2. kamk{]IcWw
 
hn`àn¡pdn IqSmsX
]ZtbmKw kamkamw.
 
hn`ànIfpsSbpw aäpw klmbw IqSmsX i_vZ§sf tIhew Iq«nt¨À¡póXn\mð¯só Ahbv¡p X½nepÅ kw_Ôs¯ Ipdn¡pIbmIpóp kamk¯nsâ kzm`mhw. "Xebnse thZ\' Fóp ]dbpóXn\p ]Icw "Xe', "thZ\' Fó i_vZ§sf tIhew Hcpan¨p tNÀ¯p ]dbpóXv kamkam¡póp. ChnsS tNÀóncn¡pó cïp]Z§Ä¡pw X½nepÅ kw_Ôw Ipdn¡póXn\p kamkw(IqSnt¨cpI) AñmsX {]Xybw apXemb Imcy§Ä Hópanñ. kamk¯nð apóncn¡pó ]Z¯n\v ]qÀÆ]Zsaópw ]nóncn¡póXn\v D¯c]Zsaópw t]À.
 
Xmac cïp Xc¯nepïv. AXns\ thÀXncn¡póXn\p shfp¯Xmac, sNaó Xmac Fóp {]tXyIn¨p ]ZwXncn¨p ImWn¡m³ aSn¨v kuIcy¯n\pthïn t`ZI{]IrXnIsf¯só \mat¯mSv {]Xybwt]mse tNÀ¯v shXmac, sN´mac Fóp i_vZtbmK§Ä Nabv¡póp. AXn\ptað sN´macbpsS ]qhv FóXn\p]Icw B ]Z§sf Iq«nt¨À¯v sN´mac¸qshópw, ]nóoSv AXnsâ aW¯n\p sN´mac¸qaWw Fópw AXn\pw D]cn aWw sImgps¡ Dsï¦nð sN´mac¸qaWs¡mgp¸v Fópw hym[nIcWtam kam\m[nIcWtam Bb hntijWhntijy§sf Iq«nt¨À¡pwtXmdpw ]ZtbmKw \oïp\oïphcmw. C§s\ kuIcy¯n\pthïn hmNI¯nsâ Øm\¯v ]Z§sf taev¡ptað Iq«nt¨À¡póXmWv kamkw. kamkn¡pó \ma§fnð ]qÀÆ]Zw hntijWamsWóp ImWn¡póXn\p tbmPn¸pt\m¡n ]ckw{Im´nkqNI§fmb ZznXzJcmtZimZyp]mb§sf D]tbmKn¡bpw AwKcq]§sf {]tbmKn¡bpwsN¿mw. Im«pt]m¯v, sN¸p¡pSw, Iqhf¯n³thcv CXymZn e£y§fnð ]qÀÆ]Zw hntijWamsWóp cq]wsImïpXsó kv]jvSamIpóp.
 
thsd Nne DZmlcW§fnð AenwK\ma§Ä¡v enwKw tNÀ¯p ImWpIbmð kamkLSI§fmb ]Z§Ä¡pw kzmÀ°¯nð hn{im´n hcpónñ, ]cmÀ°¯nð BWv AXpIsf D]tbmKn¨ncn¡póXv Fóp sXfnbpw. At¸mÄ AÀ°tNÀ¨bv¡p X¡h®w BhI¸Z§sf ]cmÀ°¯nð \mw A\zbn¡póp. \mòpJ³,B\s¡m¼³, t]S¡®n, Aó\SbmÄ CXymZnIÄ t\m¡pI. \mepapJ§Ä Fóp am{Xta hnh£bpÅpsh¦nð "A³' Fó ]pñnwK{]Xybw tNÀ¡m³ ]mSnñ; AXpsImïv "\mep', "apJw' Fó ]Zwcïpw Hcp]pcpjs\ Ipdn¡Ww. At¸mÄ A\zbw DïmIm³thïn \mep apJapÅh³ Fó AÀ°w kamk¯n\p \mw Iev]n¡póp.B\s¡m¼pt]mepÅXv B\s¡m¼³; t]SbpsS I®pt]mse I®pÅhÄ t]S¡®n; Aó¯nsât]mse \SbpÅhÄ Aó\SbmÄ C§s\ A\y]ZmÀ°{][m\ambn hcpó kamk¯n\v "_lp{holn' Fópw apópZmlcW§fnset¸mse D¯c]Zw {][m\ambpÅXn\v "Xð¸pcpj³' Fópw, Xmsg ]dbm³t]mIpó D`b]Z{][m\¯n\v "Zzµz³' Fópw t]cpIÄ ASp¯p ]dbpw.
 
Hcp hkvXphn\pXsó _lpXzw ImWn¡póXn\p ]Icw, cïp hkvXp¡sf Iq«nt¨À¯p _lpXzw sNbvXmð AXpw CXpw FóÀ°w In«matñm. AÑ\pw A½bpw Fóp ]dbpóXn\p]Icw AÑ\½amÀ Fóp cïp hntijy]Z§sf Iq«nt¨À¯p kamkapïm¡mw.
 
C§s\bmWv kamk§fpsS DÛhw. {ZmhnU§fnð ctïm aqtóm ]ZwtNÀó sNdnb kamk§tf DÅq; AXn\pw ]qÀÆ]Z¯nsâ hntijWo`mhw ImWn¡póXn\p ZznXzJcmtZi§tfm AwKcq]tam D]tbmKn¡ {]mtbW sN¿mdpïv. AXpt]mse ]cmÀ°¯nepÅ kamk¯n\p enwK{]Xybw ImWpw. AXn\mð kamk§sf thÀXncn¨dnhm\pw, hn{Klw Fóp ]dbpóXpw kamkmÀ°w hnhcn¡póXpw Bb hmNIs¯ \nÀ®bn¡m\pw H«pta {iaanñ. Fómð kwkvIrX¯nsâ A[nImcw apgp¯tXmSpIqSn B `mjsb A\pIcn¨p ZoÀLZoÀL§fmb Häkamk§sf am{Xañ, an{ikamk§sfbpw aebmfIhnÄ {]tbmKn¡m³ XpS§o«pïv.
 
"K´hym tX hkXncfIm \ma bt£izcmWmw
_mtlymZym\ØnXlcincivN{µnIm[uXlÀ½ym'
 
Fó taLktµitÇmImÀ²¯nsâ XÀÖabnð aqes¯ A\pkcn¨pw A\pIcn¨pw,
 
"F³tXmgÀ¡bðhmgni¦capSn¯n¦Ä¡nSmhn³\nemþ
 
hmSpw taSItfmSp tahpafIbv¡mW§p t]mtIïXpw'
 
Fóp ZoÀLkamkw sNbvXncn¡póXp t\m¡pI.
 
LSI]Z§fpsS PmXnt`Zw {]amWn¨v kamk§sf Xmsg hnhcn¡pó{]Imcw hn`Pn¡mw:
 
1. {InbmwKw {InbtbmSv þ sImïmSpI, c£n¨psImÄI.
2. \maw {InbtbmSv þ ssIshSnbpI, t`ZamhpI, \ne\nev¡pI.
3. \mamwKw \mat¯mSv þ s]ä½.
4. \maw \mamwKt¯mSv þ tXt\mepwhmWn.
5. \maw \mat¯mSv þ s]mev¡pSw, cma\m«w.
6. t`ZIw \mat¯mSv þ shNmacw, sN¼c¯n.
 
LSI§fpsS {]m[m\yw {]amWn¨v kamk§sf aqómbn hn`Pn¨ncn¡póp. F§s\,
 
1. Xð¸pcpj³ þ D¯c]ZmÀ°{][m\w þ XethZ\.
2. _lp{holn þ A\y]ZmÀ°{][m\w þ Xmac¡®³.
3. Zzµz³ þ kÀÆ]ZmÀ°{][m\w þ AÑ\½amÀ.
 
Ahybo`mhhpw ZznKphpw `mjbnenñm¯Xn\mð ChnsS ]cnKWn¨n«nñ.
 
hntijWhntijy§Ä
]qÀtÆm¯c]Z§fmbv
kamkn¨mð Xð¸pcpjþ
\pfhmw ]ePmXnbnð.
 
hntijWw hntijyt¯mSp kamkn¡póXv Xð]pcpj³. hntijWw kam\m[nIcWamtbm hy[nIcWamtbm Ccn¡mw; ]Z§fpw \maIrXn t`ZI§fnð GXpamImw. AXn\mð ]eamXncnbnð Xð¸pcpjkamkw DfhmIpw. (hntijWw kam\m[nIcWambncpómð AXn\v "IÀ½[mcb³' Fóp {]{Inbbv¡pthïn hntijmð t]À kwkvIrX¡mÀ sNbvXn«pïv.) DZm:
 
hn`àyÀ°w kamkw hn{Klw
1.
{
\nÀt±inI t`ZamhpI t`Zw BhpI
Sn IÀ½[mcb³ sImós¯§v sImóbmb sX§v
2.
  {]Xn{KmlnI ]m¡psh«n ]m¡ns\ sh«póXv
3.
  kwtbmPnI ]s´m¡pw ]t´msSm¡pó
4.
  Dt±inI tlma¸pc tlma¯n\pÅ ]pc
5.
  {]tbmPnI am§m¡dn am§bmð Idn
6.
  kw_ÔnI acs¸mSn ac¯nsâ s]mSn
7.
  B[mcnI tXmÄhf tXmfnse hf
8.
  \nóv \mSp\o§n \m«nð\nóp \o§n
9.
  Ipdn¨v B\_v{`m´v B\sb¡pdn¨pÅ {`m´v
         
hntijy§Ä¡pw At`Zw AÀ°¯nð Xð¸pcpjkamkw hcmw; AXn\p cq]Ikamkw Fóp t]À. DZm:
 
ASnaeÀ þ ASnbmIpó aeÀ. a\¡pcpóv þ a\amIpó Ipcpóv.
.{]kn²n\nan¯w {]tbmKn¡msXXsó AÀ°¯n\p {]XoXnbpÅXmb a[ya]Zw Xð¸pcpj\nð tem]n¸n¡mw. Cu hI kamk¯n\v "a[ya]Ztem]n' Fóp t]À. DZm:
 
sh®¡rjvW³ þ sh®{]nb\mb IrjvW³
Xohïn þ Xobmð HmSn¡s¸Spó hïn.
aªpsXm¸n þ aªns\ XSp¡pó sXm¸n.
 
ImcI§Ä [mXpthmSp kamkn¨pïmIpóXv ImcIXð¸pcpj³. DZm:
 
X]Êncn¡pI Iq«ncn¸v \mSphmgpóp
thfnIgn¡ A½m\bmSpI ]nSnIqSpI
     
Cs¨mó]Sn Ahm´chn`mK§Ä sNbvXpXpS§nbmð Ahkm\n¡póXp {]bmkw.hn`àyÀ°§fnð hcpó Xð¸pcpj\v B hn`ànbpsStbm AXnsâ AÀ°amb ImcI¯nsâtbm t]À tNÀ¯p kwtbmPnImXð¸pcpj³ Ftóm IcWXð¸pcpj³ Ftóm Cuhn[w kwÚIÄ sN¿mw. kwkvIrX¯nepÅ Ahm´ct`Z§fnð `mjbnð kw`hn¡mhpóhsb ChnsS hnhcn¨pIgnªp. kwkvIrX¯nð kamkw {]m[mt\y\ \ma§Ä X½nð am{XamIbmð "tX¨pIpfn', "]nSn¨p]dn' apXemb `mjmXð¸pcpj§Ä¡p kwkvIrXt¸cpIÄ ImWpIbnñ. kwÚIfpsS F®w hÀ²n¸n¨n«mhiyansñópIcpXn ChnsS ]pXnb kwÚIsf krjvSn¡m³ Bcw`n¡pópanñ.
 
hntijWw hntijyt¯mþ
SXptÅms\óp Im«phm³
kamkn¨mð _lp{holn;
AXpw ]ehn[w hcmw.
 
hntijWhninjvSamb hntijys¯¯só Xð¸pcpj³ {][m\am¡n¡mWn¡póp; _lp{holnbmIs« Hcp ]SnIqSn¡Sóp hntijWhninjvSamb hntijyw Gh\ptïm Ahs\ Ipdn¡póp.
 
]pñnwKw Ahnh£nXw. DZm:
 
a[pcsamgn þ a[pcamb samgnbpÅ (h³þhÄþXp)
s\Sp¦®n þ s\Snb I®pÅhÄ.
\mòpJ³ þ \mep apJapÅh³.
ap¡®³ þ aqóp I®pÅh³.
 
_lp{holnbpsS hIt`Z§Ä:
 
1. kmZriyhmNIamb Hcp a[ya]ZapÅXv D]amKÀ`w.
DZm: IRvPt\Àangn = IRvPt¯mSp t\cmb angnbpÅhÄ.
 
2. D]amhmNI]Zw AÀ°kn²ambn hón«pÅXv D]amep]vXw.
DZm: aXnapJn = aXnsbt¸mepÅ apJapÅhÄ.
 
3. D]am\]Zw tem]n¨n«pÅXv D]am\ep]vXw.
DZm: t]S¡®n = t]SbpsS I®pt]mepÅ I®pÅhÄ.
 
Zzµz³ kap¨bmÀ°¯nð
hntijy§Ä¡p X§fnð;
kwJym\ma§fmsW¦nð
hnIev]mÀ°¯nð hónSpw
 
DZm: AÑ\½amÀ = AÑ\pw A½bpw; Aômdv = Atôm Btdm;
ssIImepIÄ = ssIbpw Imepw; ]¯p]Xn\ôv = ]¯p]Xn\tôm.
 
hyànhnh£IqSmsX kapZmb¯n\p {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡pó]£w \]pwkIZzµz\v GIhN\hpamImw. DZm:
 
"Pcm\c hn`qjWw; ssIImev.'
 
hntijWo`mhNnÓw
enwKkwJymZytem]hpw
ip²`mjmkamk¯nð
ImWpw ]qÀÆ]Z¯n\v.
 
Xð]pcpj\pw _lp{holnbpw hntijWhntijy§Ä X½nepÅ kamkamWtñm. AXpIfnð LSI§Ä ip²aebmf]Z§fmsW¦nð ]qÀÆ]Zw hntijWamsWóp ImWn¡m\pÅ {]{InbIÄ {]kànbpÅnSs¯ñmw hópImWpw. AXpt]mse enwKhN\hn`àn{]Xyb§Ä tem]n¡msXXsó \nev¡pIbpamImw. hntijWo`mhNnÓ§sf AXmXp Zn¡pIfnð hnhcn¨n«pïv. DZm:
 
D¼ÀtIm³ tZhIÄtZh³, (hN\w tem]n¨n«nñ.) IrjvW³XncphSn,
Ime\qÀ, cma\m«w, acwIbäw, (enwKw tem]n¨n«nñ.) CXymZn.
Xm³tXmón, s]mð¸qhnðam\n\n, X\n¡pXm³t]móh³ (hn`àn¡p tem]anñ.)
Bbnc¯mïv, I]nIpe¯cN³ þ AwKcq]w þ A¯v,
Im«pt]m¯v, BäpaWð þAwKcq]w þZznXzw.
Ipón³aIÄ, ]m¡n³tXmSv þ Sn þ C³ CS\ne.
sN¸p¡pSw, B«shen þ Sn þ A\p\mknIXymKhpw JcZznXzhpw.
hÅn¡pSnev, ]pent¯mð þ Sn þ D¯c]ZmZnZznXzw
 
enwKhN\hn`ànIÄ¡p tem]whcm¯ kamk¯n\v Aep]vXkamkw Fóp t]À sN¿mw. kwkvIrXm\pIcWw\nan¯w Aep]vXkamkw Ct¸mÄ A]qÀÆamWv; AXnepw hntijn¨v, hn`àntem]w hcmsXbpÅh hfsc¨pcp§pw. Fómð kwkvIr¯nepw kcknPw, ht\Nc³, tZhm\mw{]nb³ CXymZnIÄt]mse Aep]vXkamk§Ä ZpÀñ`§ñ. hyRvP\m´i_vZ§Ä¡mWtñm AwK¯n\v "C³' CS\ne; AXv kw_ÔnImXð¸pcpj\nð {]mtbW ImWpw. "Imbm¼q', "am§'CXymZnIÄ "Imbmhn³]q', "amhn³Im' CXymZnIfpsS kt¦mNnXcq]§fmbncn¡Ww.
 
kamk¯nð ]cm[o\þ
s¸«pt]mb ]Z§fnð
ZmkZmk\ymbcoXymþ
tNcm _mlyhntijWw.
 
ep]vXkamk¯nð tem]n¨ncn¡pó enwKhN\mZnIfpsS AÀ°w tbmK_ewsImïmWv kv^pcn¡póXv. AXpsImïv cïp]Z§Ä X§fnð kamkn¡pt¼mÄ AXpIÄ¡p X\nsb \nev¡pt¼mÄ DïmImhpó kzmX{´yw \in¨pt]mIpw. kapZmb¯n\ñmsX AwK§Ä¡p {]tXyIn¨v Hc[nImchpanñ. Hä¸Z¯nð LSI§fmb A£c§fpsS \netb kamk¯nð LSI]Z§Ä¡papÅq. AXn\mð LSI]Z§Ä¡p shfnbnð\nóp hntijWw tNÀ¡m³ \ymbanñ. AXnepw hntijn¨v kamk¯nð¯só A{][m\ambn \nev¡pó ]Z¯n\v H«pw ]mSnñ. kzbta Zmk\mbh\v F§s\ Hcp Zmk³ tbmPn¡pw? t]Sam\nsâ angnt]mepÅ angnbpÅhÄ "t]Sam³angn' Fóp kamkwsNbvXXnsâtijw B t]Sam\n\p`bs¸« (t]Sam³) Fsómcp hntijWw tNÀ¯v "`bs¸« t]Sam³angn' Fóp {]tbmKn¨pIqSm. `oXamb arKw= `oXarKw' AXntâXpt]mse A£nbpÅhÄ `oXarKm£n Fóp kamk¯n\ptað kamkw sNbvhm³ hntcm[hpanñ. At¸mÄ hntijWw _mlyamIpónñ: Aep]vXkamk§fnemIs« C{Xt¯mfw \nÀºÔamhiyanñ. Xmsg D²cn¨n«pÅ {]mNo\{]tbmK§Ä A\pIcWtbmKy§fñ.
 
NÞcmw cm£k\n{Klw þ tI.cm.
\µ\kaamapZym\`wKw sNbvXmð þ Sn
timIkm[\amb kwkmctam£w þ `mK.
 
C\n ]qÀÆkq{X¯nðs¨bvX \nÀºÔs¯ HtómSv \nckn¡póp:
 
{]XoXn¡pdhnsñ¦nð
]ncnªmepw kamkamw.
 
kapZmb¯n\v GImÀ°{]XoXnbpïm¡mWv kamkw sN¿póXv: B {]XoXn¡p lm\nhcm¯]£w LSI§sf ]ncn¨p ZqscZqsc {]tbmKn¨mepw B ]Z§Ä¡p kamkwXsó.
 
"Imcyw `hm\dn thsdbntñXpta'
 
Fó NmWIy\oXnbnse {]tbmK¯nð Imcy¯nsâ Adnhv=Imcyadnhv Ftóm; Adnhn\p hnjbamIpónñ= Adnhnñ Ftóm kamkw kzoIcn¨mte A\zbw tbmPn¡bpÅp. Fómð Cu ]Z§Ä X§fnð AIómWp \nev¡póXv. F¦nepw AÀ°{]XoXn icnbmbn hcpópïv; AXn\mð CuamXncn kamk§sf "hyhlnXkamkw' Fóp t]cn«p kzoIcn¡mw.