpXs ]dmaXn. Fn\p hnkvXcnpp? Hcp ^nUn hmb\mc\v XnIfn hntmSnpXnep hn\ymkt`ZsImp kwKoXn Fsmw sshNn{Xy hcpm km[nptam AXn ]XnSp sshNn{Xy a\pjy\p IWvTmZnkvYm\fnse Pnlzmhym]mcwsImv htmmcWn ^ennphm Ignbpw. AXpsImp h C{Xhn[ta Dp Fp ]cnNvtOZnpI Akm[yamIpp. an. G.sP. Fokv F `mjmhnPvRm\n 77 kzcfpw 313 hyRvP\fpw Bbn 390 h D Hcp hame Nan«pv.

d, g, f , Fv AcfmWtm kwkvIrXnenm {ZmhnUmc. CXpItfbpw hfmnncnmw. d, g, cn\pw tc^tmSp NmbpXn\m c, d, g, Fv Hcp hw; AXn\v chw Fp t]cnSmw. e, f, Fv cpw tN ehw cpw tNv hw.

cbpsS alm{]mWamWv d; Fm KImcns alm{]mWw LImc amIptmseb tc^ns alm{]mWw dImcamIpXv. KImcw lImckwkwsImmWv LImcamIpXv. AXpt]mse, tc^w hmckwkwsImv dImcambnabpp Fp kzoIcnphm amw C. kwkw A; kvYm\w, IcWhn{`aw F thsd cp]m[nIfmWv tc^s dImcamnopXv. tc^dImc cpw aq\yfmsW nepw tct^mmcWn hmbpsS ta«ns GXp`mKv \mhv sXmSppthm AXnepw B`ycw (Dntep Xnb) Bb `mKmWv dImtcmmcWn sXmSpXv. PnlzbpsS sXmSp `mKhpw sXmSp k{Zmbhpw thsd BWv. tc^n Pnlzm{Kn\pw dImcn kv^pcnXambn«mWv. tc^n jImcXpeyamb Hcp Dujvamhns kwkw sImv gImcw DmIpp. CXn\v kvYm\w dImcsmfpw B`ycambn«mWv. BsIqsS tc^w arZp, AXns kv^pcnXm[nIyIrXamb alm{]mWw dImcw; DujvakwkIrXamb tLmjw gImcw Fv chns kz`mhw.

eImcw ZyamWv; AXns\ Dcnptm Pnlzm{Kw Dbn izmkhmbphns\ Sv, ]noSv Pnlzm{KnsXs kv]\w (sXdnn) sImv PnlzbpsS Ccp]pdpwIqSn hmbphns\ CShn«nShn«p ]pdtp hnSpIbmWv IcWhn{`aw. Cu IcWhn{`awXs Zaqen sNpXn\p]Icw "hw' Fp ]dbp, hmbpsS ta«ns `mKnemnbm fImcambn. AXpsImv hyamb eImcwXs fImcw.

, F hamIs«, IhNhmZnIt]mse kv]ifnep hw Xs. Jcw; A\p\mknIw. AXnJc arZptLmj Xangn Ctm. AXn\m Jchpw A\p\mknIhpw am{Xta Dp. Cu hn\v kvYm\w Zaqen\pw aqmhn\pw aty D (Du\n\v ASp) ]n`mKw F {]tZiw; AXn\m Cu hw hyw. AcamebpsS cN\ Dn\npw shfnbntep kvYm\{Iaw{]amWnp sNbvXn«p XmIbm hyamb hs aq\yamb Shw Ignv Zyamb Xhn\p ap]mbn ]TntXmbncpp; XangpsshbmIcWmcmIs«, kwkvIrXmcsf Fmw apdbvv GSpXnsdtijw , F Cu hs DXnepw HSphn Xnfpsht Dp.

Imcn\v Ctm Acamebn Hcp {]tXyIen]n Gs«pImWpn. , cn\pwIqSn F Hcp Nnlv\ta Dp. Cs\ kw`hnphm D ImcWw CXmbncnmsap ]e Dultfbpw AhXmcnIbn BImhpnStmfw hnkvXcnp Ignncnpp. AhnsS {]kvXmhnmXmbn Hcp kwKXn am{Xta ChnsS tNtXpp. Xangn kvYet`ZwsImv hv DmcWt`Zw kXns«n«pv. Cc«nmtm Jcp ]Zayn arZpmcWwthWw. NImcn\pam{Xw ZznXzanmtm k{X iImtcmmcWw; CXpt]mse dIpw hncncptXm? Imcns ]nn Ccpmepw Cc«nmepw dImcn\v Imc[z\n, AmnSsms dImc[z\nXs. Cu hyhkvYbpsS kz`mhw Ime{Ian ]Tnnmh adp t]mIpIbpw DmcWw ]ehn[n ZpjnpIbpw sNbvXp. Ctm "Nnddm', "\qsm]Xv', "\oddpIndm', CXymZnIfn "Nnm' CXymZn XImc[z\ntbmSv A[nIw tbmPnmsWnepw Imc[z\nXs Dcnphcpp; "sNdamkw' CXymZnIfnepw Imc[z\nXs an Xangcpw Dcnpp. "Ipddw', "]dn', CXymZnIfn BIs«, dImc[z\nbmWv A[nIw tIpXv.

{ZmhnUhsfddn eoemXneIn Xmsgdbpw{]Imcw {]kvXmhnncnpp: ""Cl `mjmbmw kwkvIrtX  kn NXzmcycmWn Zriytd, dd, g, d CXn. bYm:

""Imtddsddmt« KfnXsXfntX Ip\ocpZzlo am[zoamZy[p]hncpXwsIm hmtamn \ndv Fsn«XnIpWbm l! ]qsmpt]mepw tImSo, ImWm IphebZfm]mwKn tIgndhmdv.''

CXy{X""Imtp \ndp tIgndhmdp CXn; XYm sImp, Hs« Fs CXy{X {lkz`qtX kytc N kvXx.'' CXn{]Imcw dd, d, d, g {lkzfmb F, H Cs\ BdmWv {ZmhnUmcw. "e' FXv fImcns DmcWt`Zsav eoemXneIImc Dt]np Ifbpp. Imcs ]noSv GgmaXmbn FSpp]dbpp. AXntev AKkvXykq{Xs {]amWambn DcnpIbpw sNpp. ""FIc HIc BbvX gIc dIc Icw Xangp s]mXp atdd'' Fv. Cu kq{Xn F, H, , g, d, Fv Bdp hsf am{Xta AKkvXy Xangnse A]qmcfmbn \ntinpp. Fnepw "atdd' F ]Zn ddImcw {]tbmKnXpsImv "dd' FsmpIqSn Dsp m]nnpp FmWv eoemXneI Imcs hymJym\w. CXn \npw "dd' Fv Hcp Cc«n Imc[z\n {ZmhnUnepsv eoemXneIImc\pw kXnpp Fp ImI. Fm Xangn Cu A]qmcs AKkvXyt]mepw NqnmWnn«nspw sXfnbpp. eoemXneIn dd, d F cpw AXn\p ]pdta dImchpw thsd thsd FSpp ImWnXv \psS Dulsf _esSppp. dd, d, d Fp aqp en]nIfnepw d F Nnlv\apsnepw AXpIv [z\n thsdbmsWp kv]jvSambn; Asn d Fv Hcp en]n FSpm aXnbmbncpp. AXn\m "d' FXn\v dd, d cnepw Imc[z\nbmsWpw tIheamb dImc[z\nbn am{Xta kzamb [z\nbppshpw eoemXneIImc kXnXmbnhcpp. C{XbpwsImv BKa{]amWw thWsan AXpw \app knnp.

aebmfnIfmIs« Imcn\pam{Xa, Imcn\pw {]tXyIambn en]n thsv D]np. \Imcns en]nXsbmWtm Ctm Imcsbpw IpdnpXv. "\' F en]n Hddbmbncpm ]ZmZnbnam{Xw AXn\v \Imc{ihWw; ]nsmbnSpw Imc{ihWw; "' F kzchnbpamb hyRvP\ns Nnlv\n\v k{X Imc{ipXnXs. Iq«cfn Dc`mKambn\nv kzctfmSp tbmPnpIbmsWn "An', "cXv\w', "kv\m\w' CXymZnt]mse \Imc[z\n; ]q`mKambn kzckv]iwIqSmsX \nm "A\zbw', "A\ymbw', "\' CXymZnt]mse Imc[z\n; "Nw',"N\w' CXymZnIfn ]q`mKmbmepw \Imc{ipXn XhkmlNcym hcpXmWv.

Icbpw Idbpw Icnbpw Idnbpw HmbntmImXncnm c dIsf thXncnp shnepw kzcw tNv AcamIp ZnpIfnte Cu t`Zw A\pjvTnpamdpp; Iq«cfn ]q`mKambnt«m Dc`mKambnt«m \nm Nnlv\t`Zan. Fs\:

{I= Ivd	{X= Xvd	= dv	= dvh
{K= Kvc	{Z= Zvc	= cvb	= cvl

E, F cp kzcw {ZmhnUnenm kwkvIrXmcfmIpp. Chbn Imcw kwkvIrXnepw Ir{Xnaambn krjvSnpmnbXp am{XamWv. sshZnI kwkvIrXn Imcta C; euInIkwkvIrnepw ]v F [mXphns ctm aqtm cq]fnte CXp kw`hnq. ]mWn\n [mXphns cq]w Ir]v FmWv KWnncnpXv; ]notS AXn\v ""Irt]m tcm ex'' Fv eImcmtZiw hn[ntX Dp.

{ZmhnUnenm kzcamIbm ipaebmf]Zfn EImcw Imam CSbn; Fm kwkvIrX]Zfnse Bhiyn\pthn EImcw kzoIcnXn\p tijw AXns\ Nne aebmf ]Znepw D]tbmKnp ImWppv.

XrmZw,	Xrt«,	AXrn,	apXrp

CXn XrmZw CXymZnIfnse "Xr' am{Xw kXnmw; AXrn, apXrp CXymZnIsf AXnn apXnp CXymZnbmbns FgptXXmWv. CXv "ssIsbgpv' FXns\ "Isgpv' Fp sXddn FgpXpXpt]mse BsWt hnNmcnm \ymbw Dp.