|
| 7.
i_vtZmð¸¯n |
| |
| hymIcWw
`mjbpsS D]tbmKs¯ hyhØs¸Sp¯pó imkv{XamWtñm.`mj Fómð at\mhr¯nIsf shfns¸Sp¯phm\pÅ
D]mbw. at\mhr¯nIÄ {]]ôs¯¡pdn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡póp. {]]ôw {Zhyw, {Inb., KpWw
þ Cu aqóp X¯z§sfs¡mïp Na¨sXóp kaÀ°n¡mw. |
| |
| GsX¦nepw
Hcp Nn¯hr¯nsb HäXncn¨p ImWn¡póXv Hcp hmIyw. Hcp hmIys¯ sISpXð hcm¯
hn[¯nð Agn¨mð (At]m²cn¨mð) Ibdnð\nóv NIncn\mscót]mse ]Z§Ä In«póp.
AXn\mð `mjbpsS \mcmbthÀ ]Zam¡póp. |
| |
| {]]ôw
{Zhy{InbmKpWmßIsaóv ap³]dªph¨Xns\ Iq«nt¨À¯v BtemNn¡pt¼mÄ ]Z¯nsâ s]mcpfmtIïXv
Cu {Zhr{InbmKpW§Ä aqónð HómsWóp t_m[s¸Spw. Fómð ap³ImWn¨ ZrjvSm´¯nse
NIncn\mcns\ thZm´nIÄ ]ô`qXmßIsaópw, ckX{´¡mÀ Nne teml§fpsSbpw Ateml§fpsSbpw
]cnWmasaópw hn`Pn¡pwt]mse ss\cpàòmÀ, _meòmÀ¡v i_vZkz`mh¯nð hypð¸¯n
hcp¯m³thïn, ]Z§Ä¡pw aqeambn {]IrXn Fsómóns\ Iev]n¡póp. {Zhy{InbmKpW§Ä
Fó AÀ°§sfbpw Cu {]IrXnIfnemWv kaÀ¸n¡póXv. AXn\mð {Zhyw, {Inb, KpWw,
Fó aqóp X¯z§Äs¡Xncmbn `mjbnð {ItaW k¯zw, [mXp, [À½n Fóp aqóp {]IrXnIÄ
Dfhm¡póp. Cu {]IrXnIfnð\nóv ]oónSp apdbv¡p \maw, IrXn, t`ZIw Fó ]Z§Ä
P\n¡póp. AXn\mð \mamZn]Z§fpsS Dð¸¯n Xmsg hnhcn¡pó hwimhen{]Imcw BIpóp. |
| |
|
| |
|
]ZmÀ°§Ä¡pw ]Z{]IrXnIÄ¡pw C§s\ {]tXyIw t]tcÀs¸Sp¯nbXv hmb\¡mÀ¡v {`a¯n\v
CSsImSp¡mXncn¡m³thïnbmIpóp. {KÙmcw`¯nð sNbvXn«pÅ ]Zhn`mK¯nð \n]mXw
Fsómcn\wIqSn kzoIcn¨n«pÅXns\ \ncpàZrjvSym t\m¡pt¼mÄ hIhbvt¡ïXnñ. Ch
X\nsb \nómð HcÀ°s¯bpw Ipdn¸m³ Aià§fmIbmð Ahsb {]Xyb§fpsS tiJc¯nð KWn¸m\pÅtX
DÅp. {]Xybw {]IrXnbnð tNcpóp; \n]mXw hnIrXnbnð (]Z¯nð) tNcpóp Fóp
am{Xw t`Zw. CXn\mð¯sóbmWv Chbv¡v tZymXIw Fópw, \mamZnIÄ¡v hmNIw Fópw
t]À e`n¨Xv. kÀÆ\maw \ma¯nsâ hIt`Zw Ftó DÅp. Ahybtam \mamZnIfnð\nóv
DfhmIpósXóp {]Xy£amIpóp. AXn\mð ]Z{]IrXnIÄ k¯zþ[mXpþ[À½nIsfóp Øm]n¨Xv
icnXsó Fóv Ffp¸¯nð t_m[s¸Spw. kzev]w _emev¡mcwsNbvXmð Chbnepw [À½n
Fó aqóman\s¯ [mXp Fó cïman\¯nsâ DÅnð XÅn¡bämw. t`ZI§Ä¡v kzX{´{]tbmKw
Npcp§nt¸mbXpw [mXp¡sft¸mse DÅ cq]\njv]¯nbpw (DZm:\ev, \ñ) BWv Cu kmlk¯nð
\s½ klmbn¡póXv. kwkvIrX\ncpàImcòmcmIs«, Hcp]SnIqsS ap³t]m«p ISóv \mas¯¡qSn
[mXp¡fnð\nóp P\n¨hsbóp hmZn¨v [mXpshó C\s¯¯só kwkvIrX¯nse kIe i_vZ§Ä¡pw
aqe{]IrXnsbóp imTyw]nSn¡póp. Fómð imISmb\mZnIfpsS Cu imTyw {`aaqeIsaóv
imI]qÀ®n apXðt]À AópXsó FXnÀhmZhpw _eambn ]pds¸Sphn¨n«pïv. euInIhnjb§fnð
Cu hn[w AssZzXkn²m´w Øm]n¸m³ ]pds¸SpóXv almt¢ihpw apd«phmZhpw BIpópshóp
bmkvI\ncpàw, DWmZnkq{Xw apXemb {KÙ§fnð\nóv \ap¡v kv]jvSam¡póp. alm\mb
]mWn\n¡v Cu ZpÀÆmZw A`naXñmbncpóp FóXnte¡v "DWmZtbm _lpew' Fó kq{Xw
apXembn At\Iw e£y§fpïv. Cu A{]IrXw C§s\ ChnsS \nev¡s«. |
| |
| {]IrX¯nð
aebmf¯nse ]Z§Ä H«p¡p k¯zw, [mXp, [À½n Fó Cu aqóp thcpIfnð\nóp apf¨pïmbhsbóp
{]Xn]mZn¨phtñm. Chbnð t`ZI§fpsS thcmb [À½n Fó {]IrXn hfsc Npcp§pw.
k¯zw AXnð IqSpw. [mXp¡fmWv F®¯nð A[nIw. [mXp¡fpsS kz`mhw ImWn¡m³thïn
AXpIfnð {][m\§fmb GXm\pw F®§sf ]cninjvS¯nð tNÀ¯n«pïv. k¯z§Ä¡v Chsbt¸mse
{]IrXnt`ZwsImïv cq]t`Zw Cñ. [mXp]mTw C§s\ {Inbm]Z§fpsS \njv]¯n¡v D]]¯nbpïm¡Ww
FópÅ Dt±iy¯n³t]cnð Na¨n«pÅXmIbmð AXnð Fñm [mXp¡fpsSbpw kzpcq]wXsó
\ncpàZrjvSym A{X icnbmbncn¡psaóv Rm³ Dd¸p]dbpónñ. Fómð ]mWn\nbpsS
alm{]kn²amb [mXp]mThpw Cu tZmj¯mð Akv]rjvSasñóv kq£va§fmb i_vZm\pimk\clky§Ä
{Kln¨n«pÅhÀ k½Xn¡pIXsó sN¿pw. |
| |
| F®¯nð
Npcp§póXpw [mXphnð DÄs¸Sp¯mhpóXpw Bb [À½n Fó C\s¯ hIhbv¡msX t\m¡pó]£w
{]IrXnIÄ k¯zw Fópw, [mXp Fópw ctï DÅtñm. NnteS¯v Hcp {]IrXn k¯ztam
[mXpthm Fóp \nÝbn¸m³ IgnbpóXsñóp hcpw. F§s\: |
| |
| 1.
sNmev: k¯zw þ sNmñnsâ s]mcpÄ, ]gsômñv. [mXp þ sNmñpóp. |
| 2.
\S: k¯zw þ \SbpsS thKw, Aó¯nsâ \S. [mXp þ \S¡póp. |
| 3.
Ifn: k¯zw þ IfnbpsS ckw, ]eIfnIÄ [mXp þ Ifn¡póp. |
| |
| aqe{]IrXnbnð
kmcw |
| _oPa£csamópXm³; |
| hnhÀ¯\{]{Inbbmþ |
| eXp
]nóqXnhoÀ¯nSpw. |
| |
|
aqe`qXamb {]IrXn k¯zambmepw [mXphbmepw BZy¯nð GIm£cambncn¡Ww FómWv
Dulw. Fómð Ct¸mÄ {]IrXnbmbn ImWpó k¯z§fpw [mXp¡fpw DuXnhoÀ¯v At\Im£c§fmbn¯oÀón«pïv.
hoÀ¡m\pÅ ImcWw hnhÀ¯\{]{InbbmIpóp. AXnsâ kz`mhw ASp¯p Xsó hnhcn¡mw.
DZm: |
| |
| k¯zw:
ssI, Xo, Imð, Ið, s\ð, a, DÄ, t\À |
| [mXp:
B, No, Xq, tX, t]m, Adv, hnSv, ]pIv, DWv. |
| |
| Cu
Dul¯n\pÅ ASnØm\sas´óp Npcp¡¯nse¦nepw {]kvXmhn¡Watñm. |
| |
| HómaXv
þ ]ïpïmbncpó GIam{XI[mXp¡fnð an¡Xpw Ct¸mÄ Jne§fmbn¯oÀóncn¡póp. F³,
DÄ, Cð, Að, th, XIv, anIv CXymZnIÄ t\m¡pI. F³þFóp, Fó; DÄþDïv, DÅp;
CðþCñ; AðþAñ; thþthïpw, thïn; XIvþX¡; anIvþan¡ C§s\ GXm\pw cq]§Ä am{Xta
CXpIÄ¡p \S¸pÅp. CXnð F³ apXemb Nne [mXp¡Ä Ahyb§fmbnt¸mbn; NneXn\v
A\p{]tbmKambnt« {]NmcapÅp; XIv, anIv apXembhbv¡p apäphn\bnð {]tbmKta
Cñ. JneamImsX \S¸nð¯só Ccn¸pÅhbnð an¡Xpw am{Xtbm hÀ®tam A£ctam tNÀóp
\oïncn¡póp. ]pIvþ]p¡v. CXnt¸mÄ kzcw ZoÀLn¨p ]qIv Fómbn«v ]qIpóp. ]qIn,
]qIpw, Fó a«nð Fñm cq]§fnepw \S¡póp. aoXp, aotX, ao¯p, ao¯ð Fó ]Z§fnð
am{Xw tijn¨ncn¡póXpw D]cn FóÀ°apÅXpamb ao Fó {]IrXn¡v Ct¸mÄ anI¡póp,
anI¯p, anI¡pw Ftóm, anIbv¡póp, anI¨p, anIbv¡pw Ftóm \oïn«pÅ thj¯nemWp
{]Nmcw. "anôpI' Fó cq]hpw CXnsâXsó thjt`Zambncn¡Wsaóp tXmópóp. Ipgn,
Ipgð, Ipg§pI, Ipfw, Ipfn, Ipï³ CXymZn ]Z§sf kq£n¨pt\m¡pt¼mÄ IpÄ Ftóm
Ip Ftóm Hcp {]IrXn Dïmbncn¡Ww Fópw AXnsâ hIt`Z§fmWnsXñmw Fópw kv]jvSamIpóp.
HSp§pI FóXnsâ {Inbm\maw Bbn«v \mw "HSphv' Fóp {]tbmKn¡mdpïv. CXnð
MImcw ImWmbvIbmð BZy¯nð [mXp HSv Fóp am{Xambncpóncn¡Ww Fóp ]dtbïnhcpóp. |
| |
CXn\pw]pdta
GIam{XI[mXp¡Ä¡mWv 99þmw kq{X¯nð hyXykvXw ]dªn«pÅXv. kq{X¯nð IdSm´§sf
am{Xta FSp¯n«pÅp. AXnepw ASp¯ kq{X¯nXpw bpàn]dªIq«¯nð IImcm´¯n\p hyXykvXwhcm³
Hcp kam[m\hpapïmbnñ. ]Nvþ]¨; anNvþan¨w CXymZnIÄ t\m¡pt¼mÄ IdSm´§Ä
am{Xañ, NImcm´mZnIfpw Cu hn[¯nð Dïmbncpóncn¡mw. Cu hyXykvX§fpsS Iq«¯nð
SImcdImcm´§Ä am{Xw Jne§fmImsX \nev¡pópïv. hnSv þ hnSpóp, hnSpw; s]dvþs]dpóp,
s]äp, s]dpw CXymZn. CXpIÄ¡p hnijhn[nIqSmsXXsó kÔnImcywsImïv hnSv+Xp=
hn«p, s]dv+Xp=s]. v
Xp= s]äp Fóp km[mcWcq]w hcmhpóXpamWv. AXn\mð hyXykvX¯nð DÄs¸Sm¯XpsImïpXsó
Bbncn¡Ww AXpIÄ Jne§fmbnt¸mIm¯Xv Fóp Iev]n¡m³ amÀ¤w In«póp. |
| |
| CuhI
sXfnhpIÄ F´ql¯nte¡mWp \s½ \bn¡póXv? ]ïv [mXp¡Ä GIam{X§fmbncpóp; Ct¸mÄ
Ah hyXykvX§fpsS Iq«¯nð Bbnt¸mbn.kÔn{]IcW¯nð 18þmw kq{X¯nð "]Zansñmäam{Xbnð'
Fóp Øm]n¨n«pïtñm. B bpànXsó ImX{Ia¯nð {]IrXnIfnepwIqSn {]hÀ¯n¸n¨ncn¡Ww.
|
| |
| cïmaXv
þ ip²t`ZI§sfñmw {]IrXncq]§fmWtñm. AXpIsf kamkambnt« D]tbmKn¡mdpÅq;
]ncn¨p {]tbmKn¡bmsW¦nð AXpIÄ¡v t]sc¨¯n\pÅ cq]w thWw. CXnð\nóv Hcp
kmam\yhn[n Duln¡cptXm? GXpPmXn ]Zambmepw kzX{´ambn {]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ {]kvXpXamb
{]IrXn \matam IrXntbm t`ZItam Bbn ]cnWan¨ncn¡póp Fóp ImWn¡m\mbn«v
AXnð {]{InbmhntijWw sN¿Ww. B {]{Inb Bbncn¡mw hnhÀ¯\{]{Inb. aqe`qXamb
{]IrXn AhymIrXamWv; AXp \matam IrXntbm t`KItam Bbn ]cnWan¡Wsa¦nð AXnð
Nne hnImc§Ä hcWw. ""\mamZnbmw hn`mK¯nsóñmaÀ°w \nbmaIw''(kq{Xw 33)
Fóp i_vZhn`mK¯nð ]dªn«pÅXp t\m¡pI. Xangnse i_vZhn`mK¯nð sN½, sNdpa
Fóp a tNÀón«pÅ cq]wXsóbmWv Dcns¨mð (t`ZIw) Fóp Iev]n¡s¸«ncn¡póXv.
sN¦\ð, sNdp]bdv Fó kamk¯nemIs« a tem]n¨p Fóp ]dbpóXpt]mepw icnbñ;
AXp X\ntb \o§nt¸mbncn¡póp FópthWw ]dhm³. C§s\bmWv `h\µnbpsS A`n{]mbw.
Cu amXncn¡ev]\sN¿m\pÅ bpànbpw \½psS kn²m´¯n\\pKpWambncn¡póp. |
| |
| aqómaXv
þ kwkvIrX¯nð [mXp¡sfñmw GIm£c§fmWv. AXpIsf {ZmhnU¯nð FSp¡pt¼mÄ A´yhyRvP\¯nð
CImcw tNÀ¯v Zzy£c§fm¡mdpïv. hZv= hZp; lkv= lkn; ]Nv= ]Nn. kz´i_vZ§fnepw
\mas¯ [mXphm¡póXn\pw, [mXp¡fnð¯só tIhes¯ {]tbmPIam¡póXn\pw Cu CImcs¯¯só
{]Xybam¡nt¨À¡póp. Ið= Iñn¡póp; Hóv= Hón¡póp; hnSv= hnSphn¡póp; I=
ImWn¡póp. sXep¦nepw IÀ®mSI¯nepw [mXp¡sfñmw kzc¯nehkm\n¡Ww Fóp \nÀºÔambn¯oÀóncn¡póp.
kzcm´ambmð [mXphn\p cq]\njv]¯nbnð kuIcyapïmIpw. AXn\mð Ct¸mÄ At\Im£c§fmbn¡mWpó
[mXp¡fnse A´ykzcw NnseS¯v Hmtcm `mjbnepw Hmtcmómbn ImWpóXv \½psS Dul¯n\v
D]jvSw`IhpamWv. Xangvaebmfw þ \S; {]mNo\IÀ®mSIw þ \Sn; \ho\IÀ®mSIw
þ \sS; sXep¦p þ \Sp; kômcmÀ°Iamb \S¡pI FóXnsâ thjt`ZamWnsXñmw. CXnð
A´ykzcw thjhpw, \Sv Fó GIm£cw icochpw Fóp sXfnbpóp. |
|
| \memaXv
þ \ñq, \ñ, \ew Fóp ]ePmXn¸Z§fnepw \ð Fó Awiw Xpeyambn¡mWpIbmð BhI¸Z§Äs¡ñmw
AXp {]IrXnbmsWóp \mw Iev]n¡póp. AXpt]mse (1) hnSpI, hnSncpI, shSnbpI,
sh«pI, hnÅpI, shSn¡; (2) XncpIpI, XncnbpI, Xncn¡pI, Xncp¼pI, sXcnbpI,
Xncp´pI; (3) häpI, hdp¡pI, hdfpI; (4) NqgpI, NpgnbpI, NpgepI; (5)
hgpI, hgpXpI, hgpIpI Fón§s\ Htc PmXn ([mXp)¸Z§fnð¯só Aev]mev]amb AÀ°hyXymkt¯mSpIqsS
At\Iw kwL§Ä ImWpópïv. ChbpsS AÀ°¯nð kmam\yhntij`mhw kv]jvSamWvv. Ch
apdbv¡v (1) hntÇjw, (2) {]Xn\nhÀ¯\w, (3) PemwiXymKw, (4) {`aWw, (5)
kvJe\w Fóo kmam\y{InbIfpsS hntijW§fmIpóp. Cu kmam\ymÀ°w Ipdn¡pó`mKw
(1) hnSv, (2) Xncv, (3) hdv, (4) Npgv, (5) hgv Fóv GIm£c {]IrXnIfpamWv.
AXn\mð kmam\yamb AÀ°s¯ hntijoIcn¡m³thïnbpw [mXp¡sf \o«mdpsïóphcpóp. |
| |
| cq]\njv]mZ¯n\pÅ
kuIcy¯nt\m s]mXphmbn \nev¡pó AÀ°s¯ hntijs¸Sp¯mt\mthïn GIm£cmßIamb
aqe{]IrXnbnð sN¿pó hnImc§Ä¡mWv hnhÀ¯\{]{Inb Fópt]ÀsNbvXXv. AXnsâ kzcq]w
Fs´ómð, |
| |
| ZznXw,
ssZÀLyw, {]Xyb¯n³ |
| tbmKhpwXm³
hnhÀ¯\w. |
| |
| aqe{]IrXn
hyRvP\m´amsW¦nð AXns\ Cc«n¡, AXnepÅ {lkzkzcs¯ \o«pI, ]eamXncn {]Xyb§sf
tNÀ¡pI CXmIpóp hnhÀ¯\w. {]Xybw Fs´ñmsaópsh¨mð, |
| |
| {]Xybw
kzctam Nntñm |
| Jctam
tNˬt]msebmw; |
| {lkzwXm³
kzchÀ¤¯nð; |
| Nntñm
tc^ef§fmw; |
| Jc§Ä
X\nsb \nev¡mw |
| km\p\mknIambpamw. |
| |
| kzcw,
Nnñv, Jcw Cu hÀ®§fmWv hnhÀ¯\{]Xyb§fmbn hcpóXv. AXnð kzc§fnð A, C,
D Fó {lkz§Ä am{Xta ImWq. NnñpIfnð cþeþf Fópw aqsó®w {][m\w; Fómð AXpIÄ
t\tc {]IrXnbnð tNcm¯Xn\mð BZnbnð kzcw tNÀ¯v Acv, Að, AÄ Fó a«nð thWw.
Jc§Ä Ipv, Npv, Spv, Xpv, ]pv, dpv Fóp tIheambnt«m ¦pv, ôpv, ïpv, ´pv,
¼pv, âpv (=óv) Fóv A\p\mknIw tNÀtóm BImw. DZm: |
| |
| ZznXz¯n\v
: hdv þ häpóp; Xfv þ XÅpóp; s]mSv þ s]m«póp. |
| ZoÀL¯n\v
: adv þ amdpóp; \dv þ \mdpóp; ]pIv þ ]qIpóp; XMv þ Xm§póp. |
| kzc¯n\v,
A: ]dv þ ]d¡póp; \Sv þ \S¡póp; sNw þ sNa¡póp. |
| kzc¯n\v,
C: ]Sv þ ]Snbpóp; Xpdv þ Xpdn¡póp. |
| kzc¯n\v,
D: Idv þ Idp¡póp;
shfv þ shfp¡póp. |
| Jc¯n\v,
Ipv: s]cv þ s]cpIpóp; ]gv þ ]gIpóp. |
| Jc¯n\v,
Npv: ho þ hoipóp (?); an þ an¨w. |
| Jc¯n\v,
Spv: ]ni þ ]niSpóp:
sRcn þ sRcnSpóp |
| Jc¯n\v,
Xpv: s]mcv þ
s]mcpXpóp; Fgv þ FgpXpóp. |
| Jc¯n\v,
]pv: A³ þ A³]póp.
|
| Jc¯n\v,
dpv: hnX þ hnXdpóp;
NnX þ NnXdpóp; |
| km\p\mknIJc¯n\v,
¦pv: HSp þ HSp§póp; apS þ apS§póp. |
| km\p\mknIJc¯n\v,
ôpv: Ddn þ Ddnôpóp |
| km\p\mknIJc¯n\v,
ïv: Npc þ Npcïpóp; ]c þ ]cïpóp; |
| km\p\mknIJc¯n\v,
´v(óv): apS þ
apS´póp; s]mcp þ s]mcp´p(óp). |
| km\p\mknIJc¯n\v,
¼v þ Xpfp: Xpfp¼póp;
tX þ tX¼póp; sISp þ sISp¼póp. |
| |
| tað¡mWn¨
DZmlcW§sfñmw [mXp¡Ä \ofpóXn\pÅXmIpóp; \mat`ZI§fpsS {]IrXnIÄ \ofpóXn\pw
{]{Inb CXpXsó. \mamZnIfmbn¸ncnbpóXv tIhew AÀ°s¯ B{ibn¨pam{Xta DÅpshóp
i_vZhn`mK¯nð¯só D]\ykn¨n«pïv.{]IrXnIfnð F®a[nIw IrXnPmXnbnð DÄs¸«hbmsWópam{Xta
hntijapÅp.Fómð NnteS¯p cq]\njv]¯n¡p ap³]v Hcp {]IrXn GXpPmXnbnð tNÀósXóp
XoÀ¨s¸Sp¯póXn\pXsó amÀ¤anñ. AXn\mð hnhÀ¯\{]{Inbbv¡p ap³]v {]IrXn¡p
PmXnt`Zw BtemNn¨nt« Bhiyanñ. ap« hncnªv ]qS apf¨p Ip«n Iqhn¯pS§nbXn\p
tate Im¡tbm Ipbntem Fóp Xn«s¸Sq. F¦nepw \mat`ZI§fpsS {]IrXn \ofpóXn\pw
GXm\pw DZmlcW§Ä ImWn¡mw. |
| |
| \maw |
t`ZIw |
| sXm«n þ sXm«nð
Xpcp þ Xpcp¼v |
\mð þ \m¦v
sXmÄ þ sXmïv |
| \mÀ þ \c¼v
Xcn þ Xcn¼v |
sNw þ sN¼v
Icv þ Icn, ImÀ |
| s] þ s]S Ipg
þ Ipgn, Ipgð |
\ð þ \ân =
\ón (\µn) aq þ aqâv, aqóp |
| |
|
| C\n
i_vZhypð¸¯n Duln¡póXn\pÅ amÀ¤w Im«póXn\mbn hnhÀ¯\{]{Inb DffnS¯v AXp
sNbvXp apäphn\bmbn«p]tbmKn¡¯¡ \nebnð hón«pff [mXp¡fnð\nópÛhn¨n«pff
GXm\pw \ma§sf DZmlcn¨p ImWn¡póp: |
| |
|
[mXp: |
\maw: |
AÀ°w: |
| |
|
|
|
1 |
hncn |
hncð |
hncnbpóXv |
2 |
]Ip |
]Ið |
Znhks¯ ]Ip¡qóXv |
3 |
IS |
ISð |
IS¡m³ h¿m¯Xv |
4 |
IpS |
IpSð |
IpSbpóXv |
5 |
DcpÄ |
DcÄ |
DcpfpóXv |
6 |
\nev |
\new |
\nð¡póXv |
7 |
\Sp |
\mSv |
\SpóXv (IrjnbpÅ) |
8 |
hnÄ |
hn¬ |
hnÅpóXv |
9 |
an³ |
ao³ |
anópóXv (\£{Xw)
|
10 |
shÄ |
shÅn |
shfp¯Xv |
11 |
IpXn |
IpXnc |
IpXn¡póXv |
12 |
Im¬ |
I®v |
ImWpóXv |
13 |
\¡v |
\m¡v |
\¡póXv |
14 |
sNbv |
ssIbv |
sN¿póXv |
15 |
Cdp |
Cdp¼v |
Cdp¡póXv |
16 |
sImbv |
sIm¼v |
sIm¿póXv |
17 |
]mbv |
]m¼v |
]mbpóXv |
18 |
tImXv |
sImXp¼v |
tImXpóXv |
19 |
sImÄ |
sImf¼v |
sImÅpóXv |
20 |
Ccn |
Ccn¼v |
Ccn¡póXv |
21 |
sImgp |
sImg¼v |
sImgp¡póXv |
22 |
hnÄ |
hnfp¼v |
hnÅpóXv |
23 |
Ingv |
Ing§v |
IngnbpóXv |
24 |
XWp |
XWp§v |
XWp¡póXv |
25 |
XÄ |
Xïv |
XÅpóXv |
26 |
NpÄ |
Npïv |
NpÅpóXv |
27 |
acv |
acpóv |
acphpóXv |
28 |
sImgv |
sImgp´v |
sImgp¡póXv |
29 |
Dgv |
Dugn |
DgpóXv |
30 |
Bgv |
Bgn |
BgapÅXv |
31 |
Icv |
Icn |
Idp¯Xv |
32 |
Nqgv |
Npgen |
NqgpóXv |
33 |
NpSv |
NpSen |
NpSpóXv |
34 |
s]men |
]eni |
s]menbpóXv |
35 |
XÄ |
XfnÀ |
XÅpóXv |
36 |
IpÄ |
IpfnÀ |
IpfpÀ½bpÅXv |
| |
|
|
|
| \ma¯nð\nóp
[mXphpïm¡m\pÅ k{¼Zmbw \ma[mXp {]IcW¯nð hnhcn¨n«pÅXp aXnbmIpw. |
| |
| _mlym`y´ct`Z¯mð |
| i_vZw
cïphn[w hcpw. |
| |
| i_vZ§sf
BKaw {]amWn¨p hn`Pn¡pó]£w Ah B`y´csaópw _mlysaópw cïphn[apïv. aebmfw
{ZmhnUIpSpw_¯nð P\n¨ Hcp `mjbmIpóp; aebmfsamgnsI B IpSpw_¯nð Xangv,
sXep¦v, IÀ®mSIw, Xpfp Fóp \mep {][m\ XmhgnIÄ Dïv. Chbnð\nóv FSp¡póhbmtbm
Chbv¡p kaambn X\n¡p e`n¨n«pÅ IpSpw_kz¯mtbm DÅ i_vZ§Ä B`y´c§Ä; {ZmhnUIpSpw_¯n\p
]pdsa DÅ kwkvIrXw. Cw¥ojv, lnµpØm\n, t]mÀ«pKokv, ]c´ncokv, ]d¦n apXemb
`mjIfnð\nóp e`n¨n«pÅh _mly§Ä. |
| |
| kz´w
km[mcWw tZiyþ |
| saónlm`y´cw
{Xn[m. |
| |
| B`y´cw
Fó hn`mK¯n\v kz´w, km[mcWw, tZiyw Fóp ]nóoSpw aqóv DĸncnhpIÄ. Chbnð
aäp {ZmhnU§fnð ImWmsX aebmf¯nð am{Xw \S¸pÅ i_vZ§Ä kz´w; IpSpw_kz¯mbn
Fñmän\pw XpeyambpÅh km[mcWw; aebmf¯nð¯só Nne tZi§fnð am{Xw \S¸pÅh
tZiyw. |
| |
| _mlyw
XÛhambn«p |
| hcmw
XÛhambpamw. |
|
| _mlyw
Fó hn`mK¯n\pw DĸncnhpIÄ Dïv. 1. XÛhw, 2. XÕaw Fóv. Hcp IpSpw_¯nð
P\n¨ BÄ aäp IpSpw_¯nte¡p t]mIpóXv cïphn[w hcmw. HómaXp Z¯mbn«v; cïmaXp
kJyhpw aäpwsImïv. Chbnð HómaXpt]mepÅ hnPmXobi_vZ§fmWv XÛh§Ä; Z¯p]p{Xsâ
tKm{Xw F§s\ ]ucmWnIÀ am{Xta Adnbpthm A§s\ XÛh¯nsâ Dð¸¯n \ncpàImct\
kv]jvSambncn¡q. AXnð \nóp `hn¨XpXÛhw, AXnt\mSp kaw XÕaw Fóv kwÚIfpw
A\zÀ°§fmIpóp. AXn\mð XÛh§Ä¡p ]e ImcW§fmð hfsc hyXymkw hóncn¡pw. XÕaw
cïp `mjIfnepw Xpeycq]ambn¯só Ccn¡pw. Cu t`Zw kwkvIr¯nð\nóv FSp¡pó
i_vZ§fnemWv A[nIwImWpóXv. KmÀ¯psshäpkmbn¸v Cu XÛhXÕai_vZ§sf D]tbmKn¡póXv
ChnsS hnhcn¨ Xmð]cy¯nð¯só BtWm Fóp kwibnt¡ïnbncn¡póp. GXmbmepw \mw
Cu i_vZ§Ä¡p sImSp¯n«pÅ AÀ°w sXep¦psshbmIcWòmcpsS A\phmZ{]Imchpw, Chsb
krjvSn¨ ImhymZÀiIÀ¯mhmb ZÞnsb A\pkcn¨pw i_vZhypð¸¯nsb Ahew_n¨pw BIpóp. |
| |
|
| |
| i_vZw |
| |
| |
{ |
1.
kz´w |
|
{ |
1.
XÕaw |
| 1.B`y´cw |
2. km[mcWw
|
2._mlyw |
|
| |
3. tZiyw |
|
2. XÛhw |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
B`y´cw |
| |
| DZm:
kz´w: ]\n (=Pzcw); apïv (=hkv{Xw); Aïn, t]män, thf (=Igp¯v) |
| |
| km[mcWw:
ag, amSw, hSn; ]Ww (Xangv, I˨mSIw) KUp (I.Xp.sX) IhSn (X., I., Xp.)
Nn¸n (X, I, sX) |
| tZiyw:
A¸, Xm¸, sXmgp¯v, s]mä, Icn¡pd, Icn¦®n, Icn¦óð. |
| |
| XÛhambnt«m
XÕa\mbnt«m kwkvIrX¯nð \nóp \ma§sf FSp¡pt¼mÄ AXv tIhe{]mXn]ZnIcq]¯ntem
hn`ày´]Zcq]¯ntem thïsXóv kwibw hcmw. AXnð XoÀ¨sN¿póp: |
| |
| kwkvIrX{]Yamcq]w |
| \ma{]IrXn
`mjbnð. |
| ZoÀLm´w
{lkzamt¡Wþ |
| at\Im£camhpInð |
| |
| kwkvIrX¯nð
{]YssaIhN\¯nse cq]amWv aebmf¯nð {]IrXnØm\w hln¡póXv. `mjbnð {]IrXnkzcq]wXsóbmWv
{]Ya; AXn\p {]tXIn¨v {]Xybhpwaäpw Bhiyanñ. kwkvIrX¯nð {]mXn]ZnIcq]hpw
]Zhpw shtÆsd BsW¦nð AXp \ap¡pt\m¡o«p Imcyanñ. `mjbnse \S¸\pkcn¨v {]YssaIhN\cq]s¯
{]IrXnbmbn kzoIcn¡Ww. ZoÀLm´i_vZ§Ä `mjbnð Gsd \S¸nñm¯XpsImïv AXpIsf
Ipdp¡Ww. Fómð GIam{XIi_vZw A\njvSamIbmð GIm£c]Z§sf {lkzam¡bpw AcpXv.
ZoÀLw AXymhiysaóp hcpó]£w `mjm\nbaa\pkcn¨v bImchImc§sf HSphnð tNÀ¯psImÅpI.
DZm: |
| |
| ]nXr: |
]nXm |
= ]nXmhv, |
]nXmhns\ |
| a[penlv: |
a[penSv |
= a[pen«v, |
a[pen«ns\ |
| Kncv: |
Kox |
= Kocv, |
Kocns\ |
| cmP³: |
cmPm |
= cmPmhv, |
cmPmhns\ |
| iin³: |
iio |
= iin, |
iinsb |
| IÀ½³: |
IÀ½ |
= IÀ½w, |
IÀ½¯ns\ |
| kwkZv: |
kwkXv |
= kwk¯v, |
kwk¯ns\ |
| alXv: |
alm³ |
= alm³, |
alms\ |
| hmNv: |
hmIv |
= hm¡v, |
hm¡ns\ |
| Zniv: |
ZnIv |
= Zn¡v, |
Zn¡ns\ |
| Zznjv: |
ZznSv |
= Zzn«v, |
Zzn«ns\ |
| th[kv: |
th[mx |
= th[mhv, |
th[mhns\ |
| hnZzkv: |
hnZzm³ |
= hnZzm³, |
hnZzms\. |
| |
vv |
|
|
