Kerala Panineeyam


]oTnI
1. aebmftZihpw `mjbpw

aebmfw F hmv Bcw`n tZi\maw am{Xambncpp; aebmf\mnse `mj F AnemWv \mw aebmf`mj Fp ]dbmdpXv. tZin\v aebmfw Fpw, `mjbvv aebm Asn aebmbva Fpw Hcp hnthN\w DmbncpXv {ItaW \jvSambn. B[p\nIaebmfns Bhn`mhtmSpIqSnbmWv tZi\mawXs `mjbvpw D]tbmKnm XpSnbXv. AXn\m Ctm aebmWva FXn\p ]gb aebmf`mj FpIqSn Nne Aw {Klnmdpv.

aebmftZins hnkvXmchpw hn`mKfpw ]e Imepw ]ehn[ambncpp. XncphnXmwIq, sImn, ae_m Pn C{Xbpw IqSnb `qJn\mWv Ctm Ct. \mpImcmb Xang ]mnpw a[pcbvpw ]Snmdp InSp aew{]tZin\v "ae\mSv' Fp t] ]dphp. ]ivNnaLw F ]X]MvIvXnbpsS ]Snmdp hip `qansbmw Cu hn`mKn Dsncnmw. Bcymhn\npsXtmp ISph Bcym Cu `qanp "tIcfw' Fv kwPvRsNbvXp. tIcw Fp ]dbp \mfntIchrfpsS [mcmfXsb Cu t] kqNnnpp. CXns AXnnI "I\ymIpamcn apX tKmI]cyw' FmWp hnpXv. hoclXym]m]w Xocmthn ]cipcma kap{ZcmPmhnt\mSv ]nSnSn {_mlvaWv Zm\wsNbvX `qan Fp ]pcmW{]knn{]Imcw kwkvIrXn Cu tZis "`mht{Xw' Fpw hyhlcnmdpv. adptZifn\np IhSn\p h Ad_n apXemb hntZinb Ad_nSens Icbvpmbncp cmPyp s]mXpth "ae_m' Asn "aen_m' Fp t] ]dphp. Cu hn`mKn Ingp]Snmdp hym]vXnbpsS \nivNbw C. bqtdmptZim Xangp`mjbvpIqSn ae_m F t] ]dphncpp. XangIw FXns\ "ZnanensI' Fmn {KopIm Cu \mn\p t]sImSpncpp.

"sXmImnbw'F Xangp{K{]Imcw kwkvIrXn "tIcfw' Fp ]dphcp "tNc'cmPyn\v, 1. thWmSv, 2. ]qgn\mSv, 3. Im\mSv, 4.NoX\mSv, 5. Ip\mSv, 6. IpS\mSv, 7. aebam\mSv Fv Ggp hn`mK Dmbncpp. CXn Ip\mSv F t] ayXncphnXmwIqdnse Nne XmeqpIv Cpw ]dphcppv. "thWmSv' FXv BZnImev CShmapX sXtmpam{Xw hym]nncp XncphnXmwIq kwkvYm\ns t] Bbncpp. Gsdpsd tNc cmPyn\pXs BWv Xangnse AmNo\{KImcm "asse\mSv' Asn "asseaew' Fp t]cnXv. HcpImev tkew, tImbw]pq F Ctmgs cp PnIfpw tNccmPmmcpsS Iognembncpp. ]cipcma tIcfn k]vXsImWsf \nnp Fp ]pcmWmZnIfn ImWpXv Cu Ggp\mSpIsf DtinpXs Bbncnmw.

Hcn aebmfcmPyp IS IbdpIbpw ]noSp ]n hmpIbpw Dmbnpsp `qhnPvRm\ob (geology) imkv{X{]Imcw ImWppv. "]cipcma kap{Zn\np hosSpp' Fv ]pcmW tLmjnpXpw Cu kw`hs Dtinmbncnmw. CXp Xs Bbncnbntbm thsd Nne CXnlmkIYIpw ASnkvYm\w Fv Dulnphm hgnImWpp. ]pcmW{]Imcw, ASpp Ign Ahmc{]fbw {ZanftZimWv Bcw`nXv. {Zanfm[n]Xnbmb kXy{hX IrXamem\Znbn kymh\n\mbnv ssIbn tImcnsbSp Pen Hcp sNdnb ays Ipshpw, AXp PemRvPenbn hnsmgnbmsX \nevbm AXns\ cmPmhv Krln sImphp kqnXn Znhkw{]Xn CSp ]m{Xw \ndphv \mepZnhkn\pn almayambnov GgpZnhkn\Iw {]fbapmIphm t]mIp hnhchpw, Atm sNtp IrXyfpw cmPmhns\ {Klnnnv kap{Zn {]thinpshpw BWtm aymhXmcIY. {ZanfcmPyns IStemcw BWv tIcfw; AXns Hcp AXnn IrXamem\Zn Bbncppshv ""IrXamemaebmNe]ivNnamw t`m[naty'' Fv Cpw kev]n ]dphcp FepIIfn\np sXfnbppapv. AXn\m, "BdmaXmb Nmqja\zcns An Dmbn' Fp tLmjnp Ahmc{]fbw tIcfn kap{Zw IbdnbXpXs BIcptXm?

bpnamn ISv BtemSnpXmbm aymhXmcns {]tbmP\n\pw XangptZiNcn{Xn D]]nI Dulnm thnStmfw hgnImWppv. lb{Kohalmkpc\m A]lcns thZsf hosSpm\mWv almhnjvWp ayambn AhXcnXv. CY "Hcp Imep ep]vXfmbntmb hm{ia [mNmcsf {ZanftZiv {]XypPvPohnntp Bhiyw t\cnp' F kwKXnsbnbp AhmZamsWpw Iev]nphm hntcm[an. BZnImev sNdnb kwLfmbn sXtmp ISph Bcym BZna\nhmknIfmb {ZmhnUp IogSn hfscmew Ccpnpsv Xangp]gaIfn\np ImWppv. hntijnpw tIcfn Bcym knp\ZoapJp\np ]pcmX\ ImepXs kap{Zbm{XsNbvXv tKmIwhgn sXtmp hym]nv IpSn]mncpncnphm CSbpv. kwkvIrXi_vZsf DcnpXn aebmfnIv, tijap {ZmhnUcn Hcp kwLnepw Cm Nne hntijhn[nI Cu Duln\v Hcp {][m\eyamIpp. "U'Imcs "f' Imcamn Dcnp k{Zmbw EtKzZn am{XamWpXv Cpw tIcfobcpsS kwkvIrtXmmcWn km{XnIambn ImWpp: k{amUv`ymw=k{am`ymw, hjSv = hj CXymZn. Cs\ BZyambn IShgn ISph Bcym ]ivNnaLw IbdnSv Ingtmpw hym]nncpmepw {][m\ambn tIcfns IpSn]mncnmw. kwL_epdhn\m Ch Nne {ZmhnUmNmcsf kzoIcnpIbpw BcyaXmNmcv tem]w hcppIbpw sNbvXncnmw. ]noSv {ItaW Bcymhn B[n]Xyw kvYm]nnv AhnsS\npw hny]wn DwLnv ZnWm]Ys B{Ian BcykwL ]qmKXmcmb Cu kzhmtcmSp Iqnapnbtm Ahsc {`jvSmscpw ep]vXmNmcmscpw Bt]nncnphm CSbpv. {ZmhnUsc PmXn{`jvScmb {Xnbscp a\p ]dbpXp t\mpI:

]u{ImivNuU{ZhnUx Iwt_mPm bh\mx iImx ]mcZmx ]hmivNo\mx IncmXm ZcZmx Jimx i\ssIkvXp {Inbmtem]mZnamx {XnbPmXbx hrjeXzw KXm temtI {_mlvaWmZit\\ N
(a\pkvarXn X 43, 44)

{]fbm\cw almhnjvWp thZtNmc\mb lb{Kohs\ h[npIbpw BcymNmc bYmhn[n \SnhcnIbpw sNbvXp. BNmct`Zw kzoIcn {]YamKXmcymcn {]fbm\cw tijnhcpsS km\fmbncnmw Ctm tIcfn ImWp thZanm \w]qcnhm Fpw, "tIcfnse A\mNmc' Fp ]dbph Fmw {]kvXpX hneWmNmcfpsS AhtijfmsWpwIqSn Iev]npXmbm Fs A`yqlw ]qamIpw. Fm CuhI kwKXnI tZiNcn{XImcs A[nImcn DsXmIbm sshbmIcW\v AXn {]thinphm AhImian.

asse\mSmb aebmfnse BZna\nhmknI Xangcpw AhcpsS `mj Xangpw Bbncpp. Fm FmImIepw {K`mj Asn hcsamgn, \mtSmSn_v`mj Asn hmbvsamgn Fv Hcp hyXymkw Fm PohmjIfnepw DXpt]mse Cu Xangnepw Dmbncpp. {K`mjbvv "sNangv' Fpw \mtSmSn_v`mjbvv "sImSpangv' Fpw BWv Xangp{KImcm t]cnncnpXv. ]ehI sImSpangpI DmbncpXn HmWv \psS aebmfambnoXv. Ctmgs \nebn kwkvIrXns aWnbw ]eXpw aebmf`mjbn Ibdn ^ennpsnepw AkvXnhmchpw tapcbpw Cpw Xangp {]XnjvTnnpXpXsbmWv. hntijhn[nIsfmpw Dntep Xon. acwsImp \nc Ifv B kvYm\v CnI ]SppNpacpsIpI, hmXmb\]Wnv Ccppw appw XopI  C{Xsbmstb kwkvIrXhI\p Xs aebmfKrln ]cnjvImcw sNphm km[nnpp. Cu knms asmcnSp {]kvXmhnmw.

aebmfns {]m{Kq]w sImSpangmsWp ]dphtm. sNangvXs GXp`mjmIpSpw_n DsXmsWp XosSptXpv. Xangv "{ZmhnUw' Fsmcp {]tXyI IpSpw_n Ds `mjbmWv. B IpSpw_nse AwKsf Xmsg hnhcnpp.

1	2	3	4
1. Xangv	3. ImSIw	4. Xpfp	8. IpdpIv
2. aebmfw		5. sImSIv	9. amtm
		6. tXmUm
		7. tImUm
5		6	7
10. tKmn		12. sXepv	13. {_mlqbn
11. tKm(Iqbn)

Chbn Xangvaebmf Hcp `mjbpsSXs cq]mc BIppshp appXs {]kvXmhntm. ImSIn\pw Xangnt\mSp henb ASpapv. Xpfp, sImSIv, tXmUm F Xmbvhgn XangpaebmffptSbpw ImSIntbpw ayn \nevpp. AXnepw Chbvv A[nIw Nm ImSItmSmIpp. IpdpIv, amtm F cp `mjIfpsS \nebpw ap]d \msen\v GItZiw tNpXs BWv. tKmn, Iqbn F cn\pw sXepnt\mSp ckw_w IqSpw. sXepv ]tXs aqeIpSpw_n \np hfsc AIpt]mbn. {_mlqbn HddXncnp _eqnkvYm\v AIsp t]mIbm AXn\v A\y`mjIfpsS AXn{Iaw A[nIw Xopv. {ZmhnU`mjIfn Xangv, sXepv, ImSIw, aebmfw, Xpfp, sImSIv Cu Bdp `mjIp {Kkma{KnsImv ]pjvSn e`nnpv. AhbpsS Ahtcml{IanemWv Ahsb ChnsS \ntinncnpXv.

t\hcbpsS \ofwsImv AIbpw, Ncn hcsImp Nmbpw ImWnp]w Xmsg sImSpnp hwimhen {ZmhnU`mjIp aqe`mjbpambp AIbpw ASphpw At\ym\y_hpw ImWnpw:


{ZmhnUhm "ZnWm]Yw' Fp ]dbp sXt CUybnse BZy\nhmknIXs BbncnWsamWv {]_eamb Dulw. Ch BcymcpsS CUym{]thi\n\pap]v hStmv Apanpw hym]nncnmw Fp am{Xta Dp. Bcymsctmsebpw apkammsctmsebpw apw Chcpw adptZifn\np hv IpSntbdnmXn\v Hcp eyhpw ImWpn. AXn\m ChcpsS `mjIfpw Hcp {]tXyIimJbn \nevpp. kwkvIrXtmSmIs, AXn\nv Zpjnpmb hSt CUybnse \mp`mjItfmSmIs {ZmhnU`mjIv ]dbXmbn bmsXmcp _hpw C. i_vZimkv{XImcm `mjIp Nne almhn`mK sNbvXnpXn knYnb, Smmcv, Xptd\nb Fpw apw ]dbp A\ncpkzcq]fmb ]e imJItfmSpw {ZmhnU`mjmhn\p NmbpXmbn hmZ ]pdsnpsnepw AsXmpw knmZibn Fngnnn. Cqn Bkvt{Xenbm almZzo]ns hSp`mKfn {]Ncnp `mjIpw {ZmhnU`mjIpw Xn Nne Awifn ImWp tbmPnpam{Xw hhyambnpv.

Bcym ZnWm]Yn {]thinv BcyaXmNmcfpw Bcy]cnjvImcfpw AhnsS kvYm]nIqn Bcy`mjbmb kwkvIrXw {ZmhnU`mjIfn {]_eambn kzm[nImcw sNeppIbpw Dmbnpv. kwkvIrXn\np ]Z ISwhmpIbpw kwkvIrXhmIy`wKnIsfbpw AemccoXnIsfbpw kzoIcnpIbpw {ZmhnU`mjIfn \Smbn. Fp th, Imet]n\p appmbncp Nne `mjI kwkvIrXn\nv hn`ncq]sfbpw, BJymXsfbpw, \n]mXsfbpw ZsSpp tNv "aWn{]hmfw' Fsmcp ]pXnb thjw sIm\pwIqSn Bcw`np. CuhI hntijhn[nIsfmw {K`mjsb AmsX \mtSmSn_v`mjsb _m[nnn. XdhmpaqpkvYm\w hlnp Xangpam{Xw ]pXptamSnIfn {`anv ]gb ]mccyfpt]nmsX IgnpIqn. sXepv F kwPvR Xs "{XnenwKw' Asn "{XnIenwKw' F kwkvIrXns Xhambnop. "Issc\mSv' "ImSIw' F kwkvIrXthjw sIn. Cqn "Xangv' FXns kwkvIrXoIcWamWv, {ZmhnUi_vZw. XanZanf{Zhnfw{ZhnUw. IpeIqSkvYs t] tKm{X\maambnocmdp apdbvmWv "{ZmhnUw' FXv `mjmimJbvv s]mXptcmbnaXv.

kwkvIrX{KImcm ZmnWmXy`mjIsf "B{{ZmhnU' Fpw hyhlcnpInpv. CXv B{`mjbmb sXepn\v Xangnt\mSp AIsb Bkv]ZamnsbvXXmbncnmw.

aWn{]hmfaebmfnse kwkvIrX_mlqeyw Ip {`anv {]amWnImcmb {KImcmt]mepw kwkvIrXn {ZmhnUw Iev Dmb `mjbmWv "aebmfw' Fp inpIbpmbnpv. AXn\m {ZmhnUkwkvIrX `nhfns `mjI BsWpXntep Nne {][m\ey ChnsS FSpp ImWnmw. Hcp hns P\kapZmbw addphns P\kapZmbtmSp \nXykwkw sNptm cp hfpsSbpw thj`qjmZnI, euInImNmc, \S]Sn{Ia  CsXmw IqSnep t`ZsSptmse AhcpsS `mjIfnse i_vZkapbhpw t`ZsSpw. Fm As\ hcptmgpw aXmNmc, IpSpw_]mccy, AhImi{Ia apXembh A]qambnt amdntmImdpp. AXpt]mse `mjIfpsSbpw A\zb{Iaw, cq]\njv]mZ\ k{Zmbw, ssienI CsXmpw amdpI km[mcWb. {]IrXn BcymcpsS ]cnjvImtcmjhpw {]m_eym[nIyhpw \nanw {ZmhnUcpsS aXmNmcIqSn amdntmbn; Fnepw `mjIv _mlythjkvYm\w hlnp i_vZfnemsX BcXXzamb hymIcan bmsXmcp amddhpw Dmbnn.

kwkvIrXn\npw ]Zw ISw hmnbnpXpw Nne AXymhiytm BUw_cnt\m am{Xta Dp. hoSpIfn ]Xnhmbn s]cpamdp hmpIv kwkvIrnepw {ZmhnUnepw bmsXmcp kw_hpw Csv XmsgmWnp \mafpw IrXnIfpw \n]mXfpw t\mnbm t_m[ysSpw.


I. \ma

kwkvIrXw	Xangv	aebmfw	ImSIw	sXepv	Xpfp

]nXm	Xss	X	Xs	-	-
amXm	Xmbv	Xmbv	Xmbv	Xn	-
kq\px	aI	aI	aK	-	aK
incx	Xsse	Xe	Xse	Xe	Xsc
An	I	Iv	I	Ip	Iv
\mkm	aqv	aqv	aqKq	aqv	aqv
Icx	ssIbv	ssIbv	Ibv	tNbn	ssIbv
kqcyx	Rmb	Rmb	t\k	-	-
N{x	Xn	Xn	Xn	-	Xnfv
Zyux	hm	hm	_m	hnp	-
Znhkx	\m ]I	\m ]I	\m	\mUp	-
Znhkx	\m ]I	\m ]I	\m	\mUp	-
cm{Xnx	Cchp	Cchv	Ccp	Ccpfp	-
Anx	Xo	Xo	Xo	-	Xo
Krlw	hoSp	hoSv	hoSv	hoUp	-
{Kmax	Ducp	Ducv	Ducv	Ducp	Ducv
izm	\mbv	\mbv	-	-	\mbv

tamWn kwkvIrX \masfmw Xsbpw Ctm aebmfn \Snhnpsnepw AXpI BUw_cn\p thn kwkvIrXn \npw kzoIcn "Xa' FmsX `mjbpsS kzi_vZf. \Jw, apJw, kpJw, ZpxJw apXemb AXymhiy ]Zfpw Ctm kwkvIrXXa am{XambnmWpXv ]gb {ZmhnU]Zsf Dt]npIfXn\m am{XamIpp.

II IrXnI

kwkvIrXw	aebmfw	Xangv	ImSIw	sXepv	Xpfp

`Ww	XnpI		Xnp	Xn\p	Xn\v
]m\w	IpSnpI	IpSn	IpSn	{XmKp	
Ka\w	t]mIpI	t]m	t]mIp	t]mhp	t]m
kvYm\w	\nevpI	\n	\np	\nep	
[mh\w	HmSpI	HmSp	HmSp	]mdp	
hN\w	sNmpI	sNm	skmev		
{ihWw	tIpI	tI	tIfp		tIWv
l\\w	sImpI	sIm	sImp		sIcv
Bk\w	CcnpI	Ccn	Ccp		
BKa\w	hcpI	hcp	_m	cmI	_e

III \n]mX

kwkvIrXw		{ZmhnUw
N	Dw	X, a, I (kapbw Aw)
hm	Hm	X, a, I, sX (hnIev]w Aw)
Gh	G	X, a, I, Xp, sX (Ah[mcWw)

k\masfmw {ZmhnUfn GIcq]fpw kwkvIrXn \np `nfpamWv.

IV. k\ma

kwkvIrXw	{ZmhnUw	kwkvIrXw	{ZmhnUw
XZv	A	Xz, bpjvaZv	\n
GXZv	C	a, AkvaZv	F
Inav	F	AkZv	D

C\n hymIcWns GmSpIsfn t\mmw.
Ggp hn`n, Hmtcmn\pw apqp hN\w. Hmtcm hN\n\pw {]tXyIw {]Xybw Fv Ccp]nsbmmbnncnbp kwkvIrXnse cq]mheotImemlesampw {ZmhnUn. cq]\njv]mZ\nepw BZys AphN\w ZrVw, tijsamw inYnew Fp {]{Inbmt`Zan. {ZmhnUfnemIs, {]Yabvv {]Xybw C. tijw Fm hn`nIfnepw {]IrXn Hpt]mseXs. hN\w ct Dq; AXn\p {]Xybw Hp thsd BIpIbm hn`n{]Xybw hN\w tXmdpw amtd. hn`nkw_w IpdnpXn\v {]Xybw am{Xa, KXnIfpw Dv. "anSpmscsmv' F hn`ncq]w A]{KYnp t\mpI:

anSpv +	{	A		]pnwK{]Xybw
		am		_lphN\{]Xybw
		F		ZznXobmhn`n
		sImv		IcWmnep KXn

kwkvIrXnemIs "]Spw`nx' FXn "`nkv' F Hcp {]Xybw am{Xta Dp, Chsbmw IpdnpXn\v. Fp am{Xa, B {]Xybn\pXs, Imhv, tlXp, kmlnXyw, ZzmcX Fo Aepw Bhmw.

kwkvIrXnemsX{ZmhnUfn hnIcWt`Zw, ]Zt`Zw, (BXvat\]Z]ckvssa ]Z), Icn, IWn, `mth F {]tbmKt`Zw CsXmpw C. Ime{]Imcv Ahmct`Zfpw Ipdbpw. \ntj[w, kapbw, hnIev]w CXpI sNp k{Zmbw AXy`namWv. ]ddphn\Ipw kwkvIrXnse BJymXpw Xn hepXmb Acapv. apddphn\Iv (BJymXv) kwkvIrXnenmXmb enwKt`Zw Hp hntijm Dv.

hyt]Ik\maw {ZmhnUfn C. AXns {]hrn t]scw \Spp. AenwK_lphN\w {ZmhnUn\p Hcp hntijamWv. AtNX\hmNnIfmb \mapw AXpIsf ]cmainp k\mapw enwKt`ZanmXpw AXpt]mseXs. DZmlcWw:

kwkvIrXw				{ZmhnUw
knwlx knwlo				Bknwlw s]knwlw

\]pwkI\map _lphN\w th; kwJymhntijWw tNm {]tbmKncpsXpIqSnbpv: ]pcq]m, Fp ]ip.

t`ZIp {ZmhnUn enwKhN\hn`nIp s]mcpwC. ]Sp]Sobkv]SnjvT F anep AXnimb\cq]hpw {ZmhnU`mjIfn C.

{ZmhnU`mjIfpsS kvYnXn "kwnjvSIy'bnepw kwkvIrXns "sshIrXIy'bnepw BIpp.

kwkvIrXnse alm{]mWfpw Dujvamfpw {ZmhnUnen. {ZmhnUnse g, d, kwkvIrXnepw C.

DZmmZnkzct`Zw {ZmhnUn Hcnepw Dmbncpn.

aebmfw Xangns Hcp D]`mjbmsWv BZywXs {]kvXmhnnptm. AXv {][m\`mjbmb Xangn\npw t`Zsv Hcp {]tXyI`mj F \nebn hptNXv F{XImewsImmWv Fpw AXntep ImcW Fsmambncpp Fpw BWv C\n BtemNnm\pXv. Fm `mjIpw cpNnt`Zw\nanw tZiy t`Z hcmdpv; aebmfn\pXs Ctm ayaebmfn\p]pdsa sX`mj, hS`mj F hIt`Zw \mw I]nmdptm. AXpt]mse Xangn\v.

""sX ]mn Ipw IpSw Im th]qgn ]dnbcphmhX hSp \dmb NoXw aemSp ]p\\mSp sNangvtN tcXan ]ncp\ms.''

F hN\{]Imcw ]{p \mSpIfnembnv tZiyt`Zfpmbncpp. Ctmgs a[pcPnbn \Smbncp `mjbvv "sNangv' Fpw ta]d ]{ptZifn \Smbncp `mjbvv sImSpangv Fpw BWv Xangp{KImcm t] sImSpncpXv. ]{ptZi FSpp ]dXn Ipw, IpSw, Im, th, ]qgn Cu Apw Cs tIcfJn DshbmWv. Cu Ap \mSpIfnse sImSpangv aebmfambn ]cnWanphm\p ImcWsav?

aebmftZins InSv Ingt AXnnapgph hym]np ]X]wnsImp ap Xangp\mSpIfn\npw ths]v HXncnmbntmbXv:

BZnImev sXt CUybpsS sXt Aw tNcw, tNmfw, ]myw Fp aqp cmPyfmbn hn`Pnncpp. AXn ]ivNnaLfpsS ]Snmdphihpw sImptZihpw Dsncpp. aqp kzX{cmPyfmbncpsnepw At\ym\yw Ielfpw Hn\p ap cp cmPyfpsS tatmbva Dsp A`nam\hpw, AXpaqew ]ebpfpw Dmbncpp. bpfnse Pbw A\pkcnv tatmbvabpw amdn amdn hpsImncpp. aqhcip ]pdta ]h, NmeqIy, cmjv{SIqS apXemb sshtZinIcpsS B{Iafpw A{Iafpw \Snpv. Cu cmPy]cnh\tImemlefn Fm Xangv\mSpIpw Hgnphm ]mSnmhn[n ]ckv]ckwkw thnhp. As cmPy`cW k{Zmbhpw {]kvXmhtbmKyamWv. cmP[m\nbpw AXn\p Nppap tZihpw am{Xta t\tc cmPmhns Iogn hnncppp. tijw `mKsamw \mSphmgnIfmb DtZymKkvYmcmWv `cnphXv. Hmtcm cmPyhpw \mSpIfmbn hn`Pnv Hmtcm \mn\pw `cnpXn\v A[nImcnIfmbn {]`pmsc \nbanncpp. \mSphmgnIfmb {]`pm {]mtbW XfpsS A[nImcw Ipe]ccbmbn hlnpsImncpXn\m Ahcn Nne {]_emcmbnov t]cn\pam{Xw cmPmhn\p IogSnsmp Imcyn kzX{mcmbnocpIbpw sNbvXnpv. Cqn Ip\mSns A[n]Xnbmbncp sNwIph F {]`phns\n ]gb Xangp{Kfn ]e IYIfpw ImWppv. Fpth "]Xnnv' F XangpImhyw tNccmPmmcpsSbpw aebmf\mSpI `cnncp \mSphmgnIfpsSbpw ]cm{Iasf hnv aebmf\mn Dmbncp IhnI \nnnpXmIpp. ]Xnnns BZysbpw HSphnesbpw ]msmgnp tijw ]mpI Ctmgpw \Spv. CXn Ggmas ]mv "sNevhSptm hmgnbmX' F tNccmPmhns\ kwt_m[\w sNbvXv "I]ne' F {_mlvaWIhn DmnbnpXmWv. Chn ]mnbn XncphShq F tZip P\nv, aebmfnhp Xmakn Bfpw "s]mp ]dbmh' Famb "s]mm\mhn]ne' F hncpXpt] e`n alm\pw BIpp. Ctlns IhnXIfnsemw ae\mnse {]`pmcmWp \mbIm. "sFpdp\qdp', NneXnImcw' apXembn thsdbpw tIcfobIrXnIfmb XangpIhnXI Dv. ASpImev sImhjmcw`whsc Xangn Ihn]mSop tIcfobscpdnv Adnhpv. "sF\cnX\m' F tIcfobXangvIhn {InkvXz_vZns Ggmw iXIntem FmatXntem PohnncpXmbnmWpp. "apIpame' F kwkvIrXkvtXm{Xns Imhmb IpetiJc Bhmscn XncphnXmwIqIm Fmhcpw tIncnpatm. Cu cmPIhnbpw Xangp{K \nnnpv.

tamWn{]Imcw XangvcmPyhpw aebmfcmPyhpw Htc cmPmhns Iogn CcpnStmfwImew Xangv`mjbpw aebmf`mjbpw HpXs Bbncpp. tIcfobIrXnIfn sNangn\npw hyXykvXfmb Nne cq]fpw (Hm), ]Zfpw (t]mv, ]n, ssI\ne apXembh) ImWpnsn; Fm AXpIsfmw tZiyt`Zsft KWnsnpp. NneXnImcw Xangnse {][m\s Ap almImhyfn HmbnmWv Xang Cpw ]dphcpXv. ap Xangp\mSpIsmw ae\mnepw aqhcicn Hcm `cnpI F GmSv s]cpammcpsS ImetmSpIqSn Ahkm\np. tIctfm]n F ]pcmW{Ks hnizknp]w s]cpamm Xs cmP{]Xn\n[nI FmsX kmm cmPmmcmbncpn. Ncn{X{]Imcw t\mpXmbmepw s]cpamm aqhcicn HcmfpsS ssh{kmbnamcmbncpncnphm CSbpv. cmjv{SIqS, NmeqIy apXemb hnPnKojpfpsS B{IaWfm ]mytNmftNcmcpsS in IpdXn\p ]pdta Nne hwi bnpIbpw Hp asmn ebnpIbpw Fmw Dmbn. {In. A. 1293\v ASpp ]ctemIw{]m]n kpc]mycmPm[ncmPt\mSpIqSn aqhcicpsS in AkvXanp. 1310mw hjn aenv I^q F alZobhnPnKojp sXt CUybn ISv cmPyamkIew sImsNbvXv kkzhpw IpnhpsImpt]mIpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu A\mYkvYnXnbn sImv tZinwK\mSns A[n]Xnbmbncp chnhIpetiJccmPmhv ]mytNmftZisf shnnSnv Imo]pccmP[m\nbn cmPm[ncmP\mbn kzev]Imew hmgpIbpmbn. Fm tIcfobcpsS Zp`mKym Atlnepw cmPevan kvYncbmbn hknn. CXn\pta hnPb\Kcnse lnpcmPmmpw Bmnse \`mmpw apw inbpw DuPvPhpw e`nnpsnepw CunUym\nm Snphns\ Pbnv ae_mdn {]thinXp hsc D ZoLamb Imespw aebmfhpw ]mnbpw Htc cmPmhns kmm D imk\bn DsncnpIbpmbnn.

""HSphnes s]cpam, `mkvIcchnhtNcams]cpamfmbmepw icn, ]n_mWscpamfmbmepw icn, kzcmPyw apgph\pw Xs apw acpapw ]IppsImSpp'' FmWtm \psS ]ga. ApapX aebmfpImp ]mnmcpambp \nXykwkw Ahkm\np. cmPyImcyw kw_nv Hcppw Atmpantmpw ISnmhiyan. BhiyfpmbncpnStmfw Imew am\ntcm[Iambn KWnsnnmbncp aebmNe]wn CmewapX Xv Hcp henb {]Xn_ambnpw Xop. XomS\wsNp `mcpw tZikmcn\ndp DmlnIfpw AmsX km[mcWm aebnSppIfnep ZpLShgnIfnqSn Atmpantmpw kcnpI FpXp hfsc A]qambnpSn. cp kwLmpw Xfnep s]cpamw Npcpnbtm AhchcpsS `mjIpw tZiyt`Z hnphp. NneXnImcnepw apw Dmbncp hyXykvX{]tbmKfn Xptemw {]_es am aebmfnse sImSpangn ISpIqSn.

adp\mpImnm ]e hntijhn[nIfpw aebmfpImpmbncpXn\m Ahv Hcp {]tXyI kwLambnXncnbpXn\pmb kuIcyw:

acpambw, apIpSpa, appSpv apXembsXmw aebmfnse hneWmNmcfmIpp. CsXmpw Cu \mn ]p\mbnpmbX. "]Xnnn' {]kwknncnp {]`pmcpw cmPmmcpw acpambw A\pjvTnncphcmsWv B {Kns {]Xn]mZnnpv. \nXyklhmkw DmbncpImev CuhI ssheWysfmpw Hcp hntijhn[nbmbn ]mnm KWnncpn. Fnepw CXpIfn Ahp Xr]vXn t]mcmbncpp Fp sXfnbppv. "aebmf\mSp hmgpXn\v cmPmmcnmsX hnv \qcnam Atmgtm ]ctZipsNv s]cpammsc Ahtcm[npsImphncpp' Fv tIctfm]nmc tLmjnp sFXnlyn\v \nZm\w Cu \ockw BbncnWsav Dulnm hgnbpv. ]cipcmas\ ]gn]dv \qcnam {XnbcmPmmsc kzPmXnbn hnhmlwsNbvXp ambw A\pjvTnm A\phZnmXncpXv XfpsS inp Ipdhphtptam Fp innmbncnmw. "]mytNmfcmPyIqSn Pbnv thKhXo (sshIm) Xocphp cmPym`ntjIwsNbvX tZinwK\mnse chnh IpetiJc' Hcp ]mycmPIpamcnsb hnhmlw sNbvXXn\ptijw AhcpsS km\fpsS kvYnXn Fmbncpp Fdnhm amw ImWpn. GXmbmepw "acpambw apXemb A\mNmc aebmfcmPys HXncnpXn\pw AXphgnbmbn aebmf`mjsb Xangn\nv AIpXn\pw klmbnp' Fp \nivNbamWv.

\qcnamcpsS {]m_eyhpw Bcy{ZmhnUkwkvImchpw:

{InkvXphjmcw`n\p appXs {_mlvaWcpw, _ucpw, ssP\cpw Bb Bcym sXt CUybntep ISnpv; Fm Ah Hsbm IpSpw_fmbnmsX henb kwLfmbnp hnn. Bcy{_mlvaW {KmaaSv tIcfntep IpSntbdnmphm Bcw`nXpw {InkvXz_vZw BdmwiXIwapXemWv. Amev IZw_cmPhwins {]hI\mb abqchcmPmhv tKmIp\npw tIcfntev Bcy{_mlvaWsc Wnphcpn IpSn]mnXmbnv ey Dv. AXn\ptijw ]my, tNmf apXemb ap cmPmmcpw Ahcn\npw A[nImcw e`n ap s]cpammcpw ]e {]mhiyambn tIcfn {_mlvaW{]XnjvT sNbvXnpv. ASpImev {_mlvaWsc {KmawsImSpp {]XnjvTnv ]pWyw kmZn tIcfcmPmhv Nndbvse tImencnbmWv. Atlw cpXhWbmbn "kmKcw' (273) Fpw "kap{Zw' (257) Fpw kwJybp {_mlvaW{Kl kvYm]nnpv. hgntb hpIbdnb aXmckvYcmb PqXmpw {InkvXym\nIpwIqSn ]ehn[w ]ZhnIfpw AhImifpw A[nImcfpw sImSp HuZmcyap \mpIm X Wnphcpnbhcpw kzaXkvYcpamb \qcnamv kmc]pccw kIem[nImcfpw DZI]qw Zm\wsNphm aSnpsap ktlnphm t]mepw CSbn. AXn\m \qcnamv kz{Kmafn khn[m[nImcfpw e`nncnWw. {InkvXz_vZw 629 \pw 645 \pw aty CUy kin lnbrqMvkmMv F No\tZiy\mb Xobm{Xmc sXt CUybn ]dbXmb BcyP\\nthi IXmbn FgpXnbnn. {InkvXz_vZw 774  hoccmLhN{Ihn sImSpqhv CchntImm F IhSmc\v aWn{Kmam[n]Xyw sImSp sNp]bn ]nbq, sNmc F {_mlvaW{Kmamsc thWmSnsbpw Ip\mSnsbpw DSbhtcmsSmamb \nebn kmnhpImWpXn\m 774mamn\nSbvv \qcnamv tIcfn ]db Nne A[nImc knnp Ignncnpp Fpw sXfnbpp. abqch cmPmhv BdmwiXhjmcw`n {_lva{]XnjvTsNbvXnp kwKXn appXs {]kvXmhnnpv. CsXmw Iqntpt\mptm, 600 apX 774 hscbp Htapm iXm_vZn\Imbncnmw \qcnam tIcfn {]XnjvT DdnXv Fv DulnmhpXmWv. sImhjmcw`hcamb 825mw hjnt\mSSpmWv \mw {]kvXmhnp ImeLw. FItZiw CXn\SpmWv s]cpammcpsS hmgvN Ahkm\nXpw {ioicmNmcykzmanI AhXcnp ZnKznPbwsNbvXv AssZzXimcaXw kvYm]nXpw. Cu cp kwKXnIfn Hns kvamcIambnmWv sImhjw Fsmc_vZw Bcw`nXv FpwIqSn {]_eamb A`n{]mbapv. aqhcicpsS Ipe bnv sXt CUybn cmPymhImi hgpIfpw Ipgfpw A\mYmhkvYbpw Bcw`nXv Cu Ln\p kao]nmWv.

CsXmcp \ Xcw Fp IcpXn \qcnam AhcpsS A[nImcsf ssIISn {]tbmKnpXpSn. tamWn kw`h AhcpsS DbXcw BiIv A\pIqenp. {]tXyInpw acpambw apXemb tIcfob hneWmNmc AhcpsS Bimknnp thXne[nIw D]Icnp. ]v {XnbcmPmm \n_ambn\pjvTnmXncp acpambw Ahcpw A\pjvTnWsap hn[np. \mnse cm[nImcnIfmb "Adp\qd', "]Xn\mbncm' Fpw apw ]dbp \mbtbmKmcmIs {]kvXpX kwKXnbn Hpw {]Xn_w BNcnn. \mpamaqepI \mn IpSn ]mphscmwXs BNcnWsambncpp AhcpsS kztZim`nam\{`aw. CXn\p]pdta "AXnPmPzeyam\w' Fp ]tXs IontIncnmhp Bcy]cnjvImcns BNmcymcpw A\pjvTmXmfpw Cu \qcnam Bbncptm. Bcy\mKcnIfpsS \m\mamsfmw XfpsS ssIhiambncpp FXv Chpw Hcp henb saambncpp. Npcpn \hm`ymKXmcmb BcymcpsSbpw {]mNo\\nhmknIfmb {ZmhnUcpsSbpw hv IqSnecpXn\p thnbncp D]IcWsfmw tbmPnphp. cpwIqSntv Hcp Ijmbambn. tbmKw \mbn tNXn\m Ijmbn\v hocyw kzbta IqSpXembncpp. t]mscn \{kmWn {InkvXym\nI AXn\v Hcp tasmSnbpw tNp. AXp tkhnbm tIcfevanv icoc]pjvSnbpw _pnhnImkhpw HmPpw hnpIbpw sNbvXp.

]mytNmftZifntem tIcfn Bcy{ZmhnUhyXnIcn\v tbmK_ew IqSpXembncpp. hnhmlwaqeap Bcyckw_w ap tZifn C{Xtmfw {ZmhnUv knnphm kuIcyw e`nn. AXn\m tIcfobcpsS Bcy]cnjvImcn\v AX\pkcnv Hcp ampIqSpsav kXntXpv. "\qcnam \mpImtcmSv tbmPnmthn hm{ia[v tem]w hcpn' Fsmc]hmZn\pw CSbmnbn. ]camw \njv]]mXambn BtemNnpXmbm kvarXnbn hnI]w A\phZnnpnSv ap \mpIm BZcnm tImSnIsf Ch kzoIcnp Ft Dp. "tPyjvT{`mXmhn\pam{Xw sshZnIKmlkvYyw; tijw t]p kv\mXIhrn aXn' Fv Hcp kuIcyw Ah \Smn Fn AXn\p]Icw {_lvaNcy{hXnepw KrlkvYmNmcfnepw Xo{h\n_fpw sNbvXphp. cPkzemhnhmlw \ntj[nmbvIbm I\yIam hbp sNncnmdpsn hn[hIv intcmap\mZnI thsp I]nnpapv. CuhI BNmc]cnh\ elfsbmpwIqSmsX cayambn \SXn BivNcyw tXmpp. HgpInhcp \Zn Imben sNptNcptmse hpIbdnbhcmb Bcy CcnpImcmb {ZmhnUcn ebntX Dp. `nhmcmb P\ IqSneXpt]mse AhcpsS `mjIfpw bYmtbmKyw tbmPnp. "{ZhnUlnaKncnKfnX' bmb sImSpangv`mj Cu hn[n "kwkvIrXhmWoIfnPmanfnX' bmbnv aebmfambn Nap. ImfnokwKaw KwKbvv ]pjvSnIchpw amlmXvaytlXpIhpw BsWp hnNmcnp ]w aebmfn\v sImSpangmbncp AhkvYsbm Djhpw I]nmhpXmWv.

C\n, sImSpangmbncp `mj GXphn[w aebmfambnap FmWv BtemNnm\pXv. tZiyt`Zsfsmpam{Xw `mjmt`Zw I]npXn\v \ymbw C. A{XXsbpa, tZiyt`Z "]Xnnv' apXemb IrXnIfpw Dmbncpp Fpw, Fnepw AXpI Cpw Xangp{Kfmbns KWnsSpp Fp \mw Iphtm. AXn\m C C C\fn aebmfw Xangn\np hyXymksSpw Fv XcwXncnhn[w Nne s]mXp\nba Dsp ImWnm am{Xta aebmfn\v Hcp kzX{`mjsbp \ne knnpIbpp. As\ h \nbahpw Dtm Fp ]cntim[nmw. Xmsg hnhcnp \b A\pkcnv aebmfw Xangn\np thXncnbpp.

(1) A\p\mknImXn{]kcw, (2) Xhtm]aw Asn XmehymtZiw, (3) kzckwhcWw, (4) ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw, (5) Jntem]kw{Klw, (6) AwK`wKw.

1. A\p\mknImXn{]kcw: A\p\mknIhw X\nv ASpp ]nmte hcp hw JcamsWn AXns\qSn ISpIbdn B{Ianv A\p\mknIamnopw; A\p\mknIw appw Jcw ]npw Bbn Iqcw hm A\p\mknIw Ccn^ewsNpw; Jcns DmcWw thXncnp tImsX BIpw. AXn\m,

MvI= ; = ; = ; av]= ; d= .

DZmlcWw:
\nMvI = \n				hm = hm
s\v = s\v				Xncpav]pI = XncppI
Xnm = Xnm				]n = ]n
Nnav]pI = NnpI				sNdm = sNm
ammbv = amm				Hdp = Hv
]w = ]w				Idp = Iv.

Jchw Hcp {]Xybns BZycambn hcpnSsmw Cu \nbaw km{XnIambnmWpw. As\bp {]Xyb csw Dv "Xp' F `qXImeNnlv\w, "I' F _lphN\w; apnSv Cu \nbaw Nnetm {]hnpsat Dq. A\p\mknIn\v ASpphcp hsqSn Xn ebnnv kmcq]yw sImSp Hcp {]`mhin aebmfn ISpIqSpIbm AXv aebmfnIfpsS kwkvIrtXmmcWsbpw _m[nmdpv. kwkvIrXnemIptm Jcsmf[nIw arZphn\mWv Cu amw kw`hnpI:

aMvKew aew; ARvP\w A\w; a]w a]w; N\w N\w; Aav_m A.

Fm XZv`hfnemsX Xafn A\p\mknImXn{]kcw FgpXptm sNmdn.

2. Xhtm]aw Asn XmehymtZiw: Xhw Fp ]dm Xangcame{]Imcw "X', "\' Fv cp htf Dtm. Chsb bYmtbmKw Iqntm "', "', "' Fp aqp Iqcw IqSnbpmIpw. CXpIp aphcp kzcw "A', "C', "F', "sF' F Xmehyfn GsXnepambm AXns Xmehy[w Cu ZyfnqSn hym]nv AXpIsfqSn Xmehyfmpw. Zyn\v XmehymtZiw sNpIbmemWv Cu \bn\v "XmehymtZiw' FpIqSn t]cnXv. BtZiw sNpXv s]mcpw t\mn thWw. Fs\ Fm:

X  				\  R
  				  
			

Cu \bhpw {]Xybsf kw_nnStmfta km{XnIambn ImWpIbpp. AXn\m "p', "p' Fhkm\np `qXImecq]fmWv ChnsS aptJymZmlcW. "' FXv "' Fp amdptm apsNm A\p\mknImXn{]kcwIqSn hv Ahkm\n "' Fp Ieminpw FtmpI:

Ae  Assem= Aem= Aem
Adn  Adnm= Adnm= Adnm
]nSn  ]nSnm= ]nSnm
ssh  sshm= sshm (shm, hm)
hm  hmbvp= hmbvp
No  Nop= Nop= Nop
tX  tXp= tXp= tXp

sFv = Av				s\cpw = sRcpw
\m = Rm				\p = Rv
			\cp = Rcv

3. kzckwhcWw: kzcsf thnStmfw hnv Xpdv shfnhmbnv DcnmsX ASsmXpnnSnv DcnpIbmIpp CXns kz`mhw.

a) DImtcmmcWnemWv CXp {][m\ambn ImWpXv. kwhcWw sNbvX (aqSnnSnv) DcnpXpsImv AXn\p "kwhrtXmImcw' Fp t] sImSpncnpp. CXp Xangnepw CmX. Fm Xangn CXv Hcp DmcWssheWyw Fp am{XamsX hymIcW {]{Inbsbtbm Astbm kv]inpn. aebmfnemIs aphn\bn\pw apphn\bvpw D t`Zw IpdnpXp ]teSpw DImcns [z\nt`ZwsImmWv. icnbmb hnhrtXmImcambm "apphn\' Fp ]dbp BJymXcq]w; kwhrtXmImcambm "aphn\sbw' Fp ]dbp ]qIme{InbmwKw FmIpp \nbaw:

apphn\  Ip;				aphn\sbw  Iv.
apphn\  tIp;				aphn\sbw  tIv.
kwPvRm]Zw  thep;				Bbp[w  thev.
kwPvRm]Zw Np;				lrZbw Nv.

kwhrs HXp kzcambn KWnmdn. tIheamb hyRvP\s Dcnp \ndppXn\p AkuIcyw ]cnlcnmthn sImSpp Hcp kzcemRvO\sbt hymIcWn AXns\ I]nnpp. AXn\m asmcp kzcw ASpphm CXp k{X tem]npw; ZznXzn\pw apw CXp \nanamIpIbn. XangvhymIcWnemIs ap kzcsmw kwhrXn\pw hne Dv. Xangva\pkcnv "apppS', "ampsm' CXymZn Nne ZznXzw hcpnbnp {]tbmK Cpw aebmfn Ahtijnp InSppv.

b) {]IrXnIfpsSbpw {]XybfpsSbpw HSphn hcp sFImcw Npcpn AImcamIpw. DZm:

Xangv  assg Csse hnsse DssSb AssSm sFv

aebmfw  ag Ce hne DSb ASm Av

HSphnes DZmlcWwt]mse A]qambn Ayam sFImchpw AImcambnocmdpv. A+A+C Fp aqp kzcw tNpmb kycamIpp "sF'Imcw FmWv kwkvIrXn KWnsSpXv. Fm aebmfn\p Xangnse DmcWamWv Bhiyw.

""Ap\nIcw bIcsadnssh sbbvXnss\bm nssNpatmSppw hpauthmc''

F \qkq{Xns kzmckyw t\mptm sF Hu F kzcfpsS LS\ Chn[sap sXfnbpp:

sF= A+C	Asn	A+bv
Hu= A+D	Asn	A+hv

sFImcw cphn[ambn ]ncnmhpXn BZytXv ImSIhpw cmatXv aebmfhpw kzoIcnp.

Xangv	aebmfw	ImSIw
assg	agbv	aUC, asU

"agbv' F bImcw knbnte sXfnp ImWpIbpq. Cu kz`mhhntijwsImv Cs\ DmIp AImcs icnbmb AImcn\npw thXncndnbphm amapv:

XssS  XS = XSbpp		XSXS = XShpp

F amXncnbn sFImcns kvYm\ph AImcn\v knbn bImchpw ipambXn\p hImchpw XpWbmbn hcpw, Cu t`Zw {]amWnp aebmfnse AImcs "Xmehyw' Fpw "ipw' Fpw hymIcWn thXncntnhnpv. Xangnse sFImcs ImSIm GImcambnmWp ampXv. AXn\m ImSIkv]iap aebmftZifn ASpImewhsc Nne cq]fn, hntijnpw "' sImmcw`np {]Xybw ]camIptm AImcn\p ]Icw FImcw FgpXnsmncpp. "asgp' "asdpp' CXymZn. Kpns \nLphn ]teSpw Cu hn[w ASnp ImWpw.

c) s]mXp\nbaw sN hn[nesnepw AImc  FImcfpw, CImc DImcfpw NnebnSp amnadnp ImWpw:

Xangv		aebmfw
sNmsWw		sNmWw
]cpamddw		s]cpamw
]SpI		s]SpI
]pdmhp		]ndmhv > {]mhv
]ncm		]pcm
sNmndm		sNmpp
\mn]pdw		\mppdw
kabnI		kabp

CXn "FWw' FXv "AWw' Fv BbXpw, "Cdm' FXv "Dp' BbXpw km{XnIamIpp.

4. ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw: Xangnse ImehmNIfmb BJymXv Imhnt\mSp s]mcpn\pthn enwKw, ]pcpj, hN\w CXpIsfpdnp {]Xybsf tNv cq]t`Zw hcpmdpv. aebmf`mj CsXmw HtmsS Dt]np.

Xangv	aebmfw	hp
Ah hm	Ah
Ah hm	Ah
Ah hm	Ah
\o hmbv	\o
\o hoI	\n
\o ho	\n
\m ht	Rm
\m htmw	R

\qcn{_mlvaW CXn klmbnncnWw. kwkvIrXtam AXns h {]mIrXtam kwkmcnpsImncpncnthcmb \qcnamv BJymXn\p Imhnt\mSp s]mcpw thWsapXv Hcp A]qkwKXnbmbn tXmnbncnphm CSbn. Fm Cu hnjbn kwkvIrXn\pw Xangn\pw henb Acw Dv. kwkvIrXn enwKsmcpw th. XangnAXpwIqSn thWw. aebmfw Hpta thsphp. ]pcpjhN\t`ZwXs icnbmbn t\mn {]tbmKnpXp {iaw Fp hnNmcnncph enwKt`Zw Fp aqmasXmpIqSn tNWsaphtm "Fm Fmw HtmsS t]mIs' Fp Xnfncnm \ \ymbw Dv. hntijnpw BJymXn ]pcpjmZnt`Zw IpdnpXn\p Xangnep GmSv ]njvSt]jwt]mse Ipsd A\mhiyIsap tXmntmImhpXmWv. "Rm', "\o', "addph' FmWtm ]pcpjt`Zw. Cu t`Zw {Inbmcq]n ImWnpXn\v AXmXp k\mafpsS AwiXs FSpp tXpcv "{]Xybw' Fp ]dp tNpIbmWv Fm `mjIfpw sNpXv. Fm sshIrXIybn Ccnp kwkvIrXw apXemb `mjIfn {]XybkvYm\w hlnpXv k\mafpsS tXpam IjW BsWpXv i_vZimkv{XImcmv DulnmhpXmsX km[mcWmp kv]ambn ImWmhpX. kwnjvSIybn InSp XangnemIs, k\mafpsSbpw ]pcpj{]XybfpsSbpw At`Zw ]bmbnp sXfnpt]mbn.

kwkvIrXn:

GIhN\w		_lphN\w
k ItcmXn		tX Ipn
Xzw Itcmjn		bqbw IpcpY
Alw Itcman		hbw Ipx

"Alw' CXymZn k\macq]pw "an' CXymZn {]Xybpw Xn HcSphpw kvYqeZrjvSnbn ImWpn. C\n Xangnse kvYnXn t\mpI:

A s]mb	Dfdn\m	\m(=G)	sNmt
ama\m	sNmm	\m(t\mw)	sNmtmw
\o	sNmo	AXp ASn	hXp
\o	sNmoI

Cu DZmclWfn IrkvYm\p \nevp k\mafpw AXpIfn ImWp enwKhN\{]Xybfpw XsbmWv BJymXcq]fnepw BhnsncnpsXp kv]jvSambn sXfnbpp. "kwJymhntijWw tNp]w \]pwkI\mav _lphN\w th' Fp XosSpnbnp {ZmhnU`mjbvv Cu Bhrn Hpw tbmPnpns bpn IcpXn aebmfnI ]pcpjmZnt`Zs \ntjw Dt]np.

hmkvXhn ImsUzkmbv]v A`n{]mbsSptmse Xangn icnbmb HcmJymXcq]ta C. "]mp' FXv "]m F {]IrXnbpsS `qXImecq]amWv. AXn "B', "B' F enwK{]Xybfn HptNm AXp Imhnt\mSp s]mcpw sImv "apddphn\' Fp ]dbp {][m\{Inbm]Zw Bbnocpw. "A' F Npsgpv ({]Ya]pcpj k\maw) BWv tNpsXn ]ddphn\bn (A{][m\{Inbm]Zfn Asn AwK{InbIfn) Ds t]scambn Nabpw. "\m ]m (]mp+A) ]pkvXIam\Xp' CXymZypZmlcWw. "]m' F t]scn ]noSv "A', "A', "A', "Xp' F enwK{]Xyb tNm, "]mh', "]mh', "]mh', "]mXv' F ImcIIrpI (Nominal Agents) DmIpw. "]mp' F `qXImecq]w Hcp t`ZKXnbpw sNmsX X\ntb \nm hn\sbcq]amWv. DZmlcWw:

"]pkvXIw ]mp sNmtd' (sNmevIntd).

Cs\bmWv XangvhymIcWns KXn. CXn "]mp' F cq]w X\ntb \nm hn\sbhpw "B', "B' CXymZn enwKfpsS IpdnI tNm apddphn\bpw BIpatm. ChnsS aebmfn sNbvX t`ZKXn C{Xtb Dp: enwKmZnt`Z Bhiya; AXn\p ]Icw Xangn "Ipddnb DIcw' (kwhrXw) Bbn Iev]nncnp "Xp' F {]Xybnse "D'Imcs _ewsImSpv Ddnm apddphn\ Bbn; fImcs Zpeambns shtm "hn\sbw' FXp Xangv apdXs. BJymXfpsS HSphnes DImcn\p _ewsImSpnpspXv ""hp icabaw_pZsamIp'' CXymZn {]tbmKsImp kv]jvSamIpw. "]m', "]mncnp' CXymZn hn\sbcq]fnemIs DImcw tem]npXn\m, AhnsS AXns\ ZpesSpn bncnpp Fpw sXfnbpp. Cuhn[w aebmfn enwK]pcpj hN\sf Dt]npI FXv hfsc eLphmbn km[np.

5. Jntem]kw{Klw:: "Jnew' Fm A{]bpw; Hcp Imev \Spmbncpnpw Ime{Ian {]tbmKanmsX hXv. As\bp {]IrXnIsfbpw {]Xybsfbpw Dt]nmsX D]tbmKnpIbmWv AXpIfpsS D]kw{Klw. Xangn Htc hymIcWkw_w IpdnpXn\v "\qen' ]cnKW\w sNbvXnp {]Imcw sshIev]nIfmbn ]te {]Xybfpmbncpp. Ahbn anXpw \mp`mjbn \SnmXmbn. IhnXbnsbpw Fmw {]tbmKnp ImWpn. As\bp Jnecq]fn NneXn\p aebmfn \Sphnpv. Hpcv DZmlcnmw.

a) ]nhn\sbw: kwkvIrnse "Xpw' (Xpap) F {]Xybns kvYm\n `mhnbmb AwK{Inbsb Ipdnp "B' F {]Xybw Xangn Ctm ep]vX{]Nmcambntmbn. ham\{Inbsb Ipdnp \Sphn\sbwXs BWv `mhynepw D]tbmKnpXv. DZm:

Xangv		aebmfw
Ipfnht		Ipfnmhp
hmNntmIntd		hmbnm t]mIpp
Ccpsmm		Ccnm sNmm (]dp)

Xangn \Sphn\sbw D]tbmKntp kvYefn NnebnSp aebmfw aphn\sbamnbnpv.

Xangv		aebmfw
sNmpSn\m	=	sNmnpSn
sNmqSmXp	=	sNmnqSm

BsIqsS aebmfn icnbmb \Sphn\sbns D]tbmKw hfsc Npcpntmbn. "sNmsSpw' F IWn{]tbmKw, "sNmthWwthm' CXymZn hn[mbI{]Imc; "sNmmw' (=sNm+Bw) F A\pPvRmbI{]Imcw C{Xbpw Znnte Ctm \Sphn\sbw D]tbmKnmdpp. hn\sb{]IcWw t\mpI.

"C' F kw`mhIhn\sbns {]tbmKnepw t`ZKXnI hnpv. {]Xybsf t\tc \Sphn\sbn tNpI F k{Zmbw A]qambn; AXn\p]Icw "F' F \ncq]IIrXnbpsS ]mnIhn\sbs HIp LSI\n]mXambnv D]tbmKnpIbmWv A[nIw \Sv. "t]mIn' FXn\p]Icw "t]mIpsn' "t]msbn', "t]mIpsan' Fp {]tbmKnphcpp. ]gb cq]w Imemwis Ipdnpn; ]qXnb cq]fn Imet`ZwIqSn kv]jvSamIppv. Xangn\v Dmbncp t[mcWnbpw BUw_chpw Ifv hn\sbfpsS hn\ntbmKs aebmfw BhiyIXbpw D]tbmKhpw t\mn Hp ]cnjvIcnnpv.

b) \ntbmPIaya_lphN\w: aebmfw apphn\Iv ]pcpjt`Zw thsv Dt]np. Fm AXn\p ImcWw ]pcpj{]XybkvYm\w hlnpXv k\macq]Xs BIpIbm Imhnepw {Inbm]Znepw AXpIfpsS Bhrn kv]jvSambn ImWpXn DmIp Akzmckywam{XamIpp. Bhrn tXmmnSv ]pcpjt`ZwIqSn IpdnpI aebmfn\v CjvSwXsbmWv. AXn\m \ntbmPI{]Imcns a[ya]pcpj\nam{Xw aebmfhpw ]pcpjt`Zw kzoIcnnpv. tIhe[mXphntem "Dw' F `mhnImew tN cq]ntem "C' Fv {]Xybw tNm aya_lphN\w DmIpw. DZm:

[mXp		tIhew	`mhnImecq]n\nv	Xangv
hcv	=	hcn!	hcphn!	hmcpw
tI	=	tIn!	tIphn!	tIfpw
		tIn!
Im	=	ImWn!	ImWphn!	ImWvan
		ImWvan!		ImWpw
				ImWvan\o
sNbv	=	sNn!	sNphn!	sNbvan!
		sNbvhn		sNpw
				sNbvan\o

Xangn "C' {]Xybw A]qambnp IhnXIfn am{Xta Inpp. "Dw' F {]XybamWv km[mcW D]tbmKnpImWpXv. AXnepw "C' F {]Xybkzcq]w thXncnv \qkq{Xn FSpp ImWnnn; tijapXns Iqn "an' F Hcp cq]w am{Xta sImSpnpp. knImcysImv "C' {]Xybw BZymKa tNv "bn', "hn', "n', "n', "an' Fsmw BIrXnbn hcmw. CXpt]mseXs \qen ]nhn\sb{]Xybamb "B' FXnt\bpw s]mXphmbn \ntinmsX "hm' "]m' Fv GXm\pw cq]sf am{Xta FSpnpp. CXn\npw, """C' F a[ya_lphN\{]Xybhpw, "B' F ]nhn\sb {]Xybhpw "\q' Imc\mb `h\nbpsS ImepXs A{]bpfpsS Iqnembngnncnpp'' Fp sXfnbpp. AXn\m, Xangn hymIcWw kvYncsSpwap]pXs aebmfw AXn\npw `nnv ]ehgnbnepw kzmX{yw ImWnphm Bcw`nncnpp Fv Dulnmw. CuhI sXfnhpIsf ASnkvYm\sSpnbnmWv, UmIvS ImsUz, ""Xangp`mj kzcq]sSpwap]pXs aebmfw AXn\npwthXncnp XpSnbnpv'' Fv A`n{]mbsSpXv. ""aebmfw Xangn\npw Zpjn Hcp {]mIrXta BIpIbpp'' Fv Xang A]hZnpXmIs, AhcpsS kz`mjm`nam\ hnPrw`nXw Ft KWnphm\pp.

a[y_lphN\cq] DZmlcnXn `mhnImecq]hpw Xangn \ntbmPImn {]tbmKnmdpXmbn ImWnphtm. Cu \Sv aebmfnepw Dv; "`mhncq]w cpXn Xang FSp cq]w A aebmfnI FSpXv' Fpam{Xw t`Zw. Xangn "Dw' F `mhnpw aebmfn "Du' F `mhnpw BWv \ntbmKmn {]tbmKw.

DZm:
Xangv			aebmfw
\o Cs hmcpw! Ccpw!			Xm ChnsS hcq! Ccnq!

6. AwK`wKw: Nne ]gb {ZmhnU{]IrXnIsfbpw {]Xybsfbpw aebmf`mj kuIcyn\pthn Actem]wsNbvXv Npcpnbnpv. CuhI cq] hmepw Xebpw apdnptm DmImhp sshcq]yw sImv Im Adnbmhn[w amdntmbncnpp. Chbn NneXns BKasn sshbmIcWmpXs Xw Xonn. GXm\pw DZmlcW.

a) "p" F DtinIm (NXpn) hn`nbpsSbpw "DSb' F kw_nIm (jjvTn) hn`nbpsSbpw Nnlv\ CXpIsf NnebnSv Nne \nba A\pkcnv "D' Fpw, "DsS', "sS' Fpw Actem]w sNbvXp Npcpnbnpv. DZm:

Ah Ah\v, Ahv		Ah\psS; (AhsS = Ahs)
Ah Ahv		AhfpsS

\ma{]IrXn kzbwXstbm "C' F CS\ne tNtm "' Fhkm\npnSpam{Xta "D' ("' tNv "\p' Ftm "p' Ftm BImw) Fpw "sS' Fpw D AXnktmNnXfmb cq] hcnIbpp FmWp \nbaw. "AXnp', acnp' CXymZn cq]fn "C' FXv CS\nebmsWp {KlnmsX aebmfn "Cp' (C++D) Fv hntijm Hcp NXpn{]Xybapspw, B {]Xybw "X\Xp' CXymZn kw_nXnXfn ImWpXpw kwkvIrXnse "XtkyZav' Fhn{KlhmNIns kvYm\w hlnpXpw Bb "AXp' FXn\npw DhnXmsWpw UmIvS Kpv A`n{]mbsSpp. "sS' FXns Dhhpw "AXp' FXn\npXs FmWv kmbv]ns ]w Fp tXmpp. thsd Hcp kmbv]v (UmIvS kvddohk) "sS' FXns\ ImSInse "sd' F kw_nIm{]XybtmSp tbmPnnpp. UmIvS ImsUzemIs, BZyw ]d, cp kmbv]mscbpw Jnpp, Fnepw, Ah+sS' (=Ahs) FXnse "sS' \ntlambnv (I doubt not' he says) "AXp' FXns Zpjn cq]wXs Fp i]YwsNpp. Cu ]n "AhtXv' Fp {]tbmKn (Ah+AXp= Ahs; Ahs+AXp=AhtXp) "AXp' FXn\v Bhrn hcptm Fp kzbta Bt]npw sImv CuamXncn Bhrn ap `mjIfnepw ImWmdpsp kam[m\sSpIbpw sNpp. Cs\ {]IrXhnjbn UmIvScdm aqpt]pw aqphn[amWv A`n{]mbw. Kpns\ sXnXv \nivNbambnv \nLpImc s_bnenkmbv]v BWv. Atlw Xs \nLphn \masf IphI, \phI Fp XcwXncnnpv, "p' Fv NXpnbn Ahkm\np \ma "IphI", "\p' Fhkm\nph "\phI' Fw. hmkvXhn Hcp \mantbpw NXpn "\p' Fv Ahkm\npn. "' Fv Ahkm\np \mafnte "Dv' am{Xw tNv NXpocq]w DmIpIbpp F \nbaw Ch [cnnnsp tXmpp. hyRvP\msmsbpw "C' CS\ne tNtXpXpsImv ]ehn[w \mafpw "' Fhkm\npw; Atm {]Xybw "Cp' FmsWp Iev]np]w, \masf \phI, IphI Fv XcwXncntnhcpXn HcmivNcyhpw C. "AhsS' FsgpXmsX "Ahs' Fv "d' FgpXnhcp k{Zmbw ImWv kvddohk' {`anphimbXv. Atlns \mat[bwXs icnbmb Cwojv DmcW{]Imcw aebmfn FgpXpIbmsWn "kvddohk' FmWv hcpI Ftlw {Klnncpsn Cu A]ISn NmSpIbnmbncpp. "s' F Iqcns DmcWw aspanm Hcp hntijs [z\nbn BsWpw nde (sS) t]msebmsWpw AdnXnstijwIqSn ImsUz ""AXpw CXpw'' ]nSnm t]mbXn\v Hcp kam[m\hpw ImWpn. Fm XfpsS PohnXImew apgph \psS `mj A`yknpXntep hybwsNbvXv Ncn{Xn\pw bpnpw tNv AXpIfpsS hymIcW\nbasf hyhkvYsSpnnp kmbv]msc \mw [\yhmZ]pccw A`n\npIbmsX ]cnlknpIb thXv. "s' F DmcWw \mw F{XXs ]dptInmepw sshtZinImp icnbmbn {Klnphm km[npX. CXnse "d' F Fgpns\ DcnpXv icnbmb dImcw t]mse Asv GXp aebmfnbpw kXnpw. Bsnepw kwibapsn,
Fsdmw tIhs\mcp \pdpmizknns t\cw''

Fpw apw aebmfns hsgppan FgpXnbnpXv hmbnp t\ms. ChnsS "d' bpsS [z\n "S' bptSbpw "X' bptSbpw at[y BWv; AXpsImpXs BWv CXn\v Cwojnse 't' tbmSp [z\nkmayw ]dXv. "d' Hbmbncpm AXv kv]jvSamhpIbn; Ccnv "' BIptm AXv thpwhw sXfnbpw. DZm: Attest= Asv. Fm "sdd' Fptht FgpXm Fp tNmZnm \v ]n]v Ccn hw tbmPnpIbn; A\p\mknIpdw Hscgppw Ccn ]Xnhn; Ccnptm D [z\n Hbvp sImSpm Bhiyw \SpIbpw sNpw. DmcWn \n_aph "sdd' Fv CcnpXs FgpXnbncppthm Fp \nbnm\pw Ctm \app Xcan.

"sd' Fv Ctm FgpXnhcp en]nhn\ymkw {ZmhnUnse [z\nhnPvRm\obknmv AXyw tbmPnXmsWp {]Xn]mZnmw. kwkvIrX{]Imcw kv]imcv Ap h DXn\p]pdta Xangn BdmasXmcp hwIqSnbpv. kwkvIrn Jcw, AXnJcw, arZp, tLmjw, A\p\mknIw Fv Hmtcm hnepw sFbmWv Acw. CXn AXnJcw Jcnsbpw tLmjw arZphnsbpw, alm{]mWoIcWw am{XamsWv Dcnp t\mnbm kv]jvSamIpw. AXn\m kzcfnse {lkzZoLt`Zwt]mse kv]ifn Aev]{]mWalm{]mWt`Zw PmXnt`Zw DfhmpIbn. Cu bpn{]Imcw t\mptm kwkvIrXn Hmtcm hn\pw Jcw, arZp, A\p\mknIw Fp aqp htf Dp; Cu aqsw Xangnse hfnepw Dv; arZpsf FgpXnmWnpXn\p {]tXyIw en]nIsf FsSpnbnn Fp am{Xta Dp. ]ZmZnbnam{Xw Jcn\v kzamb DmcWw; ]Zaynembm AXns\ arZphmn DcnWw FmWv Xangns GmSv. AXn{]Imcw "aI' Fv FgpXnbmepw "aK' Ft]msebmWv hmbntXv. Ctmgs aebmfn

bvpw, \bvpw thsd Nnlv\w GsSpmXpt]mse sNbvX Hcp kuIcysat Dp CXv. Xangnse hmcfmhnXv:

(1) I, M;(2) N, R;					(3) S, W;
(4) d, ;(5) X, \;					(6) ], a.

IWvTmtZymjvTmambnv Dn\np ]pdtp {Ian "d' hns \ne \memaXmbnmWp hcpI. AXns kvYm\w ZaqeamIpp. DmcWw aq\ynsbpw Zynsbpw at[y \npw. "d' Imcw ]ZaynemsX ]ZmZnbn hcmXn\m arZpJtcmmcWt`Zw CXn\v Gsnn. Fnepw, ap hsftmse CXns\bpw Bcy`mjm[z\nIsImp ]qcnnphm {]bmkan. aebmfn en]nIfnmbvIbm tdmaen]nIsf D]tbmKnmw:

Jcw		AXnJcw	arZp	tLmjw	A\p\mknIw
t		th	d	dh	n

Cu en]nIv Cwojnep DmcWw BWv hnhnXw. Enter F Cwojv hmv r Ifpcnm "Fs' F aebmfns DmcWamIpw Fp ]dm Ignp.

C\n "DsS' FXnse DImcw tem]nXnstijw SImcn\v Cuhn[w amw sNbvXsXn\v F tNmZyn\p kam[m\w ]dtbXpv. CXv knImcyfn HmWv. I+Xp= Ip; hn+Xew= hnew; acw+I= ac; \n+I= \nMvI CXymZn knI t\mpI. A\p\mknIhpw Jchpw ap]n]mbn tNp hm Jcs A\p\mknIns hnep JcamWw Jcs ap\p\mknItmSv kh\w (assimilation) sNWw (s]mcpnWw) A\p\mknIm ]camb Jcn\v ]qkhw thWw A\p\mknIn\pdw kzhJcta \npIqSp Fv Hcp kmam\y\nbaw Cu DZmlcWfn\npw sXfnbpp. Cu amXncn Hcp kq{Xw \qen DpXm\pw. Fm AXns\ Hcp s]mXp\nbaamn sImSpnn. Cu knkq{X{]Imcw "DsS' bpsS DImcw tem]nv "sS' ap \np "' F ImctmSp tNcptm SImcn\p kzhJcamb "d' Imcw BtZiambn hcpp.

C{XbpwsImv "sd' FXns en]nhn\ymkhpw DmcWhpw icn Fp knnp. CXn\pta Hcp tNmZyapmIpw: hm = hm FnSstmse apsNm A\p\mknImXn{]kc\b{]Imcw Jcamb "d' FXn\v A\p\mknIamb FXn ebwhv s FmImsXv ? CXn\pw kam[m\w ]dbmw. Jcn\p ap\pamknIw BtZiw hcpXv Jcw {]XybmZnbnepXmbmte \nXyambnpp. ChnsS {]Xybw "DsS' FmIbm "sS' {]XybmZn Jca; DImcw tem]nXn\pta {]XybmZnkvYm\w hcpXns\ hIhnpw C. Fpam{Xa, "Fs' F ZznXossbIhN\cq]n\v XpeyambntmIpsav Hcp XctSpw Dv. Shns\\t]mse A\p\mknImXn{]kcw dhn\pw th.

Fm Cu {]kwKn Fmn\pw D]cn Hcp Bt]w ]pdsSpp, "d', " ' F "d' hw BdmasXmmsWp ]dphtm. B kvYnXnv A\p\mknImXn{]kc\b{]Imcw +d Fv ImcdImctbmKsamw dImcw {]XybmZnIqSnbmsWn AXn\v km{XnIambnv ap\p\mknIw BtZiw hv, "' FpthWw amdpXn\v; ImWptXm As\b; "' Fp amdpXmbnmWv. Fs\ Fm:

sNndp	=	sNnp	=	sNpp	( F)
Ipdp	=		=	Ipp	( F)
Hdp	=		=	Hp	( F)

Cu Bt]n\pw icnbmb ]cnlmcw Dv.

"sd' F Iqcs Xangcn km[mcWm DcnpXv Hcp hneWk{ZmbnemWv.

Ipdp IpZvdp (kundru)
Hdp HZvdp (ondru)

CXnse dImc[z\n aebmfnIv Hpw cknnn; Ah AXns\ Xosc thsphp. Atm aebmf{]Imcw {]IrXi_vZ,

HZp (ondu) IpZp (kundu)

F anembn, dImcw tem]ntm ZImcn\v {]m[m\yw knnp. Cu Iqcn Imchpw ZImchpw `nhfmIbm kh\w thWw. ]Xnhn{]Imcw (I + Xp = Ip) A\p\mknItmSv Jcn\v (ChnsS arZphn\v) s]mcpw hchn[w khoIcnpXmbm ""]p\cmbmlmI]nx'' F an \ncknpIf dImcwXs ]nsbpw NmSnhogpw. AXn\m t\sc adnv arZphnt\mSv s]mcpmthn A\p\mknIs amn. Atm "Zp' FXv "\vZp' Fmbn. Cu kvYnXnbn hXn\ptijw A\p\mknImXn{]kc\bw {]tbmKnptm "aw' FXv "aw' Fv BIpXpt]mse, "Ipp' FXv "Ipp' Fpw "Hp' FXv "Hp' Fpw thjw amdnap. Xangnse "d ' Fmw aebmfn apd{]Imcw "' BImsX Cu hn[n "' Bbnop.

C\n Xangnse DmcWw Cu hn[w hcphm\p ImcWw DulnpI Xs; AXntev Bcw`npwapv \mw ]pXpXmbn I]n hns Jcn\v Hcp ]pXnb en]nbpwIqSn sImSpWw; Amm AXns\ "\ndbpI' F hmnse dImcamsWp hnNmcnpt]mIpw. Fp am{Xa, \psS hnNmcWbn dImcsnbpw {]kvXmhntXpv. AXn\m "sd' FXnte "d'bvv "' Fv Nnlv\\wsNmw. CXv Xangv {Kn SImcns Nnlv\amIpp. ]pXnb hns [z\n SImcn\pw XImcn\pw aty BIbm Xangv{KSImcen]n AXn\v tbmPnpIbpwsNpw. Atm ]pXnbhw "' , "' F hfmWv. AXn "' Jchpw "' A\p\mknIhpw MImcwt]mse Imchpw km[mcWbn Hbmbn \npn. HpIn Ccnpw; Asn kzhn thsd Hcp hapXnt\mSp tNp Iqcambn hcpw.
DZm:


M
As\	acMvI	Xon	Fs
Cs\	sXmMvIpp	sX	F(=Fp)

C\n "\ndbpI' FXnsetmse Xangv aebmffn "d' Fv kwkvIrXn Cm Hcp hw Dtm. AXns BKahpw kz`mhhpw t\mmw. ap {ZmhnU`mjIfn BZnImev Cs\ Hcp hw Dmbncpncnmw; Fnepw Ctm AXv Xangnepw aebmfnepw am{Xta ImWppp. sXepn "iIStc^w' Fp ]dp IhnI am{Xw NnebnSv CXns\ FgpXmdpst Dp; FgpXnbmepw DmcWn t`Zw Csmbn.

Xangv		aebmfw	ImSIw	sXepv	Xpfp
\qdp		\qdv	\qcp	\qcp	\qZp= 100

tamWn hmn sXeppw ImSIhpw "c' D]tbmKnpXn\m tc^ns hIt`ZwXsbmWv "d' Fv Dulnmw. thsdbpw ey Dv: "aecv+s]mSn= aedvsmSn. CXn "s]mSn' tNcptm aecns "c" FXv "d' Bbnocpp. DmcW kz`mhw BtemNnm "c' sb Jcamnbm "d' hcpw Fv t_m[sSpw. Atm arZphmb tc^s JcampXmWv "d'Imcw Fp knnp. "Jcw' Fp ]dsnepw I, N, S , X,] F ap Jcfn Cm \mZtam tLmjtam GsXnepw Hcp [z\nhntijwIqSn AXn Dv.

dImcs Ccntn hm DmcWw Fs\? apsNm hntij[z\ntbmSpIqSn Ccnp ]dbphm km[npIbn. Atm B Awiw hntv CcnWw. AXp hnm tc^[z\n tijnpw. Cs\ hcp DmcWamIpp "Ipw' (=Ipcvdw) CXymZnIfn tIpXv. hZznXzn Cuhn[w GXm\pw Awiw hntv CcnpI FXv Hcp hntijhn[n Fp ]dbphm C. kwkvIrXn tLmjsf CcnpXp t\mpI: `v`= _v`; [v[=Zv[; ChnsS tLmjnse alm{]mWmwiw \onhnmWv Ccnv; CcnXns ]q`mKw arZpspt]mIpp. Atm tLmjs Ccnm arZphpw tLmjhpw Iqnt ^eta Dp. AXpt]mseXsbt "d'sb Ccnptm ]q`mKw "c'bpw Dc`mKw "d'bpw BIpXv? Ccn dImcs aebmfnI DcnpXn Ipsd t`Zapv; Ah Ipcvdw F Ipcvcw FmWv i_vZnpXv. AXpsImv aebmfn dImcs A, tc^s BWv CcnpI ]Xnhv Fv ]dtbnbncnpp. sXepcpw ImSIcpw dsb apgph IfIqn aebmfnI ZznXzn "d' thm, "c' XsaXn Fp shXmbn kam[m\sSmw.

C{Xbpw kwKXnI Xosphtm. C\n Ccn Imcw tNpmn shnp sX "', Xo n F hmpItfbpw Ccn dImcw sImpmp "amw', "\o' F hmpIsfbpw ASpSppcnv AXpIfpsS [z\nIsf Hpt\mpI. cpw Hpt]mseXs Ccnpw. tc^n\pw Imcn\pw Hbmbn \nptmXs [z\nkmayw thpthmfw Dv; Ccnmns cpw XncndnbphmXs {]bmkw BIs; ""Hv Imcw CcnXpw, atXv dImcw CcnXpw BIWsaptm? cpw FsXnepw HnsXs CcnmsWpXs hnNmcnpsImmw'' Fv Hcp Bibvv ChnsS hIbpv. AXp Xomw:

tIhew		\opp	{]tbmPIw		\opp
		appp			appp
		ImWpp			Impp

		Dpp			Dupp
		Xnp			Xop
		sXp			sXp

tamWn cq] "[mXzm\p\mknIs kzhJcamn Ccnm tIhe{]IrXn {]tbmPI{]IrXnbmbn hcpw' F \nban\v DZmlcWfmIpp. CXn M' FXv "I' BbXpt]msebpw, "W' FXv "S' BbXpt]msebpw FXvBbn Fv sXfnbpp. AXn\m "sX vp, "Xo p' F hmpIfn dImcns kv]ita Csp kXnt Xocp. C\n,

amdpp amddpp \odpp \oddpp,

F cq]\njv]n t\mpI, AI[mXpfpsS Ayhw Ccnm tIhew {]tbmPIambnocpw F \nba{]Imcw DmIp cq]fmWv Ch. Chbvv ImctmSv bmsXmcp _hpw Cspw kv]jvSamIpp. AXn\m bpw dd bpw DmcWn anXpw F apgphXs GIcq]fmsWp knambn.

Imcn\v Fncnntm Fv kzhm\p\mknIw tNntm AmsX D]tbmKansp ImWnnpv. Atm [z\nam{Xw {]amWamn FgpXpXmbm Cwojn connection FXn\p]Icw connection Fpw FgpXmdpXpt]mse "Xo ' FgptXnSv "Xoddpp' Fv BfpI FgpXphm XpSnbncnWw. icnbmb BKaw adpt]mbnp am{Xa; [mSnp thnbpw Fgpn CuhI kmayw Imp av Fm `mijIfnepw ImWpw. ""I owe you'' FXn\v Cwojn ""I.O.U"" Fv kwt]cq]w krjvSn BfpsS at\m[w t\mpI! Bcw`n "sXv' Fv "dd' tNsgpXpXp sXsv sshbmIcWm iTnncnmsanepw Ime{Ian Ahpw "ASnp hgntb t]mImm t]mIp hgntb ASn'tnhncnpw. C{Xbpw BbngnXns tijw "' Fsmcp Iqcn\pam{Xw thn "'F Hcp en]nsb hymIcWm F{X `{Zambn kqnmepw AXv F{XImew \ne\nevpw? ""Xoddpp FnSv Cc d BsWn FXn\v Hdd "d' [mcmfw aXnbmIpw'' Fv P\ kzmX{yw ImWnpXpSn. Cs\ Imcns IY Ahkm\np. \mw AXns\ ihdbn\np IpgnsSpv IgpIn an\pn {]Zinnpsht Dp. Fm "]ip Nmepw tamcnse ]pfn t]mIpIbn' Fgpnam{Xta Xang "sXddp sNbvIndm' Dp. DmcWn Imcns A[nhmkwCpw Dsp Xr]vXnsSmw. sNbvIn dm F Ctmgs DmcWn dImc[z\n, IqSnenpspam{Xta tZmjapp. d FgpXnmWpXpsImv AXns [z\n, ]qhhmk\sImv X AdnbmsX hcp Imc[z\n Cs\ cpw Iev Xang Dcnpp. s(sd) F aebmfnse jjvtTyIhN\cq]n am{Xta Ctm Imcns icnbmb DmcWw tijnp InSpp. AXns Dhw tXSnnSnphm\mbn ]pdstmgmWtm A\ymbambn khkzhpw A]lcnp \mSpISpinbn Xnhnncp Cu km[phmb hns hI Nne hne]nSn kzp A\ym[o\spInSpXv Isphm\pw AXpI hgnbmbn sNv, Im Bfdnbmhn[w NSv oWnv arX{]mb\mbn InSncp DSakvYs\s \nivNbndnv almP\kaw AhXcnnphm\pw \apv CSbmbXv. aebmfnIfpwIqSn ImtcmmcWw ZpjnnmXv henb `mKyambn.

Fm \mw C{Xbpw {iasv {]XypPvPohnnpsImph Imcn\v GXpImesnepw Acamebn Hcp {]tXyIen]n DmbncpXmbn Dulnm hgnbptm? Cu tNmZyn\v Dcw Ffpn ]dbmhpX. Acame ]etmgpw amdnamdn hnpv. Ctmgs Acame Xangn kvYncsXv 14mw iXhjnemWv. AXn\p hfsc ap]pXs Imcns kvYm\s dImcw ISm{IanncnWw. hymIcW{Kfn\nv hXpw XppmIptam Fp t\mnbm B {KImcm Acamebnse hfpsS DmcWsnbmsX en]nsbn Hpw ]dnn; hXpw ]dncpmepw en]nI ]e{]mhiyw t`ZsSpnb Iqn AXv \apv Ctm Xncndnbphm ]mSnmhn[n Bnbnpv. sshbmIcWm FgpXnbncp en]nIfpw AXpIfpsS [z\nIfpw Ctm \mw Fs\ Adnbpw? ]gb {Ksfmw ]pXnb Acamebn ]Inbnt \mw Inpp. Fpam{Xa, Xangnse {][m\ sshbmIcW\mb "sXmImnb' Xs Fmw iXhjn PohnncpXmbnmWv UmIvS _W kvYm]npXv; \qImc\mb "`h\n' AXnepw AmNo\\mWv.

""hn\w INSX]d sh\ hmtd'' ""san\w MRW\a sh\ hmtd''

Fpw kq{Xfm `h\n dsb JcfpsS Iqnepw ...sb A\p\mknIfpsS Iqnepw av AphtfmSp tNp ]cnKWnXpw,

""Aw \pn \m \nbpdnddv d hcpw''

Fv d v Htc kvYm\n Dn ]dXpw t\mptm Cv dImc Nnlv\ambnmWp F en]n Imc Nnlv\ambncpncnpIbnt Fp inm hgnbpv. dImcw tc^ns Hcp hIt`Zwam{Xta Dp Fphv AXns\ i_vZimkv{XImcm KWnnmbncnmw. Fm Atm "AcnbpIbpw' "AdnbpIbpw' HmbntmIpw; t]mbvsms! ImSIn Fs\bmtWm AXpt]mse Xangnepw' Fp hnNmcnpsImmw. aebmfn Imcn\pw \Imcn\pw Hcp en]ntb Dphtm; \mw icnbmbn Fgpp hmbnp hcpnt? AXpt]mse Xangcpw IgnpIqnbncnmw. Cs\ Iev]npIbmsWn bvpw dbvpw IqSn Fsmcp en]n Bbncpp FmWv Iev]\sNphm IptdpSn \v. "Xodd' FnSv bvp ]Icambpw "amddw' FnSv ddbvpXs Nnlv\ambnpw "dd' F en]n D]tbmKnp Fncns. aebmfn "\\p' FsgpXnmWptm BZytXns\ \mw \Imcambnpw cmaXtXns\ Imcambnpw hmbnpXpt]mse `h\nbpw hmbnncpncnmw.

kwkvIrXmcmb BcymcpsS BKa\ambncnWw {ZmhnUcpsS Acamebn Ipg DmnoXv. , d cpw kwkvIrn Cm {ZmhnUhfmWv; AXpIfnemWv henb Ipgw ImWpXpw. sXmImnbw Xs sF{hymIcWw t\mn DmnbnpXmWv. kwkvIrXn S hKta Cmbncpp AXns kvYm\v (Ctm Shw ImWpnSv) XhamWv D]tbmKnncpXv. {]mXnimJym "hn\maw' Fpw, ]mWn\obm WXzw, jvSpXzw, aq\ymtZiw Fpw ]dbp hhnImc t\mpI. XangnemIs, Zyamb Xhns Iognembnv Shw, hw Fv cp h Dmbncpp. Bcymhns Bcycpw {ZmhnUcpw IqSnetm Bcy Xhn\npw kv^pSmcamb Shs {ZmhnUcn\np kzoIcnp. {ZmhnUtZipXs Bcy hym]ntm, {ZmhnU XhShfpsS aty \nevpIbm Akv^pSt`Zamb hs Dt]np. Xangn hw Fp ]dm Jcw, A\p\mknIw Fv ct Dphtm AXn Jcamb Imcs aq\ya[yaamb tc^nepw AXns\ JcoIcnp dImcnepw DsSpnbnv A\p\mknIamb Imcs am{Xw kzoIcnp. Cu Imchpw Zym\p\mknIamb Xh\Imchpw Xnep t`Zw kqvaamIbm DmcWn cpw Hpt]mse BbnocpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu hn[w Bbncnmw Ctm ImWp Ipgw kw`hnXv.

CmemIs, Xangnse DmcWw hfsc tamisncnpp. Ipw Ipw (\Ipw, cdIpw) FgpnemsX DmcWn Hcp t`Zhpw ImWpn. "AdnbpIbpw' "AcnbpIbpw' FgpXnm thsd; Xangn Dcnm HpXs. "\' Fpw Fpw D en]nIsf FhnsS D]tbmKnWsav hymIcWw hmbnht\ Adnbmhq. UmIvS ImsUzXs \Iv Fgpn am{Xta t`Zapp Fp Xnfp. Atlw Cu hp hmkvXht`Zs kqnpt\mnbncpsn \mw {]XypPvPohnn Imcs CXn\p ap]pXs Ip]nSnpambncpp. Xangns AhkvY t\mptm aebmfnse DmcWcoXn hfsc Db \nebnemWv. \Imcn\pw Imcn\pw shtsd en]nI Csnepw aebmfnI cp hsfbpw thnSv thXncnv Dcnpp. tc^dImcp en]nt`ZhpwIqSn DXn\m sNdnb IpnIp t]mepw DmcWn sXddphcmdn. Fnt\sddbpp, aebmfnI "sd' Fv \Imchpw dImchpw FgpXnbmepw sFv Imc Imcsfs Dcnpp. Cu {]IcWw {]km\p{]knbm hfsc \opt]mbn. C\nsbnepw AXp \nnbnp {]IrXn {]thinmw.

"DSb' F jjvTohn`nNnlv\s BZyw Atem]wsNbvXv "DsS' Fmn; BZntem]hpwIqSn sNbvXv "sS=s' FmnoXp Ime{Ianembncnmw. "sS' F AXnktmNnXcq]w "' ap]n DnSp am{Xta kkXambnopp. "Ahs' "\mqsd' F cq]t]mse "IposS' F ktmNcq]w {K`mjbn D]tbmKnmdn. "v' F NXpnbpsS Ccn IImcw tem]nXv "Ah\pv', "hopv' CXymZn cq]fn kwhrtXmImcn\p ]n]v hyRvP\w hcptm DmIp Zpiv{ihX\nanambncnmw. "Ahv', "Ahv' CXymZnt]mse Ccn IImcw tbmPnpnSp tem]wsNmdpan. kwhrXs IgnbpXpw teimn (?) DcnWsamWv aebmfns t]mv.

(b) thpw > thWpw > thWw > GWw > FWw > AWw >. "sNthpw' FncpXv Cu hn[n "sNWw' Fmbnap. CXpt]mseXs "BIpw > Bw'

DZm : sN BIpw > sNmw.

CmWn Bdp \baqew Dmbnp hnImcp ]pdta kwkvIrXnse Acame kzoIcnXpapX aebmfn\p ]ehn[nepw thjt`Z Gsnpv. Fs\ Fm,

	(1)	Xncpm = Xrm
		FXnhiw = FXrhiw	EImckzoImcw
		AXnn = AXrn

	(2)	\bpp = \\bpp
		FSp = FtmSp	\ImcImcp
		Aymbw = A\ymbw	en]nt`ZanmbvI

	(3)	Kvcw = {Kw
		]vdImcw = {]Imcw	tc^dImcsf Htc
		acvbmZ = amZ	Nnlv\wsImp
		advISw = aSw	IpdnpI

	(4)	CSav = CSw	aImcns kvYm\v
		[\av = [\w	A\pkzmcw

	(5)	]mev = ]m	eImcNnn\p ]Icw XImc
		acnev = acn	Nnv

Hv, AXv, ImSv Fv kwhrtXmImcw thnSv H, AX, ImS Fv AImcw FgpXp k{Zmbhpw, F, H F kzcsf {lkzZoL t`Zw IqSmsX GIcq]ambn FgpXp apw kwkvIrXmcamebpsS {]thi\tmSp IqSn aebmfn ISpIqSpIbpmbn. Fm, Cu tZmj Ctm ]cnlrX{]mbfmbn Fp kam[masSmw. "kwhrXn\v GsXnepw Hcp Nnlv\w thXmWv Fpw, G, Hm ZoLv tF sIp]pn D]tbmKnWw' Fpw Fm ApIqSmcpw kXnnpv.

ta{]Xn]mZn \bsf D]tbmKnm aebmfs Xangpw Xangns\ aebmfhpw Bmw Fp t_m[sSpXn\mbn GXm\pw DZmlcWsf Xmsg tNpp:

aebmfw
	IddmapgenIsfmtcm cmKt`Zw ]pWn nddntmepw a[pckabw Nnp]mSpw Zimbmw apddwtXmdpw InfnIfXns\tncpWt appw ]mSndSabn! ktJ! addatXp ]ns.
	Dp\oenktiw
Xangv
	IssddmapgenIsfmtcm cmIt]Xw ]pWo nddntmepw aXpcNabw Nnp]mSpw XNmbmw apddwtXmdpw InfnIfXss\tncpWt apddpw ]mSpInd CSw G tXmg addapdXp ]np.

aebmfw
	Cs\ t]mbp `wKnItfmSpta Xn\ ]qmhn ]pt\cw sath sNmn\m hho\mbI \tepw NmbemscmtcmSpw ]qaWamsbmcp ImgvNbpw ssIsmp XqaIesmcp sXenh tkhnm\mbnp hXp Imepw tahpanqmhpXneqsS?
	IrjvWKmY
Xangv
	C\w t]mbp ]nItfmSpta Xn\ ]qmhn ]pt\cw sath sNmn\m hho\mbI \tepw NmbemscmtcmSpw ]qaWamtbmcp ImSvNnbpw ssIbvsmp Xqssa Iesmcp sXenh tNhnm\mbnp hXp Im tahpanqmhpXneqsS.

Xangv
	t]btc sb\p bmhcpw bm\ptam t]bt\ tbhp CXp t]intb? Bbt\ Acm Fdssgntd; t]b\msbmgnts\]ncm\pt.

aebmfw
	t]btcsb\nthcpw Rm\psamcp t]tbtbhpw CXp sNmnsbv Bbt\ cwtKim Fgept t]bmsbmgnts\ Xpcm\p Xm

Xangv
	hm\mfpw amaXnt]m shIpssSogp ahX tm\mIn hoddncpp sImmSpw sNehdntb tX\m ]qtmssencpshnSasseta Im\mdmbvmbpw IcppssStb\mtht\
	s]cpamXncpsamgn
aebmfw
	hm\mfpw amaXnt]m shIpSogp ahX tIm\mbn shncpp sImmSpw adntbm! tX\m ]qtmesbgpw XncpshnSaeta Immdmbv ]mbm\`n{]mbapStbm\mhq Rm.

Xangv
	apss NmepeIpsm aqeancss apddpw Xsstb Xap \Ipw X\nscpXssmt\ Csstbsbgpssa t\mbvp acpnss\ bncmas\pw sNsstN \maw XssIfnsddcnsbm.
	IcmambWw
aebmfw
	{XnXzam aqmIpapeInsmw aqea{s apddpw Xsm XmfpIp \Ipw X\nscpw]Zsm CPvPnte Ggp t\mhnpw acpns\ cmas\pw sNtNcpw \maw XsIfm sXcnsbm.

sXepv
	XmaknwNn tkb XKZp Fn Imcyw_p thKncw] AZnbp hnjaw AK\p

aebmfw
	Xmaknp sNXIm Imcys thKnn AXpw hnjaw BIpw.

sXepv
	]nImb sXn ]Uthb ^ew Hut\? hnizm`ncma hn\c tha!

aebmfw
	]mbv FSpp ]gphbvth ^eamIptam, hnizm`ncma\mb Atbm tha, tIsftSm!

sXepv
	tZho Cu k` hnZzmwkpe abssa DZn. Imhp\ CpUp tNbhebp ]\n\n hn\pap. ]qap ImfnZmkIhntN cNbnw]_Un\ A`nPvRm\ imIpfw A\p \mSIap temIap\ hnknpNp DZnKZm?

aebmfw
	tZho Cu k` hnZzmmabambn Ccnpp. BIbm Ctm sN thp ]Wnsb (thesb) tIp! ]qw ImfnZmkIhnbm cNns A`nPvRm\imIpfw F \mSIw temIn hnIknpsImncnpntbm?

ImSIw (tmIw)
	B tZhnbnw iq\yhnZmKn temIw ssa tZmpZocmcs\b_vZaoKfv sshtZlnsbw_o s]kcpw \nckvXw ssa ZmfvZp _mfnsh cma\npw.
	(]ZNvtOZw: B tZhnbnw iq\y CZp BKn temIw ssa tXmpZp. CuBAs\ A_vZw CuKfv. sshtZln Fw_ Cu s]kcpw \nckvXw. ssaZmfvZp_mfn Csh cma Cpw)
	Omcw.
aebmfw
	B tZhnbm (tbmSp) ip\yambnp temIw sav tXmnnpp (Bhn`hnpp). Cucmdmas (12) A_vZw Ctm sshtZln F Cu t]cpw \nckvXw; sWp [cnnv hmgpI Ctbm cma Cpw.

ImSIw
	]qZn DmeI\ ]Xv\nbp ]XnsK A\pcq]fmKn \sUbsZ CpZcnsh ImKn tlmZZp. A\kqbmtZhnbp ]XnsK A\pKpWhmKn\sUZcn kqcy\p klm DZbnktZ tlmKn tZhKfnep kvtXm{XamUnkn sImfp. koXmtZhnbp AcWys tlmKpn ]Xnbq A\pkcnkn Ah\ lntb AcWys Xm\p slmcUep {iocma\p\o\p AcWys _cthUshp \s \o\p GsI IjvS ]Ut_ sIptIfnZ\p.

aebmfw
	]qn DmeIs ]Xv\n ]Xnv A\pcq]bmbn \SmsX CcpXn\met ImbntmbXv. A\kqbmtZhn ]Xnv A\pKpWambn \SXn\m kqcy\pwIqSn DZnmsXt]mbnv tZhXIfmepw kvtXm{XwsNnpsImm. koXmtZhn AcWyn\pt]mbnsmncp ]Xnsb A\pkcnv Ahs ]nmse AcWyn\p Xm\pw ]pdsSth {iocma \o AcWyn\p hcthm Fpw, Fstmse \obpw Fn\p IjvSsSthWsapw tIm.

Xangpw ]gaebmfhpw HpXs Fp ]dbmsancns sXeppw ImSIhpw hfsc AInpsp ImWnm\mWv B `mjIIqSn FSpv XPvPasNbvXp ImWnXv.