Kerala Panineeyam


]oTnI
1. aebmftZihpw `mjbpw

aebmfw F hmv Bcw`n tZi\maw am{Xambncpp; aebmf\mnse `mj F AnemWv \mw aebmf`mj Fp ]dbmdpXv. tZin\v aebmfw Fpw, `mjbvv aebm Asn aebmbva Fpw Hcp hnthN\w DmbncpXv {ItaW \jvSambn. B[p\nIaebmfns Bhn`mhtmSpIqSnbmWv tZi\mawXs `mjbvpw D]tbmKnm XpSnbXv. AXn\m Ctm aebmWva FXn\p ]gb aebmf`mj FpIqSn Nne Aw {Klnmdpv.

aebmftZins hnkvXmchpw hn`mKfpw ]e Imepw ]ehn[ambncpp. XncphnXmwIq, sImn, ae_m Pn C{Xbpw IqSnb `qJn\mWv Ctm Ct. \mpImcmb Xang ]mnpw a[pcbvpw ]Snmdp InSp aew{]tZin\v "ae\mSv' Fp t] ]dphp. ]ivNnaLw F ]X]MvIvXnbpsS ]Snmdp hip `qansbmw Cu hn`mKn Dsncnmw. Bcymhn\npsXtmp ISph Bcym Cu `qanp "tIcfw' Fv kwPvRsNbvXp. tIcw Fp ]dbp \mfntIchrfpsS [mcmfXsb Cu t] kqNnnpp. CXns AXnnI "I\ymIpamcn apX tKmI]cyw' FmWp hnpXv. hoclXym]m]w Xocmthn ]cipcma kap{ZcmPmhnt\mSv ]nSnSn {_mlvaWv Zm\wsNbvX `qan Fp ]pcmW{]knn{]Imcw kwkvIrXn Cu tZis "`mht{Xw' Fpw hyhlcnmdpv. adptZifn\np IhSn\p h Ad_n apXemb hntZinb Ad_nSens Icbvpmbncp cmPyp s]mXpth "ae_m' Asn "aen_m' Fp t] ]dphp. Cu hn`mKn Ingp]Snmdp hym]vXnbpsS \nivNbw C. bqtdmptZim Xangp`mjbvpIqSn ae_m F t] ]dphncpp. XangIw FXns\ "ZnanensI' Fmn {KopIm Cu \mn\p t]sImSpncpp.

"sXmImnbw'F Xangp{K{]Imcw kwkvIrXn "tIcfw' Fp ]dphcp "tNc'cmPyn\v, 1. thWmSv, 2. ]qgn\mSv, 3. Im\mSv, 4.NoX\mSv, 5. Ip\mSv, 6. IpS\mSv, 7. aebam\mSv Fv Ggp hn`mK Dmbncpp. CXn Ip\mSv F t] ayXncphnXmwIqdnse Nne XmeqpIv Cpw ]dphcppv. "thWmSv' FXv BZnImev CShmapX sXtmpam{Xw hym]nncp XncphnXmwIq kwkvYm\ns t] Bbncpp. Gsdpsd tNc cmPyn\pXs BWv Xangnse AmNo\{KImcm "asse\mSv' Asn "asseaew' Fp t]cnXv. HcpImev tkew, tImbw]pq F Ctmgs cp PnIfpw tNccmPmmcpsS Iognembncpp. ]cipcma tIcfn k]vXsImWsf \nnp Fp ]pcmWmZnIfn ImWpXv Cu Ggp\mSpIsf DtinpXs Bbncnmw.

Hcn aebmfcmPyp IS IbdpIbpw ]noSp ]n hmpIbpw Dmbnpsp `qhnPvRm\ob (geology) imkv{X{]Imcw ImWppv. "]cipcma kap{Zn\np hosSpp' Fv ]pcmW tLmjnpXpw Cu kw`hs Dtinmbncnmw. CXp Xs Bbncnbntbm thsd Nne CXnlmkIYIpw ASnkvYm\w Fv Dulnphm hgnImWpp. ]pcmW{]Imcw, ASpp Ign Ahmc{]fbw {ZanftZimWv Bcw`nXv. {Zanfm[n]Xnbmb kXy{hX IrXamem\Znbn kymh\n\mbnv ssIbn tImcnsbSp Pen Hcp sNdnb ays Ipshpw, AXp PemRvPenbn hnsmgnbmsX \nevbm AXns\ cmPmhv Krln sImphp kqnXn Znhkw{]Xn CSp ]m{Xw \ndphv \mepZnhkn\pn almayambnov GgpZnhkn\Iw {]fbapmIphm t]mIp hnhchpw, Atm sNtp IrXyfpw cmPmhns\ {Klnnnv kap{Zn {]thinpshpw BWtm aymhXmcIY. {ZanfcmPyns IStemcw BWv tIcfw; AXns Hcp AXnn IrXamem\Zn Bbncppshv ""IrXamemaebmNe]ivNnamw t`m[naty'' Fv Cpw kev]n ]dphcp FepIIfn\np sXfnbppapv. AXn\m, "BdmaXmb Nmqja\zcns An Dmbn' Fp tLmjnp Ahmc{]fbw tIcfn kap{Zw IbdnbXpXs BIcptXm?

bpnamn ISv BtemSnpXmbm aymhXmcns {]tbmP\n\pw XangptZiNcn{Xn D]]nI Dulnm thnStmfw hgnImWppv. lb{Kohalmkpc\m A]lcns thZsf hosSpm\mWv almhnjvWp ayambn AhXcnXv. CY "Hcp Imep ep]vXfmbntmb hm{ia [mNmcsf {ZanftZiv {]XypPvPohnntp Bhiyw t\cnp' F kwKXnsbnbp AhmZamsWpw Iev]nphm hntcm[an. BZnImev sNdnb kwLfmbn sXtmp ISph Bcym BZna\nhmknIfmb {ZmhnUp IogSn hfscmew Ccpnpsv Xangp]gaIfn\np ImWppv. hntijnpw tIcfn Bcym knp\ZoapJp\np ]pcmX\ ImepXs kap{Zbm{XsNbvXv tKmIwhgn sXtmp hym]nv IpSn]mncpncnphm CSbpv. kwkvIrXi_vZsf DcnpXn aebmfnIv, tijap {ZmhnUcn Hcp kwLnepw Cm Nne hntijhn[nI Cu Duln\v Hcp {][m\eyamIpp. "U'Imcs "f' Imcamn Dcnp k{Zmbw EtKzZn am{XamWpXv Cpw tIcfobcpsS kwkvIrtXmmcWn km{XnIambn ImWpp: k{amUv`ymw=k{am`ymw, hjSv = hj CXymZn. Cs\ BZyambn IShgn ISph Bcym ]ivNnaLw IbdnSv Ingtmpw hym]nncpmepw {][m\ambn tIcfns IpSn]mncnmw. kwL_epdhn\m Ch Nne {ZmhnUmNmcsf kzoIcnpIbpw BcyaXmNmcv tem]w hcppIbpw sNbvXncnmw. ]noSv {ItaW Bcymhn B[n]Xyw kvYm]nnv AhnsS\npw hny]wn DwLnv ZnWm]Ys B{Ian BcykwL ]qmKXmcmb Cu kzhmtcmSp Iqnapnbtm Ahsc {`jvSmscpw ep]vXmNmcmscpw Bt]nncnphm CSbpv. {ZmhnUsc PmXn{`jvScmb {Xnbscp a\p ]dbpXp t\mpI:

]u{ImivNuU{ZhnUx Iwt_mPm bh\mx iImx ]mcZmx ]hmivNo\mx IncmXm ZcZmx Jimx i\ssIkvXp {Inbmtem]mZnamx {XnbPmXbx hrjeXzw KXm temtI {_mlvaWmZit\\ N
(a\pkvarXn X 43, 44)

{]fbm\cw almhnjvWp thZtNmc\mb lb{Kohs\ h[npIbpw BcymNmc bYmhn[n \SnhcnIbpw sNbvXp. BNmct`Zw kzoIcn {]YamKXmcymcn {]fbm\cw tijnhcpsS km\fmbncnmw Ctm tIcfn ImWp thZanm \w]qcnhm Fpw, "tIcfnse A\mNmc' Fp ]dbph Fmw {]kvXpX hneWmNmcfpsS AhtijfmsWpwIqSn Iev]npXmbm Fs A`yqlw ]qamIpw. Fm CuhI kwKXnI tZiNcn{XImcs A[nImcn DsXmIbm sshbmIcW\v AXn {]thinphm AhImian.

asse\mSmb aebmfnse BZna\nhmknI Xangcpw AhcpsS `mj Xangpw Bbncpp. Fm FmImIepw {K`mj Asn hcsamgn, \mtSmSn_v`mj Asn hmbvsamgn Fv Hcp hyXymkw Fm PohmjIfnepw DXpt]mse Cu Xangnepw Dmbncpp. {K`mjbvv "sNangv' Fpw \mtSmSn_v`mjbvv "sImSpangv' Fpw BWv Xangp{KImcm t]cnncnpXv. ]ehI sImSpangpI DmbncpXn HmWv \psS aebmfambnoXv. Ctmgs \nebn kwkvIrXns aWnbw ]eXpw aebmf`mjbn Ibdn ^ennpsnepw AkvXnhmchpw tapcbpw Cpw Xangp {]XnjvTnnpXpXsbmWv. hntijhn[nIsfmpw Dntep Xon. acwsImp \nc Ifv B kvYm\v CnI ]SppNpacpsIpI, hmXmb\]Wnv Ccppw appw XopI  C{Xsbmstb kwkvIrXhI\p Xs aebmfKrln ]cnjvImcw sNphm km[nnpp. Cu knms asmcnSp {]kvXmhnmw.

aebmfns {]m{Kq]w sImSpangmsWp ]dphtm. sNangvXs GXp`mjmIpSpw_n DsXmsWp XosSptXpv. Xangv "{ZmhnUw' Fsmcp {]tXyI IpSpw_n Ds `mjbmWv. B IpSpw_nse AwKsf Xmsg hnhcnpp.

1	2	3	4
1. Xangv	3. ImSIw	4. Xpfp	8. IpdpIv
2. aebmfw		5. sImSIv	9. amtm
		6. tXmUm
		7. tImUm
5		6	7
10. tKmn		12. sXepv	13. {_mlqbn
11. tKm(Iqbn)

Chbn Xangvaebmf Hcp `mjbpsSXs cq]mc BIppshp appXs {]kvXmhntm. ImSIn\pw Xangnt\mSp henb ASpapv. Xpfp, sImSIv, tXmUm F Xmbvhgn XangpaebmffptSbpw ImSIntbpw ayn \nevpp. AXnepw Chbvv A[nIw Nm ImSItmSmIpp. IpdpIv, amtm F cp `mjIfpsS \nebpw ap]d \msen\v GItZiw tNpXs BWv. tKmn, Iqbn F cn\pw sXepnt\mSp ckw_w IqSpw. sXepv ]tXs aqeIpSpw_n \np hfsc AIpt]mbn. {_mlqbn HddXncnp _eqnkvYm\v AIsp t]mIbm AXn\v A\y`mjIfpsS AXn{Iaw A[nIw Xopv. {ZmhnU`mjIfn Xangv, sXepv, ImSIw, aebmfw, Xpfp, sImSIv Cu Bdp `mjIp {Kkma{KnsImv ]pjvSn e`nnpv. AhbpsS Ahtcml{IanemWv Ahsb ChnsS \ntinncnpXv.

t\hcbpsS \ofwsImv AIbpw, Ncn hcsImp Nmbpw ImWnp]w Xmsg sImSpnp hwimhen {ZmhnU`mjIp aqe`mjbpambp AIbpw ASphpw At\ym\y_hpw ImWnpw:


{ZmhnUhm "ZnWm]Yw' Fp ]dbp sXt CUybnse BZy\nhmknIXs BbncnWsamWv {]_eamb Dulw. Ch BcymcpsS CUym{]thi\n\pap]v hStmv Apanpw hym]nncnmw Fp am{Xta Dp. Bcymsctmsebpw apkammsctmsebpw apw Chcpw adptZifn\np hv IpSntbdnmXn\v Hcp eyhpw ImWpn. AXn\m ChcpsS `mjIfpw Hcp {]tXyIimJbn \nevpp. kwkvIrXtmSmIs, AXn\nv Zpjnpmb hSt CUybnse \mp`mjItfmSmIs {ZmhnU`mjIv ]dbXmbn bmsXmcp _hpw C. i_vZimkv{XImcm `mjIp Nne almhn`mK sNbvXnpXn knYnb, Smmcv, Xptd\nb Fpw apw ]dbp A\ncpkzcq]fmb ]e imJItfmSpw {ZmhnU`mjmhn\p NmbpXmbn hmZ ]pdsnpsnepw AsXmpw knmZibn Fngnnn. Cqn Bkvt{Xenbm almZzo]ns hSp`mKfn {]Ncnp `mjIpw {ZmhnU`mjIpw Xn Nne Awifn ImWp tbmPnpam{Xw hhyambnpv.

Bcym ZnWm]Yn {]thinv BcyaXmNmcfpw Bcy]cnjvImcfpw AhnsS kvYm]nIqn Bcy`mjbmb kwkvIrXw {ZmhnU`mjIfn {]_eambn kzm[nImcw sNeppIbpw Dmbnpv. kwkvIrXn\np ]Z ISwhmpIbpw kwkvIrXhmIy`wKnIsfbpw AemccoXnIsfbpw kzoIcnpIbpw {ZmhnU`mjIfn \Smbn. Fp th, Imet]n\p appmbncp Nne `mjI kwkvIrXn\nv hn`ncq]sfbpw, BJymXsfbpw, \n]mXsfbpw ZsSpp tNv "aWn{]hmfw' Fsmcp ]pXnb thjw sIm\pwIqSn Bcw`np. CuhI hntijhn[nIsfmw {K`mjsb AmsX \mtSmSn_v`mjsb _m[nnn. XdhmpaqpkvYm\w hlnp Xangpam{Xw ]pXptamSnIfn {`anv ]gb ]mccyfpt]nmsX IgnpIqn. sXepv F kwPvR Xs "{XnenwKw' Asn "{XnIenwKw' F kwkvIrXns Xhambnop. "Issc\mSv' "ImSIw' F kwkvIrXthjw sIn. Cqn "Xangv' FXns kwkvIrXoIcWamWv, {ZmhnUi_vZw. XanZanf{Zhnfw{ZhnUw. IpeIqSkvYs t] tKm{X\maambnocmdp apdbvmWv "{ZmhnUw' FXv `mjmimJbvv s]mXptcmbnaXv.

kwkvIrX{KImcm ZmnWmXy`mjIsf "B{{ZmhnU' Fpw hyhlcnpInpv. CXv B{`mjbmb sXepn\v Xangnt\mSp AIsb Bkv]ZamnsbvXXmbncnmw.

aWn{]hmfaebmfnse kwkvIrX_mlqeyw Ip {`anv {]amWnImcmb {KImcmt]mepw kwkvIrXn {ZmhnUw Iev Dmb `mjbmWv "aebmfw' Fp inpIbpmbnpv. AXn\m {ZmhnUkwkvIrX `nhfns `mjI BsWpXntep Nne {][m\ey ChnsS FSpp ImWnmw. Hcp hns P\kapZmbw addphns P\kapZmbtmSp \nXykwkw sNptm cp hfpsSbpw thj`qjmZnI, euInImNmc, \S]Sn{Ia  CsXmw IqSnep t`ZsSptmse AhcpsS `mjIfnse i_vZkapbhpw t`ZsSpw. Fm As\ hcptmgpw aXmNmc, IpSpw_]mccy, AhImi{Ia apXembh A]qambnt amdntmImdpp. AXpt]mse `mjIfpsSbpw A\zb{Iaw, cq]\njv]mZ\ k{Zmbw, ssienI CsXmpw amdpI km[mcWb. {]IrXn BcymcpsS ]cnjvImtcmjhpw {]m_eym[nIyhpw \nanw {ZmhnUcpsS aXmNmcIqSn amdntmbn; Fnepw `mjIv _mlythjkvYm\w hlnp i_vZfnemsX BcXXzamb hymIcan bmsXmcp amddhpw Dmbnn.

kwkvIrXn\npw ]Zw ISw hmnbnpXpw Nne AXymhiytm BUw_cnt\m am{Xta Dp. hoSpIfn ]Xnhmbn s]cpamdp hmpIv kwkvIrnepw {ZmhnUnepw bmsXmcp kw_hpw Csv XmsgmWnp \mafpw IrXnIfpw \n]mXfpw t\mnbm t_m[ysSpw.


I. \ma

kwkvIrXw	Xangv	aebmfw	ImSIw	sXepv	Xpfp

]nXm	Xss	X	Xs	-	-
amXm	Xmbv	Xmbv	Xmbv	Xn	-
kq\px	aI	aI	aK	-	aK
incx	Xsse	Xe	Xse	Xe	Xsc
An	I	Iv	I	Ip	Iv
\mkm	aqv	aqv	aqKq	aqv	aqv
Icx	ssIbv	ssIbv	Ibv	tNbn	ssIbv
kqcyx	Rmb	Rmb	t\k	-	-
N{x	Xn	Xn	Xn	-	Xnfv
Zyux	hm	hm	_m	hnp	-
Znhkx	\m ]I	\m ]I	\m	\mUp	-
Znhkx	\m ]I	\m ]I	\m	\mUp	-
cm{Xnx	Cchp	Cchv	Ccp	Ccpfp	-
Anx	Xo	Xo	Xo	-	Xo
Krlw	hoSp	hoSv	hoSv	hoUp	-
{Kmax	Ducp	Ducv	Ducv	Ducp	Ducv
izm	\mbv	\mbv	-	-	\mbv

tamWn kwkvIrX \masfmw Xsbpw Ctm aebmfn \Snhnpsnepw AXpI BUw_cn\p thn kwkvIrXn \npw kzoIcn "Xa' FmsX `mjbpsS kzi_vZf. \Jw, apJw, kpJw, ZpxJw apXemb AXymhiy ]Zfpw Ctm kwkvIrXXa am{XambnmWpXv ]gb {ZmhnU]Zsf Dt]npIfXn\m am{XamIpp.

II IrXnI

kwkvIrXw	aebmfw	Xangv	ImSIw	sXepv	Xpfp

`Ww	XnpI		Xnp	Xn\p	Xn\v
]m\w	IpSnpI	IpSn	IpSn	{XmKp	
Ka\w	t]mIpI	t]m	t]mIp	t]mhp	t]m
kvYm\w	\nevpI	\n	\np	\nep	
[mh\w	HmSpI	HmSp	HmSp	]mdp	
hN\w	sNmpI	sNm	skmev		
{ihWw	tIpI	tI	tIfp		tIWv
l\\w	sImpI	sIm	sImp		sIcv
Bk\w	CcnpI	Ccn	Ccp		
BKa\w	hcpI	hcp	_m	cmI	_e

III \n]mX

kwkvIrXw		{ZmhnUw
N	Dw	X, a, I (kapbw Aw)
hm	Hm	X, a, I, sX (hnIev]w Aw)
Gh	G	X, a, I, Xp, sX (Ah[mcWw)

k\masfmw {ZmhnUfn GIcq]fpw kwkvIrXn \np `nfpamWv.

IV. k\ma

kwkvIrXw	{ZmhnUw	kwkvIrXw	{ZmhnUw
XZv	A	Xz, bpjvaZv	\n
GXZv	C	a, AkvaZv	F
Inav	F	AkZv	D

C\n hymIcWns GmSpIsfn t\mmw.
Ggp hn`n, Hmtcmn\pw apqp hN\w. Hmtcm hN\n\pw {]tXyIw {]Xybw Fv Ccp]nsbmmbnncnbp kwkvIrXnse cq]mheotImemlesampw {ZmhnUn. cq]\njv]mZ\nepw BZys AphN\w ZrVw, tijsamw inYnew Fp {]{Inbmt`Zan. {ZmhnUfnemIs, {]Yabvv {]Xybw C. tijw Fm hn`nIfnepw {]IrXn Hpt]mseXs. hN\w ct Dq; AXn\p {]Xybw Hp thsd BIpIbm hn`n{]Xybw hN\w tXmdpw amtd. hn`nkw_w IpdnpXn\v {]Xybw am{Xa, KXnIfpw Dv. "anSpmscsmv' F hn`ncq]w A]{KYnp t\mpI:

anSpv +	{	A		]pnwK{]Xybw
		am		_lphN\{]Xybw
		F		ZznXobmhn`n
		sImv		IcWmnep KXn

kwkvIrXnemIs "]Spw`nx' FXn "`nkv' F Hcp {]Xybw am{Xta Dp, Chsbmw IpdnpXn\v. Fp am{Xa, B {]Xybn\pXs, Imhv, tlXp, kmlnXyw, ZzmcX Fo Aepw Bhmw.

kwkvIrXnemsX{ZmhnUfn hnIcWt`Zw, ]Zt`Zw, (BXvat\]Z]ckvssa ]Z), Icn, IWn, `mth F {]tbmKt`Zw CsXmpw C. Ime{]Imcv Ahmct`Zfpw Ipdbpw. \ntj[w, kapbw, hnIev]w CXpI sNp k{Zmbw AXy`namWv. ]ddphn\Ipw kwkvIrXnse BJymXpw Xn hepXmb Acapv. apddphn\Iv (BJymXv) kwkvIrXnenmXmb enwKt`Zw Hp hntijm Dv.

hyt]Ik\maw {ZmhnUfn C. AXns {]hrn t]scw \Spp. AenwK_lphN\w {ZmhnUn\p Hcp hntijamWv. AtNX\hmNnIfmb \mapw AXpIsf ]cmainp k\mapw enwKt`ZanmXpw AXpt]mseXs. DZmlcWw:

kwkvIrXw				{ZmhnUw
knwlx knwlo				Bknwlw s]knwlw

\]pwkI\map _lphN\w th; kwJymhntijWw tNm {]tbmKncpsXpIqSnbpv: ]pcq]m, Fp ]ip.

t`ZIp {ZmhnUn enwKhN\hn`nIp s]mcpwC. ]Sp]Sobkv]SnjvT F anep AXnimb\cq]hpw {ZmhnU`mjIfn C.

{ZmhnU`mjIfpsS kvYnXn "kwnjvSIy'bnepw kwkvIrXns "sshIrXIy'bnepw BIpp.

kwkvIrXnse alm{]mWfpw Dujvamfpw {ZmhnUnen. {ZmhnUnse g, d, kwkvIrXnepw C.

DZmmZnkzct`Zw {ZmhnUn Hcnepw Dmbncpn.

aebmfw Xangns Hcp D]`mjbmsWv BZywXs {]kvXmhnnptm. AXv {][m\`mjbmb Xangn\npw t`Zsv Hcp {]tXyI`mj F \nebn hptNXv F{XImewsImmWv Fpw AXntep ImcW Fsmambncpp Fpw BWv C\n BtemNnm\pXv. Fm `mjIpw cpNnt`Zw\nanw tZiy t`Z hcmdpv; aebmfn\pXs Ctm ayaebmfn\p]pdsa sX`mj, hS`mj F hIt`Zw \mw I]nmdptm. AXpt]mse Xangn\v.

""sX ]mn Ipw IpSw Im th]qgn ]dnbcphmhX hSp \dmb NoXw aemSp ]p\\mSp sNangvtN tcXan ]ncp\ms.''

F hN\{]Imcw ]{p \mSpIfnembnv tZiyt`Zfpmbncpp. Ctmgs a[pcPnbn \Smbncp `mjbvv "sNangv' Fpw ta]d ]{ptZifn \Smbncp `mjbvv sImSpangv Fpw BWv Xangp{KImcm t] sImSpncpXv. ]{ptZi FSpp ]dXn Ipw, IpSw, Im, th, ]qgn Cu Apw Cs tIcfJn DshbmWv. Cu Ap \mSpIfnse sImSpangv aebmfambn ]cnWanphm\p ImcWsav?

aebmftZins InSv Ingt AXnnapgph hym]np ]X]wnsImp ap Xangp\mSpIfn\npw ths]v HXncnmbntmbXv:

BZnImev sXt CUybpsS sXt Aw tNcw, tNmfw, ]myw Fp aqp cmPyfmbn hn`Pnncpp. AXn ]ivNnaLfpsS ]Snmdphihpw sImptZihpw Dsncpp. aqp kzX{cmPyfmbncpsnepw At\ym\yw Ielfpw Hn\p ap cp cmPyfpsS tatmbva Dsp A`nam\hpw, AXpaqew ]ebpfpw Dmbncpp. bpfnse Pbw A\pkcnv tatmbvabpw amdn amdn hpsImncpp. aqhcip ]pdta ]h, NmeqIy, cmjv{SIqS apXemb sshtZinIcpsS B{Iafpw A{Iafpw \Snpv. Cu cmPy]cnh\tImemlefn Fm Xangv\mSpIpw Hgnphm ]mSnmhn[n ]ckv]ckwkw thnhp. As cmPy`cW k{Zmbhpw {]kvXmhtbmKyamWv. cmP[m\nbpw AXn\p Nppap tZihpw am{Xta t\tc cmPmhns Iogn hnncppp. tijw `mKsamw \mSphmgnIfmb DtZymKkvYmcmWv `cnphXv. Hmtcm cmPyhpw \mSpIfmbn hn`Pnv Hmtcm \mn\pw `cnpXn\v A[nImcnIfmbn {]`pmsc \nbanncpp. \mSphmgnIfmb {]`pm {]mtbW XfpsS A[nImcw Ipe]ccbmbn hlnpsImncpXn\m Ahcn Nne {]_emcmbnov t]cn\pam{Xw cmPmhn\p IogSnsmp Imcyn kzX{mcmbnocpIbpw sNbvXnpv. Cqn Ip\mSns A[n]Xnbmbncp sNwIph F {]`phns\n ]gb Xangp{Kfn ]e IYIfpw ImWppv. Fpth "]Xnnv' F XangpImhyw tNccmPmmcpsSbpw aebmf\mSpI `cnncp \mSphmgnIfpsSbpw ]cm{Iasf hnv aebmf\mn Dmbncp IhnI \nnnpXmIpp. ]Xnnns BZysbpw HSphnesbpw ]msmgnp tijw ]mpI Ctmgpw \Spv. CXn Ggmas ]mv "sNevhSptm hmgnbmX' F tNccmPmhns\ kwt_m[\w sNbvXv "I]ne' F {_mlvaWIhn DmnbnpXmWv. Chn ]mnbn XncphShq F tZip P\nv, aebmfnhp Xmakn Bfpw "s]mp ]dbmh' Famb "s]mm\mhn]ne' F hncpXpt] e`n alm\pw BIpp. Ctlns IhnXIfnsemw ae\mnse {]`pmcmWp \mbIm. "sFpdp\qdp', NneXnImcw' apXembn thsdbpw tIcfobIrXnIfmb XangpIhnXI Dv. ASpImev sImhjmcw`whsc Xangn Ihn]mSop tIcfobscpdnv Adnhpv. "sF\cnX\m' F tIcfobXangvIhn {InkvXz_vZns Ggmw iXIntem FmatXntem PohnncpXmbnmWpp. "apIpame' F kwkvIrXkvtXm{Xns Imhmb IpetiJc Bhmscn XncphnXmwIqIm Fmhcpw tIncnpatm. Cu cmPIhnbpw Xangp{K \nnnpv.

tamWn{]Imcw XangvcmPyhpw aebmfcmPyhpw Htc cmPmhns Iogn CcpnStmfwImew Xangv`mjbpw aebmf`mjbpw HpXs Bbncpp. tIcfobIrXnIfn sNangn\npw hyXykvXfmb Nne cq]fpw (Hm), ]Zfpw (t]mv, ]n, ssI\ne apXembh) ImWpnsn; Fm AXpIsfmw tZiyt`Zsft KWnsnpp. NneXnImcw Xangnse {][m\s Ap almImhyfn HmbnmWv Xang Cpw ]dphcpXv. ap Xangp\mSpIsmw ae\mnepw aqhcicn Hcm `cnpI F GmSv s]cpammcpsS ImetmSpIqSn Ahkm\np. tIctfm]n F ]pcmW{Ks hnizknp]w s]cpamm Xs cmP{]Xn\n[nI FmsX kmm cmPmmcmbncpn. Ncn{X{]Imcw t\mpXmbmepw s]cpamm aqhcicn HcmfpsS ssh{kmbnamcmbncpncnphm CSbpv. cmjv{SIqS, NmeqIy apXemb hnPnKojpfpsS B{IaWfm ]mytNmftNcmcpsS in IpdXn\p ]pdta Nne hwi bnpIbpw Hp asmn ebnpIbpw Fmw Dmbn. {In. A. 1293\v ASpp ]ctemIw{]m]n kpc]mycmPm[ncmPt\mSpIqSn aqhcicpsS in AkvXanp. 1310mw hjn aenv I^q F alZobhnPnKojp sXt CUybn ISv cmPyamkIew sImsNbvXv kkzhpw IpnhpsImpt]mIpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu A\mYkvYnXnbn sImv tZinwK\mSns A[n]Xnbmbncp chnhIpetiJccmPmhv ]mytNmftZisf shnnSnv Imo]pccmP[m\nbn cmPm[ncmP\mbn kzev]Imew hmgpIbpmbn. Fm tIcfobcpsS Zp`mKym Atlnepw cmPevan kvYncbmbn hknn. CXn\pta hnPb\Kcnse lnpcmPmmpw Bmnse \`mmpw apw inbpw DuPvPhpw e`nnpsnepw CunUym\nm Snphns\ Pbnv ae_mdn {]thinXp hsc D ZoLamb Imespw aebmfhpw ]mnbpw Htc cmPmhns kmm D imk\bn DsncnpIbpmbnn.

""HSphnes s]cpam, `mkvIcchnhtNcams]cpamfmbmepw icn, ]n_mWscpamfmbmepw icn, kzcmPyw apgph\pw Xs apw acpapw ]IppsImSpp'' FmWtm \psS ]ga. ApapX aebmfpImp ]mnmcpambp \nXykwkw Ahkm\np. cmPyImcyw kw_nv Hcppw Atmpantmpw ISnmhiyan. BhiyfpmbncpnStmfw Imew am\ntcm[Iambn KWnsnnmbncp aebmNe]wn CmewapX Xv Hcp henb {]Xn_ambnpw Xop. XomS\wsNp `mcpw tZikmcn\ndp DmlnIfpw AmsX km[mcWm aebnSppIfnep ZpLShgnIfnqSn Atmpantmpw kcnpI FpXp hfsc A]qambnpSn. cp kwLmpw Xfnep s]cpamw Npcpnbtm AhchcpsS `mjIpw tZiyt`Z hnphp. NneXnImcnepw apw Dmbncp hyXykvX{]tbmKfn Xptemw {]_es am aebmfnse sImSpangn ISpIqSn.

adp\mpImnm ]e hntijhn[nIfpw aebmfpImpmbncpXn\m Ahv Hcp {]tXyI kwLambnXncnbpXn\pmb kuIcyw:

acpambw, apIpSpa, appSpv apXembsXmw aebmfnse hneWmNmcfmIpp. CsXmpw Cu \mn ]p\mbnpmbX. "]Xnnn' {]kwknncnp {]`pmcpw cmPmmcpw acpambw A\pjvTnncphcmsWv B {Kns {]Xn]mZnnpv. \nXyklhmkw DmbncpImev CuhI ssheWysfmpw Hcp hntijhn[nbmbn ]mnm KWnncpn. Fnepw CXpIfn Ahp Xr]vXn t]mcmbncpp Fp sXfnbppv. "aebmf\mSp hmgpXn\v cmPmmcnmsX hnv \qcnam Atmgtm ]ctZipsNv s]cpammsc Ahtcm[npsImphncpp' Fv tIctfm]nmc tLmjnp sFXnlyn\v \nZm\w Cu \ockw BbncnWsav Dulnm hgnbpv. ]cipcmas\ ]gn]dv \qcnam {XnbcmPmmsc kzPmXnbn hnhmlwsNbvXp ambw A\pjvTnm A\phZnmXncpXv XfpsS inp Ipdhphtptam Fp innmbncnmw. "]mytNmfcmPyIqSn Pbnv thKhXo (sshIm) Xocphp cmPym`ntjIwsNbvX tZinwK\mnse chnh IpetiJc' Hcp ]mycmPIpamcnsb hnhmlw sNbvXXn\ptijw AhcpsS km\fpsS kvYnXn Fmbncpp Fdnhm amw ImWpn. GXmbmepw "acpambw apXemb A\mNmc aebmfcmPys HXncnpXn\pw AXphgnbmbn aebmf`mjsb Xangn\nv AIpXn\pw klmbnp' Fp \nivNbamWv.

\qcnamcpsS {]m_eyhpw Bcy{ZmhnUkwkvImchpw:

{InkvXphjmcw`n\p appXs {_mlvaWcpw, _ucpw, ssP\cpw Bb Bcym sXt CUybntep ISnpv; Fm Ah Hsbm IpSpw_fmbnmsX henb kwLfmbnp hnn. Bcy{_mlvaW {KmaaSv tIcfntep IpSntbdnmphm Bcw`nXpw {InkvXz_vZw BdmwiXIwapXemWv. Amev IZw_cmPhwins {]hI\mb abqchcmPmhv tKmIp\npw tIcfntev Bcy{_mlvaWsc Wnphcpn IpSn]mnXmbnv ey Dv. AXn\ptijw ]my, tNmf apXemb ap cmPmmcpw Ahcn\npw A[nImcw e`n ap s]cpammcpw ]e {]mhiyambn tIcfn {_mlvaW{]XnjvT sNbvXnpv. ASpImev {_mlvaWsc {KmawsImSpp {]XnjvTnv ]pWyw kmZn tIcfcmPmhv Nndbvse tImencnbmWv. Atlw cpXhWbmbn "kmKcw' (273) Fpw "kap{Zw' (257) Fpw kwJybp {_mlvaW{Kl kvYm]nnpv. hgntb hpIbdnb aXmckvYcmb PqXmpw {InkvXym\nIpwIqSn ]ehn[w ]ZhnIfpw AhImifpw A[nImcfpw sImSp HuZmcyap \mpIm X Wnphcpnbhcpw kzaXkvYcpamb \qcnamv kmc]pccw kIem[nImcfpw DZI]qw Zm\wsNphm aSnpsap ktlnphm t]mepw CSbn. AXn\m \qcnamv kz{Kmafn khn[m[nImcfpw e`nncnWw. {InkvXz_vZw 629 \pw 645 \pw aty CUy kin lnbrqMvkmMv F No\tZiy\mb Xobm{Xmc sXt CUybn ]dbXmb BcyP\\nthi IXmbn FgpXnbnn. {InkvXz_vZw 774  hoccmLhN{Ihn sImSpqhv CchntImm F IhSmc\v aWn{Kmam[n]Xyw sImSp sNp]bn ]nbq, sNmc F {_mlvaW{Kmamsc thWmSnsbpw Ip\mSnsbpw DSbhtcmsSmamb \nebn kmnhpImWpXn\m 774mamn\nSbvv \qcnamv tIcfn ]db Nne A[nImc knnp Ignncnpp Fpw sXfnbpp. abqch cmPmhv BdmwiXhjmcw`n {_lva{]XnjvTsNbvXnp kwKXn appXs {]kvXmhnnpv. CsXmw Iqntpt\mptm, 600 apX 774 hscbp Htapm iXm_vZn\Imbncnmw \qcnam tIcfn {]XnjvT DdnXv Fv DulnmhpXmWv. sImhjmcw`hcamb 825mw hjnt\mSSpmWv \mw {]kvXmhnp ImeLw. FItZiw CXn\SpmWv s]cpammcpsS hmgvN Ahkm\nXpw {ioicmNmcykzmanI AhXcnp ZnKznPbwsNbvXv AssZzXimcaXw kvYm]nXpw. Cu cp kwKXnIfn Hns kvamcIambnmWv sImhjw Fsmc_vZw Bcw`nXv FpwIqSn {]_eamb A`n{]mbapv. aqhcicpsS Ipe bnv sXt CUybn cmPymhImi hgpIfpw Ipgfpw A\mYmhkvYbpw Bcw`nXv Cu Ln\p kao]nmWv.

CsXmcp \ Xcw Fp IcpXn \qcnam AhcpsS A[nImcsf ssIISn {]tbmKnpXpSn. tamWn kw`h AhcpsS DbXcw BiIv A\pIqenp. {]tXyInpw acpambw apXemb tIcfob hneWmNmc AhcpsS Bimknnp thXne[nIw D]Icnp. ]v {XnbcmPmm \n_ambn\pjvTnmXncp acpambw Ahcpw A\pjvTnWsap hn[np. \mnse cm[nImcnIfmb "Adp\qd', "]Xn\mbncm' Fpw apw ]dbp \mbtbmKmcmIs {]kvXpX kwKXnbn Hpw {]Xn_w BNcnn. \mpamaqepI \mn IpSn ]mphscmwXs BNcnWsambncpp AhcpsS kztZim`nam\{`aw. CXn\p]pdta "AXnPmPzeyam\w' Fp ]tXs IontIncnmhp Bcy]cnjvImcns BNmcymcpw A\pjvTmXmfpw Cu \qcnam Bbncptm. Bcy\mKcnIfpsS \m\mamsfmw XfpsS ssIhiambncpp FXv Chpw Hcp henb saambncpp. Npcpn \hm`ymKXmcmb BcymcpsSbpw {]mNo\\nhmknIfmb {ZmhnUcpsSbpw hv IqSnecpXn\p thnbncp D]IcWsfmw tbmPnphp. cpwIqSntv Hcp Ijmbambn. tbmKw \mbn tNXn\m Ijmbn\v hocyw kzbta IqSpXembncpp. t]mscn \{kmWn {InkvXym\nI AXn\v Hcp tasmSnbpw tNp. AXp tkhnbm tIcfevanv icoc]pjvSnbpw _pnhnImkhpw HmPpw hnpIbpw sNbvXp.

]mytNmftZifntem tIcfn Bcy{ZmhnUhyXnIcn\v tbmK_ew IqSpXembncpp. hnhmlwaqeap Bcyckw_w ap tZifn C{Xtmfw {ZmhnUv knnphm kuIcyw e`nn. AXn\m tIcfobcpsS Bcy]cnjvImcn\v AX\pkcnv Hcp ampIqSpsav kXntXpv. "\qcnam \mpImtcmSv tbmPnmthn hm{ia[v tem]w hcpn' Fsmc]hmZn\pw CSbmnbn. ]camw \njv]]mXambn BtemNnpXmbm kvarXnbn hnI]w A\phZnnpnSv ap \mpIm BZcnm tImSnIsf Ch kzoIcnp Ft Dp. "tPyjvT{`mXmhn\pam{Xw sshZnIKmlkvYyw; tijw t]p kv\mXIhrn aXn' Fv Hcp kuIcyw Ah \Smn Fn AXn\p]Icw {_lvaNcy{hXnepw KrlkvYmNmcfnepw Xo{h\n_fpw sNbvXphp. cPkzemhnhmlw \ntj[nmbvIbm I\yIam hbp sNncnmdpsn hn[hIv intcmap\mZnI thsp I]nnpapv. CuhI BNmc]cnh\ elfsbmpwIqSmsX cayambn \SXn BivNcyw tXmpp. HgpInhcp \Zn Imben sNptNcptmse hpIbdnbhcmb Bcy CcnpImcmb {ZmhnUcn ebntX Dp. `nhmcmb P\ IqSneXpt]mse AhcpsS `mjIfpw bYmtbmKyw tbmPnp. "{ZhnUlnaKncnKfnX' bmb sImSpangv`mj Cu hn[n "kwkvIrXhmWoIfnPmanfnX' bmbnv aebmfambn Nap. ImfnokwKaw KwKbvv ]pjvSnIchpw amlmXvaytlXpIhpw BsWp hnNmcnp ]w aebmfn\v sImSpangmbncp AhkvYsbm Djhpw I]nmhpXmWv.

C\n, sImSpangmbncp `mj GXphn[w aebmfambnap FmWv BtemNnm\pXv. tZiyt`Zsfsmpam{Xw `mjmt`Zw I]npXn\v \ymbw C. A{XXsbpa, tZiyt`Z "]Xnnv' apXemb IrXnIfpw Dmbncpp Fpw, Fnepw AXpI Cpw Xangp{Kfmbns KWnsSpp Fp \mw Iphtm. AXn\m C C C\fn aebmfw Xangn\np hyXymksSpw Fv XcwXncnhn[w Nne s]mXp\nba Dsp ImWnm am{Xta aebmfn\v Hcp kzX{`mjsbp \ne knnpIbpp. As\ h \nbahpw Dtm Fp ]cntim[nmw. Xmsg hnhcnp \b A\pkcnv aebmfw Xangn\np thXncnbpp.

(1) A\p\mknImXn{]kcw, (2) Xhtm]aw Asn XmehymtZiw, (3) kzckwhcWw, (4) ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw, (5) Jntem]kw{Klw, (6) AwK`wKw.

1. A\p\mknImXn{]kcw: A\p\mknIhw X\nv ASpp ]nmte hcp hw JcamsWn AXns\qSn ISpIbdn B{Ianv A\p\mknIamnopw; A\p\mknIw appw Jcw ]npw Bbn Iqcw hm A\p\mknIw Ccn^ewsNpw; Jcns DmcWw thXncnp tImsX BIpw. AXn\m,

MvI= ; = ; = ; av]= ; d= .

DZmlcWw:
\nMvI = \n				hm = hm
s\v = s\v				Xncpav]pI = XncppI
Xnm = Xnm				]n = ]n
Nnav]pI = NnpI				sNdm = sNm
ammbv = amm				Hdp = Hv
]w = ]w				Idp = Iv.

Jchw Hcp {]Xybns BZycambn hcpnSsmw Cu \nbaw km{XnIambnmWpw. As\bp {]Xyb csw Dv "Xp' F `qXImeNnlv\w, "I' F _lphN\w; apnSv Cu \nbaw Nnetm {]hnpsat Dq. A\p\mknIn\v ASpphcp hsqSn Xn ebnnv kmcq]yw sImSp Hcp {]`mhin aebmfn ISpIqSpIbm AXv aebmfnIfpsS kwkvIrtXmmcWsbpw _m[nmdpv. kwkvIrXnemIptm Jcsmf[nIw arZphn\mWv Cu amw kw`hnpI:

aMvKew aew; ARvP\w A\w; a]w a]w; N\w N\w; Aav_m A.

Fm XZv`hfnemsX Xafn A\p\mknImXn{]kcw FgpXptm sNmdn.

2. Xhtm]aw Asn XmehymtZiw: Xhw Fp ]dm Xangcame{]Imcw "X', "\' Fv cp htf Dtm. Chsb bYmtbmKw Iqntm "', "', "' Fp aqp Iqcw IqSnbpmIpw. CXpIp aphcp kzcw "A', "C', "F', "sF' F Xmehyfn GsXnepambm AXns Xmehy[w Cu ZyfnqSn hym]nv AXpIsfqSn Xmehyfmpw. Zyn\v XmehymtZiw sNpIbmemWv Cu \bn\v "XmehymtZiw' FpIqSn t]cnXv. BtZiw sNpXv s]mcpw t\mn thWw. Fs\ Fm:

X  				\  R
  				  
			

Cu \bhpw {]Xybsf kw_nnStmfta km{XnIambn ImWpIbpp. AXn\m "p', "p' Fhkm\np `qXImecq]fmWv ChnsS aptJymZmlcW. "' FXv "' Fp amdptm apsNm A\p\mknImXn{]kcwIqSn hv Ahkm\n "' Fp Ieminpw FtmpI:

Ae  Assem= Aem= Aem
Adn  Adnm= Adnm= Adnm
]nSn  ]nSnm= ]nSnm
ssh  sshm= sshm (shm, hm)
hm  hmbvp= hmbvp
No  Nop= Nop= Nop
tX  tXp= tXp= tXp

sFv = Av				s\cpw = sRcpw
\m = Rm				\p = Rv
			\cp = Rcv

3. kzckwhcWw: kzcsf thnStmfw hnv Xpdv shfnhmbnv DcnmsX ASsmXpnnSnv DcnpIbmIpp CXns kz`mhw.

a) DImtcmmcWnemWv CXp {][m\ambn ImWpXv. kwhcWw sNbvX (aqSnnSnv) DcnpXpsImv AXn\p "kwhrtXmImcw' Fp t] sImSpncnpp. CXp Xangnepw CmX. Fm Xangn CXv Hcp DmcWssheWyw Fp am{XamsX hymIcW {]{Inbsbtbm Astbm kv]inpn. aebmfnemIs aphn\bn\pw apphn\bvpw D t`Zw IpdnpXp ]teSpw DImcns [z\nt`ZwsImmWv. icnbmb hnhrtXmImcambm "apphn\' Fp ]dbp BJymXcq]w; kwhrtXmImcambm "aphn\sbw' Fp ]dbp ]qIme{InbmwKw FmIpp \nbaw:

apphn\  Ip;				aphn\sbw  Iv.
apphn\  tIp;				aphn\sbw  tIv.
kwPvRm]Zw  thep;				Bbp[w  thev.
kwPvRm]Zw Np;				lrZbw Nv.

kwhrs HXp kzcambn KWnmdn. tIheamb hyRvP\s Dcnp \ndppXn\p AkuIcyw ]cnlcnmthn sImSpp Hcp kzcemRvO\sbt hymIcWn AXns\ I]nnpp. AXn\m asmcp kzcw ASpphm CXp k{X tem]npw; ZznXzn\pw apw CXp \nanamIpIbn. XangvhymIcWnemIs ap kzcsmw kwhrXn\pw hne Dv. Xangva\pkcnv "apppS', "ampsm' CXymZn Nne ZznXzw hcpnbnp {]tbmK Cpw aebmfn Ahtijnp InSppv.

b) {]IrXnIfpsSbpw {]XybfpsSbpw HSphn hcp sFImcw Npcpn AImcamIpw. DZm:

Xangv  assg Csse hnsse DssSb AssSm sFv

aebmfw  ag Ce hne DSb ASm Av

HSphnes DZmlcWwt]mse A]qambn Ayam sFImchpw AImcambnocmdpv. A+A+C Fp aqp kzcw tNpmb kycamIpp "sF'Imcw FmWv kwkvIrXn KWnsSpXv. Fm aebmfn\p Xangnse DmcWamWv Bhiyw.

""Ap\nIcw bIcsadnssh sbbvXnss\bm nssNpatmSppw hpauthmc''

F \qkq{Xns kzmckyw t\mptm sF Hu F kzcfpsS LS\ Chn[sap sXfnbpp:

sF= A+C	Asn	A+bv
Hu= A+D	Asn	A+hv

sFImcw cphn[ambn ]ncnmhpXn BZytXv ImSIhpw cmatXv aebmfhpw kzoIcnp.

Xangv	aebmfw	ImSIw
assg	agbv	aUC, asU

"agbv' F bImcw knbnte sXfnp ImWpIbpq. Cu kz`mhhntijwsImv Cs\ DmIp AImcs icnbmb AImcn\npw thXncndnbphm amapv:

XssS  XS = XSbpp		XSXS = XShpp

F amXncnbn sFImcns kvYm\ph AImcn\v knbn bImchpw ipambXn\p hImchpw XpWbmbn hcpw, Cu t`Zw {]amWnp aebmfnse AImcs "Xmehyw' Fpw "ipw' Fpw hymIcWn thXncntnhnpv. Xangnse sFImcs ImSIm GImcambnmWp ampXv. AXn\m ImSIkv]iap aebmftZifn ASpImewhsc Nne cq]fn, hntijnpw "' sImmcw`np {]Xybw ]camIptm AImcn\p ]Icw FImcw FgpXnsmncpp. "asgp' "asdpp' CXymZn. Kpns \nLphn ]teSpw Cu hn[w ASnp ImWpw.

c) s]mXp\nbaw sN hn[nesnepw AImc  FImcfpw, CImc DImcfpw NnebnSp amnadnp ImWpw:

Xangv		aebmfw
sNmsWw		sNmWw
]cpamddw		s]cpamw
]SpI		s]SpI
]pdmhp		]ndmhv > {]mhv
]ncm		]pcm
sNmndm		sNmpp
\mn]pdw		\mppdw
kabnI		kabp

CXn "FWw' FXv "AWw' Fv BbXpw, "Cdm' FXv "Dp' BbXpw km{XnIamIpp.

4. ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw: Xangnse ImehmNIfmb BJymXv Imhnt\mSp s]mcpn\pthn enwKw, ]pcpj, hN\w CXpIsfpdnp {]Xybsf tNv cq]t`Zw hcpmdpv. aebmf`mj CsXmw HtmsS Dt]np.

Xangv	aebmfw	hp
Ah hm	Ah
Ah hm	Ah
Ah hm	Ah
\o hmbv	\o
\o hoI	\n
\o ho	\n
\m ht	Rm
\m htmw	R

\qcn{_mlvaW CXn klmbnncnWw. kwkvIrXtam AXns h {]mIrXtam kwkmcnpsImncpncnthcmb \qcnamv BJymXn\p Imhnt\mSp s]mcpw thWsapXv Hcp A]qkwKXnbmbn tXmnbncnphm CSbn. Fm Cu hnjbn kwkvIrXn\pw Xangn\pw henb Acw Dv. kwkvIrXn enwKsmcpw th. XangnAXpwIqSn thWw. aebmfw Hpta thsphp. ]pcpjhN\t`ZwXs icnbmbn t\mn {]tbmKnpXp {iaw Fp hnNmcnncph enwKt`Zw Fp aqmasXmpIqSn tNWsaphtm "Fm Fmw HtmsS t]mIs' Fp Xnfncnm \ \ymbw Dv. hntijnpw BJymXn ]pcpjmZnt`Zw IpdnpXn\p Xangnep GmSv ]njvSt]jwt]mse Ipsd A\mhiyIsap tXmntmImhpXmWv. "Rm', "\o', "addph' FmWtm ]pcpjt`Zw. Cu t`Zw {Inbmcq]n ImWnpXn\v AXmXp k\mafpsS AwiXs FSpp tXpcv "{]Xybw' Fp ]dp tNpIbmWv Fm `mjIfpw sNpXv. Fm sshIrXIybn Ccnp kwkvIrXw apXemb `mjIfn {]XybkvYm\w hlnpXv k\mafpsS tXpam IjW BsWpXv i_vZimkv{XImcmv DulnmhpXmsX km[mcWmp kv]ambn ImWmhpX. kwnjvSIybn InSp XangnemIs, k\mafpsSbpw ]pcpj{]XybfpsSbpw At`Zw ]bmbnp sXfnpt]mbn.

kwkvIrXn:

GIhN\w		_lphN\w
k ItcmXn		tX Ipn
Xzw Itcmjn		bqbw IpcpY
Alw Itcman		hbw Ipx

"Alw' CXymZn k\macq]pw "an' CXymZn {]Xybpw Xn HcSphpw kvYqeZrjvSnbn ImWpn. C\n Xangnse kvYnXn t\mpI:

A s]mb	Dfdn\m	\m(=G)	sNmt
ama\m	sNmm	\m(t\mw)	sNmtmw
\o	sNmo	AXp ASn	hXp
\o	sNmoI

Cu DZmclWfn IrkvYm\p \nevp k\mafpw AXpIfn ImWp enwKhN\{]Xybfpw XsbmWv BJymXcq]fnepw BhnsncnpsXp kv]jvSambn sXfnbpp. "kwJymhntijWw tNp]w \]pwkI\mav _lphN\w th' Fp XosSpnbnp {ZmhnU`mjbvv Cu Bhrn Hpw tbmPnpns bpn IcpXn aebmfnI ]pcpjmZnt`Zs \ntjw Dt]np.

hmkvXhn ImsUzkmbv]v A`n{]mbsSptmse Xangn icnbmb HcmJymXcq]ta C. "]mp' FXv "]m F {]IrXnbpsS `qXImecq]amWv. AXn "B', "B' F enwK{]Xybfn HptNm AXp Imhnt\mSp s]mcpw sImv "apddphn\' Fp ]dbp {][m\{Inbm]Zw Bbnocpw. "A' F Npsgpv ({]Ya]pcpj k\maw) BWv tNpsXn ]ddphn\bn (A{][m\{Inbm]Zfn Asn AwK{InbIfn) Ds t]scambn Nabpw. "\m ]m (]mp+A) ]pkvXIam\Xp' CXymZypZmlcWw. "]m' F t]scn ]noSv "A', "A', "A', "Xp' F enwK{]Xyb tNm, "]mh', "]mh', "]mh', "]mXv' F ImcIIrpI (Nominal Agents) DmIpw. "]mp' F `qXImecq]w Hcp t`ZKXnbpw sNmsX X\ntb \nm hn\sbcq]amWv. DZmlcWw:

"]pkvXIw ]mp sNmtd' (sNmevIntd).

Cs\bmWv XangvhymIcWns KXn. CXn "]mp' F cq]w X\ntb \nm hn\sbhpw "B', "B' CXymZn enwKfpsS IpdnI tNm apddphn\bpw BIpatm. ChnsS aebmfn sNbvX t`ZKXn C{Xtb Dp: enwKmZnt`Z Bhiya; AXn\p ]Icw Xangn "Ipddnb DIcw' (kwhrXw) Bbn Iev]nncnp "Xp' F {]Xybnse "D'Imcs _ewsImSpv Ddnm apddphn\ Bbn; fImcs Zpeambns shtm "hn\sbw' FXp Xangv apdXs. BJymXfpsS HSphnes DImcn\p _ewsImSpnpspXv ""hp icabaw_pZsamIp'' CXymZn {]tbmKsImp kv]jvSamIpw. "]m', "]mncnp' CXymZn hn\sbcq]fnemIs DImcw tem]npXn\m, AhnsS AXns\ ZpesSpn bncnpp Fpw sXfnbpp. Cuhn[w aebmfn enwK]pcpj hN\sf Dt]npI FXv hfsc eLphmbn km[np.

5. Jntem]kw{Klw:: "Jnew' Fm A{]bpw; Hcp Imev \Spmbncpnpw Ime{Ian {]tbmKanmsX hXv. As\bp {]IrXnIsfbpw {]Xybsfbpw Dt]nmsX D]tbmKnpIbmWv AXpIfpsS D]kw{Klw. Xangn Htc hymIcWkw_w IpdnpXn\v "\qen' ]cnKW\w sNbvXnp {]Imcw sshIev]nIfmbn ]te {]Xybfpmbncpp. Ahbn anXpw \mp`mjbn \SnmXmbn. IhnXbnsbpw Fmw {]tbmKnp ImWpn. As\bp Jnecq]fn NneXn\p aebmfn \Sphnpv. Hpcv DZmlcnmw.

a) ]nhn\sbw: kwkvIrnse "Xpw' (Xpap) F {]Xybns kvYm\n `mhnbmb AwK{Inbsb Ipdnp "B' F {]Xybw Xangn Ctm ep]vX{]Nmcambntmbn. ham\{Inbsb Ipdnp \Sphn\sbwXs BWv `mhynepw D]tbmKnpXv. DZm:

Xangv		aebmfw
Ipfnht		Ipfnmhp
hmNntmIntd		hmbnm t]mIpp
Ccpsmm		Ccnm sNmm (]dp)

Xangn \Sphn\sbw D]tbmKntp kvYefn NnebnSp aebmfw aphn\sbamnbnpv.

Xangv		aebmfw
sNmpSn\m	=	sNmnpSn
sNmqSmXp	=	sNmnqSm

BsIqsS aebmfn icnbmb \Sphn\sbns D]tbmKw hfsc Npcpntmbn. "sNmsSpw' F IWn{]tbmKw, "sNmthWwthm' CXymZn hn[mbI{]Imc; "sNmmw' (=sNm+Bw) F A\pPvRmbI{]Imcw C{Xbpw Znnte Ctm \Sphn\sbw D]tbmKnmdpp. hn\sb{]IcWw t\mpI.

"C' F kw`mhIhn\sbns {]tbmKnepw t`ZKXnI hnpv. {]Xybsf t\tc \Sphn\sbn tNpI F k{Zmbw A]qambn; AXn\p]Icw "F' F \ncq]IIrXnbpsS ]mnIhn\sbs HIp LSI\n]mXambnv D]tbmKnpIbmWv A[nIw \Sv. "t]mIn' FXn\p]Icw "t]mIpsn' "t]msbn', "t]mIpsan' Fp {]tbmKnphcpp. ]gb cq]w Imemwis Ipdnpn; ]qXnb cq]fn Imet`ZwIqSn kv]jvSamIppv. Xangn\v Dmbncp t[mcWnbpw BUw_chpw Ifv hn\sbfpsS hn\ntbmKs aebmfw BhiyIXbpw D]tbmKhpw t\mn Hp ]cnjvIcnnpv.

b) \ntbmPIaya_lphN\w: aebmfw apphn\Iv ]pcpjt`Zw thsv Dt]np. Fm AXn\p ImcWw ]pcpj{]XybkvYm\w hlnpXv k\macq]Xs BIpIbm Imhnepw {Inbm]Znepw AXpIfpsS Bhrn kv]jvSambn ImWpXn DmIp Akzmckywam{XamIpp. Bhrn tXmmnSv ]pcpjt`ZwIqSn IpdnpI aebmfn\v CjvSwXsbmWv. AXn\m \ntbmPI{]Imcns a[ya]pcpj\nam{Xw aebmfhpw ]pcpjt`Zw kzoIcnnpv. tIhe[mXphntem "Dw' F `mhnImew tN cq]ntem "C' Fv {]Xybw tNm aya_lphN\w DmIpw. DZm:

[mXp		tIhew	`mhnImecq]n\nv	Xangv
hcv	=	hcn!	hcphn!	hmcpw
tI	=	tIn!	tIphn!	tIfpw
		tIn!
Im	=	ImWn!	ImWphn!	ImWvan
		ImWvan!		ImWpw
				ImWvan\o
sNbv	=	sNn!	sNphn!	sNbvan!
		sNbvhn		sNpw
				sNbvan\o

Xangn "C' {]Xybw A]qambnp IhnXIfn am{Xta Inpp. "Dw' F {]XybamWv km[mcW D]tbmKnpImWpXv. AXnepw "C' F {]Xybkzcq]w thXncnv \qkq{Xn FSpp ImWnnn; tijapXns Iqn "an' F Hcp cq]w am{Xta sImSpnpp. knImcysImv "C' {]Xybw BZymKa tNv "bn', "hn', "n', "n', "an' Fsmw BIrXnbn hcmw. CXpt]mseXs \qen ]nhn\sb{]Xybamb "B' FXnt\bpw s]mXphmbn \ntinmsX "hm' "]m' Fv GXm\pw cq]sf am{Xta FSpnpp. CXn\npw, """C' F a[ya_lphN\{]Xybhpw, "B' F ]nhn\sb {]Xybhpw "\q' Imc\mb `h\nbpsS ImepXs A{]bpfpsS Iqnembngnncnpp'' Fp sXfnbpp. AXn\m, Xangn hymIcWw kvYncsSpwap]pXs aebmfw AXn\npw `nnv ]ehgnbnepw kzmX{yw ImWnphm Bcw`nncnpp Fv Dulnmw. CuhI sXfnhpIsf ASnkvYm\sSpnbnmWv, UmIvS ImsUz, ""Xangp`mj kzcq]sSpwap]pXs aebmfw AXn\npwthXncnp XpSnbnpv'' Fv A`n{]mbsSpXv. ""aebmfw Xangn\npw Zpjn Hcp {]mIrXta BIpIbpp'' Fv Xang A]hZnpXmIs, AhcpsS kz`mjm`nam\ hnPrw`nXw Ft KWnphm\pp.

a[y_lphN\cq] DZmlcnXn `mhnImecq]hpw Xangn \ntbmPImn {]tbmKnmdpXmbn ImWnphtm. Cu \Sv aebmfnepw Dv; "`mhncq]w cpXn Xang FSp cq]w A aebmfnI FSpXv' Fpam{Xw t`Zw. Xangn "Dw' F `mhnpw aebmfn "Du' F `mhnpw BWv \ntbmKmn {]tbmKw.

DZm:
Xangv			aebmfw
\o Cs hmcpw! Ccpw!			Xm ChnsS hcq! Ccnq!

6. AwK`wKw: Nne ]gb {ZmhnU{]IrXnIsfbpw {]Xybsfbpw aebmf`mj kuIcyn\pthn Actem]wsNbvXv Npcpnbnpv. CuhI cq] hmepw Xebpw apdnptm DmImhp sshcq]yw sImv Im Adnbmhn[w amdntmbncnpp. Chbn NneXns BKasn sshbmIcWmpXs Xw Xonn