4. t`ZIm[nImcw
 
Xangv sshbmIcWòmÀ t`ZIs¯ {]tXyIw Hcn\ambn KWn¡pónñ. AhcpsS aX¯nð KpWhmNI§fmb \ma§fmWv. "sN½, sNdpa' Fóp KpWhmNI\maambn«ñmsX sNw, sNdp Fóp tIheKpWnhmNIambn«p ]Z§fnsñómWv AhcpsS hmZw. "sN¦\ð, sNdp]bdv' FónXymZn {]tbmK§fnð sN½, sNdpa FónhIfnse a Fó Awiw tem]n¨ncn¡póp Fóv AhÀ Iev]n¡póp. Hcphn[w t\m¡nbmð Cu hmZ¯n\p bpànbnsñópanñ. sNw, sNdp apXembh t`ZI{]IrXnIfmIpóp. Ahsb Hcp \ma¯n\p ap³]v kamkambn«ñmsX {]tbmKn¨pIqSm. Cu ØnXn¡v kwkvIrX¯nse \nXykamk§fnepÅ ]qÀÆ]Z§fpsS Øm\amWhbv¡v. kzX{´{]tbmKm\Àlamb i_vZw F§s\ ]ZamIpw? {]Xyb§sf¡mÄ F´p hntijamWhbv¡pÅXv? sN½, sNdpa Fóv Xòm{XX²nXw AXpIfnð\nópïmIpópïv; kamk¯nð ]qÀÆ]Zambn \nóv Hcp KpWnsb Ipdn¡pópapïtñm Fóp tNmZn¡póXmbmð \maIrXnIÄ¡pw Cu amXncn {]tbmKw hcmdpïv; AXpIsfbpw At¸mÄ t`ZIsaóp ]dtbïnhcpsaóp Xct¡Sphcpóp."\ndIpSw', "s]mòe' Fóp kamk§fnð ]qÀÆ]Z§Ä apdbv¡p IrXnbpw \mahpañtbm? AXpIÄ ]qÀÆ]Zambn \nópwsImïv D¯c]Zamb \mas¯ hntijn¸n¡póXpt]msebñmsX F´p hntijamWv "sN¦\ð', "sNdp]bdv' CXymZnIfnepw? sNhó I\ð, sNdnb ]bdv Fónhbv¡v kzX{´{]tbmKhpapïtñm FómWv C\n tNmZysa¦nð AXn\p thsd kam[m\apïv. "sNhó', "sNdnb' Fónh t]sc¨cq]§fmWv; AXpsImïv Ah IrXnIfmbnt¸mbn.
 
Fómð CsXñmw shdpw apd«phmZamWv. kzX{´ambmse´v? ]cX{´ambmse´v? sNw, sNdp apXembh KpWnhmNI§fñtbm? kzX{]tbmKmÀlXzwIqSn ]Ze£W¯nð DÄs¸Sp¯Wsaóptïm? Añ, kzX{´Xzw IWniambn«p t\m¡pIbmsW¦nð \maIrXnIÄ¡pw hmIykvt^mS]£¯nð kzmX{´yaptïm Fóp tNmZn¡mw. t]sc¨ cq]w hóXpsImïd sNhó, sNdnb apXembh Hcn¡epw IrXnIfmIpóXpañ; IrXn{]IrXnbmb [mXphnð t]sc¨¯n\p sN¿pó {]Xybhpw {]{InbbpwXsóbmWv t`ZI{]IrXnIfnepw Fóp hccptXm? thWsa¦nð Hcp]SnIqSn ISóv t]sc¨wXsó IrXnIfnð\nóp P\n¡pó t`ZIamsWópIqSn t\scadn¨p hmZn¡mw. hmkvXh¯nð t]sc¨w \mas¯ hntijn¸n¡pó IrXnbmWtñm. KpWZzmcm Añ {InbmZzmcm BWv hntijn¸n¡póXv Fóp am{Xta t`ZapÅp. KpWw Fó Awis¯ t`ZI¯nsâ e£W¯nð A´À`hn¸n¨n«mhiyhpanñ. hntijn¸n¡póXv KpWs¯tbm {Inbsbtbm ]pckvIcn¨mhmw Ftó DÅp. KpW{InbIsf Iq«nt¨À¯v Hómbn {Kln¡póXn\p "[À½w" Fó ]Zs¯ thWsa¦nð D]tbmKn¡bpw sN¿mw. t]sc¨w t]cn\pw, hn\sb¨w hn\bv¡pw hntijWamsWópÅXv k½Xnt¨ Xocp; hntijWambn¯ocpó AhØbnepw AXpIÄ X§Ä¡pÅ {Inbm[À½s¯ Dt]£n¡pónñ Fóp am{Xw hntijw. asämón\p IogS§nt¸mbn Fóph¨n«v kz[À½w hnSWsaónñtñm. N{IhÀ¯n¡v IogS§pó kma´cmPmhv kzcmPy¯nð, cmPmhpXsóbmWtñm. AXpt]mse ]äphn\IÄ hntijWhmIy¯nð BJymXwXsó. km{amPys¯¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ kzX{´\ñm¯Xpt]mse ]äphn\Ifpw almhmIy¯nð ]cm{ibnIfmIpóp. AXn\mð ]Zhn`mK¯nð t`ZIw Fsómcn\w Bhiyw Xsó.
 
t`ZI¯nð {]IrXnXm³
\mamZn¡p hntijWw;
t]sc¨cq]hpw sImÅmw
[mXphnð sNmóa«nte.
hn\sb¨¯nse cq]w
{InbmKpWhntijWw.
A´yZznXzw ¢o_cq]þ
anXymZnIfpa§s\.
 
\mahntijWw, {InbmhntijWw, KpWhntijWw Fóp aqóp hIt`Z§Ä hcmatñm. AXnð {]IrXnIÄXsó Hmtcmónópw hntijWambn \nev¡pw; \maIrXnIÄ¡p ]dªXpt]mse cq]\njv]¯nsbmópw Bhiyanñ. {]IrXnZibnð¯só \nev¡pI \nan¯w \mahntijWambn hcpt¼mÄ hntijy§fmb \ma§fnð \nóp ]ncn¨p {]tbmKn¡ ]Xnhnñ. ]ncn¨p {]tbmKn¡Ww Fóp hnh£n¡pó]£w IrXnIÄ¡p t]sc¨apïm¡póXn\p sN¿mdpÅ {]Xybhpw {]{InbbpwXsó CXpIÄ¡pw; Xpey\ymb{]Imcw hn\sb¨¯n\pÅXv {InbmhntijW§Ä¡pw hcpw. ]äphn\IfpsS cq]\njv]¯nk{¼Zmbw tbmPn¡m¯nS¯v A´yhyRvP\¯n\p ZznXzw, \maambncpómð AXnsâ \]pwkssIIhN\cq]w CXymZnIfpw t`ZI§sf kzX{´{]tbmKmÀl§fm¡n¯oÀ¡pw. DZm:
 
sNdp
:
sNdp]bdv þ {]IrXnkzcq]w þ kamkambn«v þ \mahntijWw.
sNdnb
:
sNdnb acw þ t]sc¨w kzX{´ambn«v þ \mahntijWw.
sNäv
:
apJw sNäp hnbÀ¯p þ A´yZznXzw kzX{´ambn«v þ {InbmhntijWw
sNdpXp
:
apJw sNdpXp hnb¯p þ ¢o_cq]w kzX{´ambn«v þ {InbmhntijWw
sað
:
sasñ þ apJw sasñ
}
\Sphn\sb¨w kzX{´ambn«v þ {InbmhntijWw
    hnbÀ¯p  
H«p
(1)
H«p t\cw :     \mahntijWw
 
(2)
H«p \óv :     KpWhntijWw
 
(3)
H«p ^en¨ Imcyw:     {InbmhntijWw
           
Bb þ Bbn þ IÄ IqSmsX
tbmPn¡nñ hn`mhIw.
 
t`ZI§fnð ip²w, \mamwKPw, {InbmwKPw Fó hn`mK§sf¸änbmWv ]qÀÆkq{X¯nð ]dªXv. {]IrXkq{Xw "hn`mhIw' Fó C\s¯¸änbmIpóp.hn`mhIt`ZIw enwKt`Zs¯¡qSn ImWn¡póXmIbmð AXv GItZiw \ma¯n\p XpeyamWv. hymIcWZrjvSym hn`mhIw \ma¯nsâ hIt`ZamtIïXmWv; KpWZzmcm \ma§sfbpw {InbIsfbpw t`Zn¸n¡pIbmð, t`ZIe£W¯nð AÀ°w{]amWn¨v CXn\v A´À`mhw hcpópshtó DÅp. ip²¯n\v F{Xt¯mfw ]mcX{´yw \nan¯w AXp hntijyt¯mSp t\sc tbmPn¡pónñ; AXn\mð Bb, Bbn Fóv "BhpI' [mXphnsâ ]äphn\IfpsS klmbw CXn\p thïnbncn¡póp. \mahntijWamIpt¼mÄ Bb Fó t]sc¨hpw, KpW{InbmhntijW§fmIpt¼mÄ Bbn Fó hn\sb¨hpw at²y {]tbmKn¡Ww. DZm:
 
tIaamb kZy þ \mahntijWw kZy tIambn \Sópþ {In. hn.
kpJamb Dd¡w þ \mahntijWw Dd¡wkpJambn hcpóp þ {In. hn.
   
kmwJyw apdbvs¡mcncpapþ
\mssebsdgpsh]Xp.
kmwJyt`ZI§sf apdbv¡v Cu kq{X¯nð ]cnKWn¨ncn¡póp.
 
1. Hcp 3. ap. 5. sF 7. Fgp 10. ]Xp
2. Ccp 4. \mð 6. Adp 8. F  
       
DZm: Hcp IpXnc, ap¡®³, sFb¼³, Fgp]Xv, ]Xp (C³) Bbncw Ccp`mKw, \mepZn¡pIÄ, Adp\qdp, FZni
 
kzmÀ°hn{im´nkqNIamb A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w; Ip, Sp, Xp, dp, Fó hnhÀ¯I{]Xyb§Ä; A´yZznXzw CuhI {]{InbIÄsImïv Cu kmJyt`Z§Ä kmwJy\ma§fmbn¯ocpóp. DZm:
 
Hcp: H³cp = H³cp = Hóv A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w  
Ccp: Ccv+A+Xp = Ccïp = cïv A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w Xp {]Xybhpw
aq: apcp = apdp = ap³dp = apóv A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w dp {]Xybw
\mð: \mð+Ip(eImc¯n\v A\p\mknIw)= \m¦p   Ip {]Xybhpw.
sF: sF´p = sFôp = Aôv
A\p\mknIhpw Xp{]Xybhpw.
Adp: Bdp   ZoÀLw.
Fgv: Ggv   ZoÀLw.
F¬: F«v ZznXzJcmtZi§fpw Sp {]Xybhpw.
]Xp: ]¯v   ZznXzw.
       
CcpþCse DImcw kwhrXamWv; AXpsImïv i_vZkzcq]w Ccv Ftó DÅp. GIam{Xambn«p ]Zw \nópIqSm FópÅ kn²m´{]ImcamWv AXnð kwhrXw tNÀ¡póXv. Cu ^ew km[n¡póXn\v BZykzcw \o«nbmepw aXn. AXn\mð Cucv Fópw cq]apïv. Adp, Ggp Fónhsb t\m¡pt¼mÄ ap "apcp' FópXsó Bbncn¡Wsaóqln¸m³ hIbpïv. IÀ®mSI¯nse cq]hpw A§s\Xsó; Xangvaebmf§fnð cp tem]n¨Xmbncn¡mw. \m¦p Fó icnbmb \macq]w aebmf¯nð "]Xnóm¦p' Fó NXpÀ±ioXnYnkwÚbnepw "Ccp\ms¦«v' CXymZn FNphSnIfnepw am{Xta D]tbmKn¡mdpÅq; aäpÅnS¯p \mð Fó t`ZIcq]wXsó \S¸mbn. sF¼Xp sFªqdp CXymZnIfnð t`ZImhØbnepw A\p\mknItbmKw GÀs¸«ncn¡póp. "sF´p' Fó Xangnse sFImcw "Aôv' FóXnð¯só AImcambn«p amdnt¸mbXn\mð A³]Xv, Aªqdv Fóv Fgp¯nð hn[w amdnt¸mbn. "sXm®qdv', sXmÅmbncw' cïnsâbpw Omb t\m¡pt¼mÄ H³]Xp "sXm]Xv' Bbncn¡Wsaóp sXfnbpóp; sXep¦nð "sXm½nZn' Fóp XImcw ImWpópapïv. sXmÄ Fó {]IrXn¡p "ap³' FómWÀ°w. At¸mÄ ]¯n\p ap³]net¯Xp = sXm]Xp (=H³]Xv) FóÀ°hpw tbmPn¡pópïv. "]Xp' A´yZznXzw sImïv Ffp¸¯nð ]¯mbns¡mÅpw. ]Xns\móv, ]Xn½qóv, ]Xnómev CXymZnIfnð C³ AwKkwkvImcw hcpóp. Ccp]Xv, ap¸Xv CXymZnIfnð kamkw sImïv i_vZw \ofpóXn\mð "Ccp]¯v' Fóv A´yZznXz¯nsâ Bhiyanñ. ]{´ïnð ]Xpþhn\p ]Icw "]´v' FómWv {]IrXn. CXn Ccp]mt\gv (27) Fópw aäpw sN´angnð ImWpó ]m³ FóXnð _e¯n\pthïn XImcw tNÀ¯pïm¡nbXmbncn¡Ww. CXnsâ Xsó Xancq]w "]´ncïv' FómWtñm.
 
Hóv (emän³þD\kv), Aôv (kwkvIrXwþ]ô), F«v (kwkvIrXwþAjvS), ]¯v (kwkvIrXwþ ]wàn) Fó kwJyIÄ¡v AXmXv Bcy`mjmi_vZ§tfmSp kmayw ImWpóp. AXn\mð Cu ]Z§Ä HópaäXnð\nóp ISwhm§nbh Bbncn¡msaóp ]ecpw i¦n¨n«pïv. ISwhm§pI Zcn{Z³ [\nI³hiamWtñm ]Xnhv. At¸mÄ {ZmhnU§Ä Bcy`mjIfnð\nóp ISwhm§n Fóp hcWw. Fómð Cu kwKXn thïpwh®w hnNmcWsNbvXn«v [z\nkmayw ImWpóXv tIhew bZrÑmhnemkta DÅp Fóv UmIvSÀ ImðsUzð Xocpam\n¨ncn¡póp. ]´ncïv Fóp aebmf¯nð ]wàn i_vZw sXfnªp ImWpópsïóv KpïÀ«v {]_eambn hmZn¡póp. Fómð ISw hm§pó ]£w sFµybqtdm]y³`mjIÄ¡p s]mXpthbpÅ Zii_vZw hn«v A\Xn{]kn²amb ]wàni_vZs¯ ssIs¡mÅm\pÅ ImcWw Fs´óp kv]jvSamIpónñ. kwkvIrX¯nð hnwiXn, k]vXXn, \hXn CXymZnIfnse 'Xn' ]wànbpsS AhtijamsWóp Øm]n¡msa¦nð KpïÀ«nsâ bpàn¡p _ew IqSpambncpóp. Bbncw apXð taðt¸m«pÅ DbÀó kwJyIfpsS kwÚIÄ kwkvIrX¯nð\nóp {ZmhnUÀ FSp¯XmsWópÅXnð BÀ¡pw XÀ¡anñ. "kl{kw' DujvaXrmK¯mð Ffp¸¯nð BbncamIpw; IÀ®mSI¯nð kmhnc Fóv BZykImcw tIÄ¡pópapïv. e£tImSnIÄ XÕa§Ä Xsó.
 
icnbmb kwJyt`ZI§sf kamkambnt« D]tbmKn¡mdpÅp; hmIy¯nð kwJym\ma§sf¯só t`ZIambn«p]tbmKn¨phcpóp. Hcpþhn\p am{Xw hmIy¯nepw D]tbmKapïv; Hóv FóXns\ Hcn¡epw t`ZIambn«p {]tbmKn¡mdnñ. Bw Fó ioe`mhnt]sc¨¯nsâ tbmK¯mð kwJym\ma§fnð\nóp ]qcWnIÄ DïmIpóXv X²nX {]IcW¯nð hnhcn¨n«pïv.
 
hn`àym`mkcq]§þ
sfñmwXm³ t`ZI§fmw.
 
hn`àym`mkcq]§sf \ma\njv]ó§fmb t`ZI§fmbn«v KWn¡mw. \nÀt±inIsbmgnsIbpÅ hn`ànIsfñmw {Inbsbtbm \mas¯tbm hntijn¸n¡póp; F¦nepw hn`ànIÄ \ma¯nsâ cq] t`Z§tftó hcq. hn`àym`mk§fmIs« hn`ànsbt¸mse kmÀÆ{XnI§fñm¯Xn\mð AXpIsf \ma¯nsâ cq]m´c§fmbn«p hnNmcn¸m³ Xcanñ.
 
DZm:
Aóv, Cóv, A§v, C§v, AhnsS, ChnsS ({InbmhntijWw)
Im«nte, ho«nte, A{X, C{X (\mahntijWw).