| {Inb | ||||||
| 1. km²yw | 1. AwKn | 2. kn²w | ||||
| 2. AwKw | ||||||
| [mXpcq]w | ||||||
| 1. km²y]cw = {Inbm]Zw | 1. BJymXw | { |
1. hÀ¯am\w | (\Sp apäphn\) | ||
| Asñ¦nð | 2. `qXw | (ap³ apäphn\) | ||||
| ItcmXn | 3. `mhn | (]n³ apäphn\ ) | ||||
| (apäphn\) | ||||||
| 1. km²y]cw = {Inbm]Zw | 2. BJymXIw |  |
1. \mamwKw | { |
hÀ¯am\w | |
| Asñ¦nð | (t]sc¨w) | `qXw | ||||
| IpÀƯv | `mhn | |||||
| (]äphn\) | 2. {InbmwKw | 1. ]uÀÆImenIw (ap³hn\) | ||||
| (hn\sb¨w) | 2. A\hNvtOZIw (\Sphn\) | |||||
| 3. XmZÀ°nIw (]n³hn\) | ||||||
| 2. kn²]cw = Ir¯v | { |
1. ImcIIr¯v | ||||
| 2. IrXnIr¯v | ||||||
| CXnð km[y{InbbpsS AwKn]£s¯ Ipdn¡pó {Inbm]Z§sf¸änbmbncpóp CtXhsc {]kvXmhn¨phóXv. C\n AXnsâ Xsó AwK]£s¯ Ipdn¡pó IpÀƯpIsf FSp¡póp. {Inb AwKambXv {InbmwKw Asñ¦nð hn\sb¨w. | ||||||
| t]cnóp IogS§pó | ||||||
| hn\ t]sc¨ambXv; | ||||||
| hn\bv¡p IngvS§pó | ||||||
| hn\Xm³ hn\sb¨amw. | ||||||
| \mw ChnsS "\mamwKw' Fóp t]cn«Xns\ t]sc¨saópw, {InbmKw Fópt]cn«Xns\ hn\sb¨saópamWv AKkvXyap\n hnfn¡póXv. ]mWn\nalÀjn sNbvXn«pÅ kwPvRIfnðþ "\njvTm, kXv, Izkp'Ifpw "àzm ey]v Xpapóp'IfpamWv. ChtbmSv FXncmbv hcpóXv. KmÀs¯zäv kmlnºv \mamwK¯n\v "i_vZ\yp\'saópw {InbmwK¯n\v "{Inb\yq\w' Fópw t]À GÀs¸Sp¯nbncn¡póp. \óqðt]cpIfpsS Hcp hI XÀÖa F¦nepw kmbv]hÀIfpsS kwÚIÄ A{X tNÀ¨bpÅhsñóp tXmópIbmð Ahbv¡v ]pXnb t]cpIÄ krjvSnt¡ïnhóp. {ZmhnUhwi¯nð P\n¨ncn¡pó aebmf¯nsâ hymIcW¯nð \óqð{]ImcapÅ kwPvRIsfbpw ]cn`mjIsfbpamWv IgnbpónSt¯mfhpw D]tbmKnt¡ïsXóXv \nÀÆnhmZwXsó; Fómð aWn{]hmfIhnX \S¸mb \mÄapXð aebmfnIÄ¡p Xangnsâ t\sc ITn\amb Hcp shdp¸pw kwkvIrX¯nð AImcWamb ]£]mXhpw Dfhmbn \mÄ¡p\mÄ hÀ²n¨p hóncn¡póXn\mð Cu L«¯nð Xangv]Z§sf [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¸m³ ]pds¸«mð an¡t]À¡pw Akzck¯n\nShcpw. "ASn¡pó hgntb t]mImªmð t]mIpó hgn ASn¨p sImÅpI' Fó kam[m\¯n³t]cnð hymIcW¯n\mhiys¸« imkv{Xobi_vZ§sf \nÀ½n¡póXnð CtXhsc kwkvIrXs¯¯só GIicWam¡nh¨pw sImïp hóp F¦nepw, hn\sb¨§fpw t]sc¨§fpw {ZmhnU¯nse hne£Wcq]§fmIbmð B hkvXpXsb HmÀ½n¸n¡póXn\pthïn Cu Xangvt]cpIsf¯sóbmWv A[nIw D]tbmKn¨ncn¡póXv. A{Xam{Xhpañ, \Sphn\sb¨w, ap³hn\sb¨w, ]n³hn\sb¨w FópÅ hn\sb¨§fpsS lrZbwKaamb hn`mKs¯ Dt]£n¨n«v A\htÑZIw ]uÀÆImenIw, XmZÀ°nIw Fóv bmYm{Iaw ]pXpXmbn t]cpIÄ krjvSn¡póXp tIhew ]ÞnXam\nXbpsS hnemkwXsó FópIqSn al¯p¡Ä¡p tXmóntb¡pw. | ||||||
| IpÀƯpIfpsS sshe£yamIs«, "A' Fó kÀÆ\mas¯ {]Xybwt]mse tNÀ¯mð Fñm {Inbm]Z§fpw t]sc¨§fmbn¯oÀóv \ma§sf hntijn¸n¡póp FópÅXmWv. F§s\ Fómð, | ||||||
| {Inbm]Zwþ | t]sc¨wþ | hIt`Zw þ | ||
| ImWpóp | ImWpó | hÀ¯am\w | } |
|
| Iïp | Iï | `qXw | \nÀt±iIw | |
| ImWpw | ImWpa, ImWpw | `mhn | ||
| ImWmw | ImWma | `mhn | } |
|
| ImWmhpóp | ImWmw | hÀ¯am\w | A\pPvRmbIw | |
| ImWmbn | ImWmb | `qXw | ||
| ImWWw | ImtWïpw | `mhn | } |
|
| ImtWïpóp | ImtWïpó | hÀ¯am\w | hn[mbIw | |
| (ImtWïn) | ImtWïnb | `qXw | ||
CXn\v
H¯ kwkvIrXw |
||||
| Cu£tX | Cu£amW | hÀ¯am\w | ||
| sF£njvS | Cu£nXhXv | `qXw | \nÀt±iIw | |
| Cu£njytX | Cu£njyamW | `mhn | ||
| Cut£X | Cu£nXhy | ss{XImenIwþ | hn[mbIw. | |
| 1. kwkvIrX¯nð t]sc¨§sf hn`àntNÀt¯ {]tbmKn¨p IqSp. `mjbnð \maXzw hnh£n¡ps¼mtg Chbnð enwKhpw hn`ànbpw tNcpópÅp. | ||||
| 2. kwkvIrX¯nð Chbv¡p IÀ¯mhntem IÀ½¯ntem am{Xta {]tbmKw hcq. `mjbnð Chsb Fñm¡mcI§fnepw CÑt]mse {]tbmKn¡mw. kwkvIrX¯nset¸mse {]tbmKt`Z¯n\\pkcn¨v cq]t`ZanñXm\pw. F§s\: | ||||
 |
||||
| kwkvIrXw | aebmfw | |
| Cu£amWxþ IÀ¯cn{]tbmKw | ISn¡pó ]«n | þ IÀ¯m |
| Cu£yamWxþ IÀ½Wn{]tbmKw | D®pó tNmdv | þ IÀ½w |
| Rm³ FgpXpó t]\ | þ IcWw | |
| Rm³ hgntNmZn¨ ]¿³ | þ km£n | |
| Rm³ ISw sImSp¯ ]pÅn | þ kzman | |
| \mw Ccn¡pó hoSv | þ A[nIcWw | |
| s\¿v FSp¯ XbnÀ | þ A]mZm\w | |
| 3. `mjbnð t]sc¨w Hcp hntijWhmIy¯nsâ {Inbm]Zw XsóbmWv; kwkvIrX¯nð CsXmcp [mXpPamb \mahntijWsató DÅp. F§s\: | ||
| `mjþ sshi¼mb\³ P\taPbt\mSp ]dª IY. | ||
| kwkvIrXwþ sshi¼mbt\\ P\taPbmb t{]màm IYm. | ||
| `mjþ | ||
{ |
ImWpóXp | } |
|||
| \nsó | IïXp | sImïp Rm³ kt´mjn¡póp. | |||
| ImWphXp | |||||
| kwkvIrXwþ Xh ZÀi\mXv k´pjyman. | |||||
| 4. `mjbnð \Sphn\sb¨w {Inbm]Zwt]msebpw, \mawt]msebpw, {InbmwKw t]msebpw \nev¡pw; kwkvIrX¯nð eypU´w `mhIr¯mb Hcp \maw Ftó DÅp. F§s\: | |||||
| `mj | kwkvIrXw |
| Btcy! thjw [cn¨p Ignªmð | Btcy! bZn t\]Yyhn[m\þ |
| Ct§m«p hcnIXsóþ `m.im. | ahknXw XÀloXkvXmhZmKarXmw. |
| ({Inbm]Zw) | |
| IÅw ]dI icnbñ þ (\maw) | AkXyky `mjWw \ bpàw |
| tIÄ¡¯¡ kwKXn þ | t{imXpaÀtlm ƒ À°x. |
| ({InbmwKw Asñ¦nð hn\sb¨w) | |
| 5. ap³hn\sb¨w kwkvIrX¯nð kam\IÀ¯rIambncn¡Ww. `mjbnð B \nbaanñ. F§s\: | |
| `mj | kwkvIrXw |
| `mcXw P\taPb³ tNmZn¨n«v | `mcXw P\taPtb\ ]rjvtS\ |
| sshi¼mb\³ Acpfns¨bvX | sshi¼mbt\\ t{]màm |
| IYbmIpóp. | IYm `hXn. |
| CXymZn bYmkw`haqln¡pI. Cu IpÀƯpIfnð\nóp `mjbv¡v At\Iw kuIcy§Ä kn²n¨n«pÅhsb asämcnS¯p hnkvXcn¡mw. | |
| 1. t]sc¨w | |
| A Fóp apäphn\bnð | |
| tNÀ¯mð t]sc¨amaXp. | |
| t]sc¨apïm¡póXn\v BJymX¯nð A Fóp {]Xybw tNÀ¡Ww. A tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ Dóp, Xp Fó Ime{]Xyb§fnse A´y DImcw tem]n¨p t]mIpóp. AXpIfnte DImcw BKa¯nð kwhrXambncn¡Wsaóv ap³ sNbvXn«pÅ Duls¯ Cu tem]w Øncs¸Sp¯póp. "C' Fó `qX{]Xybw tem]n¡pónñ; AXv kÔoImcyamb bImctam \Imctam tNÀóv Cb, C\n cq]w {]m]n¡póp. DZm: | |
| sN¿pópþ sN¿pó; sNbvXpþ sNbvX, \ðIn þ\ðInb; \ðIn\. | |
| IpdnIqSmsXXm³ ioeþ | |
| `mhn t]sc¨ambv hcpw | |
| ioe`mhn¡v A Fó {]Xybamhiyanñ; bmYmØnXamb cq]w Xsó t]sc¨ambn«pw D]tbmKn¡mw. | |
| DZm: apäphn\ þ Imew hcpw; t]sc¨wþ hcpwImew | |
| `mhnt]sc¨§Ä kw`mjW`mjbnð Gsd \S¸nñ. | |
| HcpshópÅXpw sImÅmw | |
| t]sc¨{]Xyb¯n\v | |
|
|
| A BWtñm t]sc¨¯n\v {]Xybw ]dªXv. AXpXsóbmWv {][m\ {ZmhnU§fnseñmw ImWpóXpw; Fómð aebmf¯nð Hcp FóXpw t]sc¨ {]XybØm\w hln¨p ImWpópïv. CXv IhnXIfnð am{Xw GÀs¸«n«pÅ Hcp hntijhpw BIpóp. t]sc¨¯nâ NnÓamb A BKaw t\m¡pt¼mÄ kw_ÔnImhn`ànbmsWóp Øm]n¡m³ dhd³dv ImðsUzð hfsc {]bmks¸Spóp. CXnte¡pthïn At±lw knYnb³ `mjmimJIfnð Hmtcmónepw DÅ t]sc¨cq]\njv]¯nsb Iqe¦jambn hnaÀin¨n«pïv. UmIvSÀ KpïÀ«v Cu A {]Xybw Nps«gp¯pXsóbmsWóp _eambn«`n{]mbs¸«n«pÅXpw \nckn¨n«v CXns\ kw_ÔnIm{]Xybt¯mSp LSn¸n¡Wsaóp ImðsUzð imTyw ]nSn¡póXnsâ Xmð]cyw kv]jvSambn a\ÊnemIpópónñ. B Fó \ntj[ {]Xybs¯t¸mepw Nps«gp¯nð\nópïmbXm¡n¯oÀ¡m³ {ian¡pó dhdân\v AÀ°m\pcq]yw t\m¡pt¼mÄ t]sc¨¯nð Gähpw kv]jvSambn¡mWpó Nps«gp¯nð \nópÅ Dð¸¯nsb A]e]n¡Wsaóp tXmónbXv BivNcywXsó. t]sc¨¯nsâ A Nps«gp¯mtWm Fóv Hcp {ZmhnUsshbmIcW³ ktµln¡t]mepw sN¿psaóv Cu {KÙImc³ hnNmcn¨ncpónñ. AXn\mð tIcf ]mWn\ob¯nsâ BZys¯ ]Xn¸nð kq{Xw Xsó ""\ma¯n\p IogS§pw hmIy¯n³ {Inbm]Z¯nð Nps«gp¯p tNcpw {]Xybwt]meXp t]sc¨at{X'' Fóp kzm`n{]mbw hnfn¨p]dªmWv sNbvXncpóXv. aebmf¯nsâ hymIcWKXn {]tXyIw kq£n¨p t\m¡pt¼mÄ Cu A`n{]mbw _es¸SmXncn¸m\pw \nÀÆmlanñ. A Fó Nps«gp¯n\p ]Icw Hcp Fóp X¯peyamb asämcp kÀÆ \mahpw IhnIÄ {]tbmKn¡póp. Ah[mcI`mhnbnð Hcp am{Xta D]tbmKn¡mdpÅp. DZm: | |
| Ccn¸p+ Hcp = Ccns¸mcp; Hcphns\ Hmcphpw B¡mdpïv: Ccnt¸mcp'. | |
| AÀ°tbmP\bpw kv]jvSamWv. ""\o ]pkvIXw hmbnt¨m?'' Fóp tNmZyw; AXnð GXp ]pkvXIw Fóp Xn«s¸Sp¯m³thïn, ""Rm³ Xóp'' Fsómcp hmIywIqSn ]pkvXIs¯ hntijn¸n¡m³ (Ipdns¸Sp¯m³) thïn {]tbmKn¡póp. At¸mÄ hmIyw þ"Rm³ Xóp; B ]pkvXIw \o hmbnt¨m' Fóp cïp kzX{´hmIy§Ä tNÀóv Hcp almhmIyambn¯ocpóp. hmIyw cïpw Ct¸mÄ hymIcWZrjvSym kzX{´ambn \nev¡psó¦nepw AÀ°ZrjvSym "Rm³ Xóp' Fó hmIyw ]pkvXIs¯ hntijn¸n¡bmWp sN¿póXv. B hntijWhntijy`mhw {]Xy£s¸Sp¯m\mbn«v "A' Fó Nps«gp¯ns\ "Xóp' Fó {Inbbnð¯só tNÀ¡póp. At¸mÄ, "Rm³ Xó ]pkvXIw \o hmbnt¨m? Fóp almhmIyw k¦oÀ®hmIyambn¨abpóp. CXnð Xó hntijWhmIy¯nse apäphn\ Xsó; AXp {][m\hmIy¯nse ]pkvXIs¯ hntijn¸n¡bpw sN¿póp. Cu A\zb{Iaw Cw¥ojnð Did you read the book I gave you Fóp Relative pronoun IqSmXpÅ {]tbmKs¯¡mÄ H«pw Akv]jvSañ. ImðsUzð kw_ÔnIbpsS AÀ°w t]sc¨¯nð LSn¸n¡m³thïn Im«n¡q«pó tKmjvSnIÄ Hópw ChnsS Bhiyanñ. | |
| t]sc¨w BJymX¯nð\nópïmIpóXmIbmð BJymX¯n\pÅ t`Z§sfñmw t]sc¨¯n\pw hcpw. F§s\: | |
| \nÀt±iIw | hn[mbIw | |
| ]dbpóp þ ]dbpó þhÀ¯ | ]dtbïpóp þ ]dtbïpó þhÀ¯. | |
| ]dªp þ ]dª þ `qXw | ]dtbïn þ ]dtbïnb þ `qXw | |
| ]dbpw þ ]dbpa þ `mhn | ]dbWw þ ]dtbïpw þ `mhn | |
| \ntj[Ihn[mbIw | A\pPvRmbIw | |
| ]dtbïm¯p þ ]dtbïm¯ þ hÀ¯ | ]dbmhpópþ]dbmhpó þhÀ¯ | |
| ]dtbïmªp þ ]dtbïmª þ `qXw | ]dbmbn þ ]dbmbþ þ `qXw | |
| ]dtbïm þ ]dbïm þ `mhn | ]dbmw þ ]dbma þ`mhn | |
| ]dbm¯p þ ]dbm¯ þ hÀ¯ | } |
\ntj[I\nÀt±iIw |
| ]dbmªp þ ]dbmªþ `qXw | ||
| ]dbmþ ]dbmþ `mhn | ||
| ]dbpónñþ ]dbpónñm¯þ hÀ¯þ \ntj[I\nÀt±iIw | ||
| ]dbcpXvþ ]dbcpXm¯ þ\ntj[Ihn[mbIw | ||
| ]dbhlnbm þ(Xp)þ ]dbhlnbm¯þ \ntj[Im\pÚmbIw | ||
| ]dsbmem(Xp)þ ]dsbmem¯ þ\ntj[Ihn[mbIw | ||
| t]sc¨w Hcp hmIy¯nsâ {Inbm]Zamb \mahntijWamIbmð AXv kIe kw_Ô§tfbpw Ipdn¡póp. F§s\: | ||
| ISn¡pó ]«n þ IÀ¯m | Rm³ ISwsImSp¯ ]pÅn þ kzman | |
| D®pó tNmdv þ IÀ½w | Ccn¡pó hoSv þ A[nIcWw | |
| FgpXpó t]\ þ IcWw | ZzmZin t\mä ^ew þ tlXp | |
tlXp
aÛmhkw_Ôw |
||
| Rm³ hgntNmZn¨ ]¿³þ km£n | ASnsImï thZ\ þSn | |
| kwkvIrX¯nð "bXv' Fópw Cw¥ojnð ""who, which'' Fópw DÅ hyt]£I kÀÆ\maw sN¿pó {]hr¯n `mjbnð t]sc¨§sfs¡mïp \nÀÆln¡mw. F§s\, | ||
| `mjþ tZhnX³sNmsññmw s\ôIw]qIn\ Iô³ þ Irþ Km. | ||
| kwkvIrXwþ Iwtkm bky lrZbw tZhymx kÀhm hmNx | ||
{]mhn£³ |
||
| Cw¥ojv þ Kancha into whose heart the queen's words had entered. | ||
| \ntbmPI{]Imc¯nð\nópam{Xw t]sc¨w P\n¡pónñ. Cu {]Imc¯n\p thsdbpw sshe£Wy§fpïv. A\pÚmbIhn[mbI§fnset¸mse CXnð A\p{]tbmKw kv]jvSañ. CXnð ]pcpjhN\hn`mKw {]Xyb§fnð¯só ImWpóp. Imet`Zw CXn\p hcpónñ. \ntbmPI{]Imc¯nsâ Cu hI sshe£Wy§Ä \nan¯amWv hmkvXh¯nð {]Imcw Fsómcp]m[nXsó kzoIcnt¡ïn hóXv. Asñ¦nð A\pPvRmbIhn[mbI§sf A\p{]tbmK§fnð tNÀ¯psImïmð {]Imcw Fó C\¯n\v AhImita hcpóXñ. | ||
| shdpw t`ZIambn«pw | ||
| t]sc¨w NnseS§fnð. | ||
| t]sc¨w hntijWhmIy¯nte BJymXamIbmð AXn\v Hcp IÀ¯mhpw bYmkw`hw aäpImcI§fpw Hmtcmón\pw ]cnÑZ§fpw thWw. Fómð NnseS¯v Cu hI hmIy]cnhmc§sfmópw IqSmsX Hcp shdpw t`ZI¯nsâ \nebnepw t]sc¨w ImWpw. DZm: | ||
| shfp¯ ]ip, \oï hSn, s]cp¦mbw. | ||
| ChnsS GXp shfp¯pthm B ]ip, GXp \oïpthm B hSn, GXp s]cpIptam (hepXmIptam) B Imbw Fóp hmIy§fpÅXns\ FSp¯p ImWn¨n«nñ Ftó DÅp Fóp bpàn ]dªp \nev¡mw. hmkvXh¯nð t`ZI{]IrXnIÄ¡pw cq]kn²n IrXn{]IrXnIfmb [mXp¡Äs¡m¸amIbmð t]sc¨cq]w shfp¯, \oï(`qXw), s]cpw (s]cpIpIbpsS ioe`mhn) Fóp hótX DÅp. shfp¯, \oï Fónhbnð shfp¡pópþ shfp¯pþ shfp¯; \ofpóþ \oïp þ \oï Fó `qXmÀ°hpw hnh£nXañ. shfp¸pÅ, \ofapÅ Fó AÀ°ta \mw {Kln¡pópÅp. Cu hI t`ZI§Ä \mamwKw FópIqSn t]À sImSp¯n«pÅ t]sc¨ambn«p P\n¡bmð AXpIÄ¡p "\mamwKPw' Fóp hntijkwPvR sNbvXn«pïv, s]cvþ s]cnbþ s]cpw; sNdvþ sNdnb; \dvþ \dpw; sNwþ sNhó; Ipdpþ Ipdpw; h³(ð)þ henb; sImSpþ sImSnb, sImSpw CXymZn ]e t`ZI§fpw Cuhn[w DïmbhbmWv. t]cmev, sNdp]pó,\dp\ïn, sN¼cp¯n, Ipdpsamgn, h³tX³, sImSpthen Fó a«nð {]IrXnIsf¯só D]tbmKn¸m\pw hntcm[anñ. F¦nepw {]IrXnIÄ \ma§tfmSp tNÀóp kamknt¨ \nev¡bpÅp; t]sc¨{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð kzX{´]Z§fm¡msaóp kuIcyw IqSpw. | ||
| t]sc¨w enwKtbmK¯mð | ||
| hcpamJymX\maambv. | ||
|
||
| t]sc¨w \mas¯ hntijn¸n¡bmð AXv t`ZI¯nsâ Øm\amWtñm hln¡póXv. AXn\mð t]sc¨¯nð enwK{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð AXp aäp t`ZIwt]mse \maambv¨abpw. A§s\ DïmIpó \ma¯n\v "BJymX\maw' Fópt]À. t]sc¨\masatóm {InbmwK\masatóm t]À sN¿m\pw hntcm[anñ: HcmJymXw \maambn¨abpóXpw AXnð km[mcW\ma§fnset¸mse hn`ànIÄ tNcpóXpw Bcy`mjIfnð Hcn¡epw kw`hn¡póXñ. "Ah³ ]dªXp Rm³ tI«p; Ah³ ]dªXn\mð Rm³ A¡mcyw k½Xn¨p. Ah³ ]dªXnð hmkvXhapïv'þ CXymZn {]tbmK§Ä {ZmhnU§fnð km[mcWamIpóp; Bcy`mjIfnemIs« CsXñmw bXv, XXv Fó hyt]£IkÀÆ\ma§fpsS klmbw IqSmsX km[n¡póXñ. "kbZthmNXvXZla{iujw; k bZthmNt¯\mlw XaÀ°awKyImÀjw; k bZthmN¯{XmkvXn hmkvXhw. Añm¯£w IÀ½Wn{]tbmKw kzoIcn¨v "tXt\màalma{iujw; tXt\màXzm¯aÀ°awKyImÀjw; tXt\mtà "kvXn hmkvXhw' Fóp ]dbWw. Hcp hmIy¯nsâ BJymXambn \nóp IÀ¯rIÀ½mZnImc§tfmS\zbn¡m\pw \maamIbmð Fñm hn`ànIfnepw {]tbmKw hcm\pw Ignbpw FópÅ kwKXn HmÀ½n¡m³ thïnbmWv "BJymX\maw' Fópt]À sImSp¯Xv. A³, AÄ, AÀ, Xp Fó enwK{]Xyb§sf ap³]pXsó hnhcn¨n«pïtñm. kÔnbnð hImcmKaw tNÀóp t]sc¨{]Xybamb A Ah³, AhÄ, AhÀ, AXv Fómbn¨abpóp. Ah³, AhÄ, AhÀ Fónhsb Hm³, HmÄ, HmÀ Fóp kwt£]n¡mdpapïv. | ||
| DZmlcWw: | ||
| Adnbpóh³ þ Adnbptóm³ | } |
`qXw | Adnªh³ þ Adntªm³ | } |
hÀ¯. |
| AdnbpóhÄ þ AdnbptómÄ | AdnªhÄ þ AdntªmÄ | ||||
| AdnbpóXv þ | AdnªXv þ | ||||
| Adnbphhm³ (Dw) Adnbpthm³ (ep]vXw) Adnhh³, Adnthm³ | } |
`mhn | |||
| AdnbphhÄ, AdnbpthmÄ, AdnthmÄ | |||||
| AdnbphXv AdnhqXv | |||||
| A\pÚmbIhÀ¯am\w | hn[mbIhÀ¯am\w | ||||
| Adnbmhpóh³ þ hptóm³. | Adntbïpóh³, | þ tóm³ | |||
| AdnbmhpóhÄ, þhptómÄ. | AdntbïpóhÄ, | þ tómÄ | |||
| AdnbmhpóXv | AdntbïpóXv | ||||
| Adnbm¯h³, Adnbm¯hÄ, Adnbm¯Xv | þ hÀ¯ | } |
\ntj[Iw | ||
| Adnbmªh³, AdnbmªhÄ, AdnbmªXp | þ `qXw | ||||
| Adnbmbh³, AdnbmbhÄ, AdnbmbXp | þ `mhn | ||||
| t]sc¨¯nð "Adnbpw" Fóp `mhncq]w XsóbñmsX "Adnbpa' Fóp icnbmbnthï cq]w ImWpónsñ¦nepw Adnbphh³ Adnbpthm³ Fóp \mamhØbnð cq]\njv]¯n ImWpóXn\mð t]sc¨cq]¯nð A Fóp {]XybØm\w hln¡pó Nps«gp¯p tem]n¨p t]mbXmsWópÅXp sXfnbpóp. | |||||
| IÀ¯mhv hàmhn\v AÚmXt\m, A]cnNnXt\m Bbn«pÅ Zn¡nð ]pwkv{Xot`Zhnh£bnñm¯Xn\mð tIheIÀ{¯À°¯nð \]pwkI t]sc¨\ma§sf D]tbmKn¡mdpïv, F§s\: | |||||
| hóXp `À¯mshódnªpþ hóXv = hóXnsâ IÀ¯m = hóbmÄ | |||||
| NnseS¯v t]sc¨\ma¯n\v BJymXhpw Nps«gp¯pambn apdn¨Xnsâ tijta A\zbt_m[apïmIpópÅp. | |||||
| A§mSnbnð tXmäXn\½tbmSvþ tXmäpþ AXn\v. | |||||
| Cw¥ojnð What Fó kÀÆ\ma¯nsâ D]tbmKw Cu a«nemWv. | |||||
| NnseS¯v t]sc¨§sf XXvImehntijW§fm¡n D]tbmKn¨p ImWpw: | |||||
| hocs\ hcpó Iïp = hocs\ hcpóh\mbn«p Iïp. | |||||
| CÆ®w Zln¡pó Iïp þ in. ]p. (Zln¡póXmbn«p Iïp) | |||||
| Fómðþ hocs\ hóXp Iïp þ \mYs\ t]mIpóXp Iïnñtñm Fó IrjvWKmYm{]tbmK¯n\p km[pXzw k¼mZn¡póXv {]bmkw Xsó. Hcp¯s\ t]mI¡ïp (tI.cm.) CXymZn {]tbmKw Xangnsâ A\pIcWw sImïp hóXmWv. | |||||
| Hcp hkvXp taSn¨Xp \mbns\¯só Bbncn¡pw. | |||||
| FópÅXp "\mbv Xsó' Fóp thïXmWv. AsXmcp ssieohntijsaóp kam[m\s¸SWw. hm§nbXp "\mbv Xsó' Fómbmð "hóXp `À¯mshódnªp' Fó, ap³ImWn¨ DZmlcW¯nset¸mse "hm§n¨ BÄ \mbmbncpóp' FóÀ°w tXmónt¸mIpw. AXp IqSmXncn¡m³\thïnbmWv "\mbns\' Fóp IÀ½am¡póXv. IÀ½Wn {]tbmKw Dïmbncpsó¦nð hm§s¸«Xv "\mbmbncn¡pw' Fóp {]tbmKn¨p icns¸Sp¯mambncpóp. IÀ½Wncq]anñm¯Xn\m³ IÀahn`àn Xsó hnt[bambn«p]tbmKnt¡ïn hcpóp. | |||||
| "IïnXp IpamcòmÀ' Fópw aäpw CXv þsâ \ncÀ°{]tbmKw ]mZ]qcW¯ns\óp ]dbmw. \ma§fnepw Cu amXncn {]tbmKw ap³ ]dªn«pïv. | |||||
| 2. hn\sb¨w | |||||
| hn\sb¨§fôt{X; | |||||
| ap³, ]n³, X³, \Sp, ]m£nIw. | |||||
| ap³hn\sb¨w, ]n³hn\sb¨w, X³hn\sb¨w, \Sphn\sb¨w, ]m£nIhn\sb¨w Fóp hn\sb¨w Aôphn[w. CXnð ap³hn\sb¨w `qXIme¯nepÅ {InbmhntijW{Inbsbbpw ]n³hn\sb¨w `mhnIme¯nepÅ {InbmhntijW{Inbsbbpw ]n³hn\sb¨w `mhnIme¯nepÅXns\bpw ImWn¡póp. Cu apdbv¡p \Sphn\sb¨w `qX`mhnIÄ¡p \Sp¡apÅ hÀ¯am\Imes¯ Ipdnt¡ïXmWp \ymbw. Fómð Aev]w hntijapïv. {ZmhnU§fnð icnbmb hÀ¯am\Ime¯nsâ {Klw Xsó BZnIme¯nð DZn¨n«nñmbncpóp FómWv Dulsaóp ap¼p Øm]n¨n«pïtñm. Ime{Xb¯n\pw Hópt]mse tNcpóXmWp \Sphn\sb¨w, AXmbXv Ime{]XoXnbnñm¯Xv. \Sphn\sb¨¯n\p thsdbpw Nne sshe£Wy§fpÅXv D]cn kv]jvSamIpw. ]m£nIhn\sb¨w "Hcphn[w kw`hn¡pó ]£w' FópÅ kw`mh\sb ImWn¡póp. X\ntb \nev¡mhpó \Sphn\sb¨wXsó X³hn\sb¨saóXv. C\n Hmtcmónsâbpw cq]kn²n: | |||||
| ZpÀ_ew `qXcq]w Xm³ | |||||
| kzbw ap³hn\sb¨amw. | |||||
| `qXmJymX¯nsâ cq]wXsó ZpÀºes¸«XmWp ap³hn\sb¨w. ZpÀºes¸Sp¯m\pw {]_es¸Sp¯m\papÅ amÀ¤w ap¼v {]kvXmhn¨n«pïv. `qX{]Xybw tNÀó [mXpXsó ap³hn\sb¨w. AXns\ Dd¸n¨mð apäphn\bmb BJymXw; Dd¸n¡mªmð ]äphn\bmb hn\sb¨w.DZm: | |||||
| R§Ä ChnsS hóv tNÀóp | } |
kwhrXoIcWw ZpÀºes¸« cq]w |
| R§Ä ChnsS tNÀóv hóp | ]äphn\; hnhrXoIcWw sImïpd¸n¨Xv apäphn\. | |
| Ah³ aXnenð NmSnt¡dn | } |
]cZznXzwsImïv ZpÀºes¸«Xv ]äphn\; |
| Ah³ aXnenð tIdn¨mSn | A´y¯nð _es¸Sp¯mhpó cq]w apäphn\. | |
| ]dópsNó§p ItcdnIq«nð | - |
CXnð "Itcdn' apäphn\bmIbmð "Itcdn¡q«nð' Fóp ]cZznXzanñ. |
| tNÀ¸q ]n³hn\sb¨¯nþ | ||
| óm³ t\sc, `mhnbn¦tem. | ||
| ]n³hn\sb¨apïm¡póXn\v, t\sc [mXphnð¯sótbm `mhnIme cq]¯ntem B³ Fóp {]Xybw tNÀ¡Ww. | ||
| DZm: t]mIvþ t]mIm³, t]mIphm³ | ||
| Ccn þ Ccn¡m³, Ccn¸m³, Ccn¡phm³ | ||
| D¬ þ D®m³, Dam³, D®phm³ | ||
| hcv þ hcm³, hcphm³ | ||
| D®m³ t]mbn; Ifn¡m³ hóp; ImWm³ sNóp | ||
| Xangnð B³ {]Xybw A]qÀÆamWv. "Ipfn¡pw ht´mw' Fóp `mhn apäphn\ Xsó sN´angnð hn\sb¨ambn«p]tbmKn¡mw \mtSmSn_v`mjbnð "Ipfn¡p h´m³' Fóv \Sphn\sb¨amWp]tbmKn¡ \S¸v. Fómð "hm³, ]m³, ]m¡v Fóp \óqenð ]n³hn\sb¨{]Xyb§sf ]cnKWn¨n«pÅXn\mð BZnIme¯nð Xangnepw Chbv¡p {]Nmcapïmbncpóp Fóp kn²n¡póp. | ||
| A\p]m[n{Inb \Spþ | ||
| hn\sb¨apc¸Xp; | ||
| AImcwXm³, IImcwXm³ | ||
| DI Xm\mbXn³ Ipdn | ||
| Imew, {]Imcw, ]pcpj³ CXymZnIfmb D]m[nIsfmópanñmsX tIheamb {Inbsb BWv \Sphn\sb¨w Ipdn¡póXv. AXn\v A, I, DI Fó Cu aqónð Hóp {]XybamIpw. sNbvtX³ Fóp ]dbpt¼mÄ {Inbbnð Rm³ Fóp ]pcpjhN\§fpw, `qXImehpwIqSn DÄs¸Spóp. sN¿Ww FóXnð imk\ Fsómcwiw A[nIambn«pïv. sNbvI Fó \Sphn\sb¨¯nð CuhI D]m[nsbmópanñ. sN¿pó BÄ GsXtóm, Ft¸mÄ sNbvXpshtóm, HcphI AhtÑZtIm]m[n¡pw {]XoXnbpïmIpónñ. ]c{_Òs¯t¸mse AXv \ncp]m[nbmb tIhe{Inbsb Ipdn¡pótXbpÅp. AXpsImïv AXns\ BJymXambn«pw BJy (IÀ¯mhv) Bbn«pw D]tbmKn¡mw. "hymPw ]dI icnbñ' FónS¯v "]dI' \mawt]mse IÀ¯mhmbn \nev¡póp; "kpJambv hmgvI' FónS¯v BJymX(BiwkI{]Imcw)¯nsâ Øm\whln¡póp. \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ CXpamXncn D]tbmK§Ä t\m¡pt¼mÄ AXns\ hn\sb¨¯nsâ Iq«¯nð DÄs¸Sp¯pótX icnbñ. Fómð \maambn«pw apäphn\bmbn«pw DÅ D]tbmKw CXn\v Ime{Ia¯nð GÀs¸«Xmbncn¡Ww. hmgq, hmgmw, hmgWw, hmgt« þ Fó cq]§fnð AXmXp Ime{]Imc§fpsS AÀ°{]XoXn hcpw; AsXmópw IqSmsX tIhe{Inbmam{Xamb "hmgvI' Fó cq]w {Inbm Øm\¯p]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ BZcw, Biwk apXemb AÀ°§Ä hrwKyambn«p {]Imin¡pw FóñmsX i_vZhmNyambn«p hcpónñ. A{]ImcwXsó "tImt\³'= Rm³ cmPmhmIpóp; "ASntb³'= Rm³ Zmk\mIpóp CXymZn {]tbmK§fnð (XanÄ, hn\t¸À) \ma§Ä ]pcpj{]XybtbmK¯mð t\sc BJymX§fmbn¯ocpwt]mse "hmgvIbmð' CXymZnIÄ hn\sb¨w t\scXsó \maambv NabpóXmWv. Fóp am{Xañ, sN¿póXv, sN¿póXns\, sN¿póXn\mð, sN¿póXn\p, sN¿póXnsâ, sN¿póXnð Fóv BJymX\ma§sft¸mse \Sphn\sb¨cq]s¯ Fñm hn`ànIfnepw {]tbmKn¡mdnñ. sNbvI, sNbvIbmð, sNbvIbnð Fóp aqóp hn`ànIfnð am{Xta CXn\p]tbmKw \S¸pÅp; sNbvIbv¡v Ftóm sNbvIbpsS Ftóm Bcpw {]tbmKn¡bnñ. sN¿ thWw, sN¿ Bw, sN¿s¸SpI, sN¿¯¡ CXymZn {]mIv{]tbmK§fnemWv \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ icnbmb {]tbmKw. CXpIfnð AXn\p {InbmhntijWXzw kv]jvSambn ImWpópapïv. \óqðImc\pw Cu cq]s¯ hÀ¯am\Ime¯nse hn\sb¨ambn KWn¨ncn¡póp; hÀ¯am\Ime¯nsâ {]XoXn HcnS¯pXsó kv]jvSambn ImWmbvIbmð \Sphn\sb¨w Fópt]À t`Zs¸Sp¯n. `qX`mhnIme§Ä¡p at²ybpÅsXópw IrXnbpsSbpw \ma¯nsâbpw CSbv¡pÅsXópw kwPvRbv¡v A\zÀ°Xbpw hrmJym\n¡mw. CuhI Akzmckyhpw aäpw ]cnlcn¸m³thïn CXn\v A\htÑZIw Fópw kwÚsNbvXn«pïv. A, I, DI Fó aqóp {]Xybw ]dªXnð A BWv {]mNo\hpw {]mIv{]tbmK§fnð ImWpóXpw. I, DI cïpw AXns\ \o«n Dïm¡nbXpw CS¡me¯p \S¸nðhóXpamWv. | ||
| DZm: sNbvþ sN¿, sNbvI, sN¿pI. tIÄþtIÄ¡, tIÄ¡pI | ||
| Adn þ Adnb, AdnI, AdnbpI. HmSv þ HmS, HmSpI | ||
| ]qÀ®hyRvP\m´§fnð I {]Xybw tbmPn¡m¯Xn\mð DI am{Xta DÅp. | ||
| Cð InñpInð {]Xyb§Ä | ||
| ]qÀÆhð ]m£nI¯n\v | ||
| \Sphn\sb¨¯n\v A, I, DI, ]dªXpt]mse ]m£nI hn\sb¨¯n\v Cð, Inð, DInð, Fóp bYmtbmKw {]Xyb§Ä. | ||
| DZm: | ||
| sNbv þ | sN¿nð, | sNbvInð, | sN¿pInð |
| Adn þ | Adnbnð, | AdnInð, | AdnbpInð |
| tIÄ þ | þ | tIÄ¡nð, | tIÄ¡pInð |
| HmSv þ | HmSnð, | HmSpInð, | þ |
| "F³' Fó Jne[mXphnsâbpw "BhpI'bpsSbpw ]m£nIhn\sb¨§fmb "F³Inð', "BInð' Fó cq]§Ä \n]mX§fmbn¯oÀóo«pïv. Chsb BJymX¯nð tNÀ¯mepw kw`mh\bÀ°apïmIpw. F§s\: | |||
| hcv þ hcnð, hcpInð, hsó¦nð, hcpópsh¦nð, | |||
| hsó¦nð, hópsh¦nð, hcpsa¦nð, hcmsa¦nð, | |||
| hcs« F¦nð, hcWsa¦nð, hcm F¦nð, hcmsª¦nð, hcmªpsh¦nð | |||
| hcpómInð, hcpamInð, hómInð þ CXymZn | |||
| `qXIme¯nemð tNÀópþ apïmw ]m£nIsaóXv. `qXImecq]¯nð Bð Fóp {]Xybw tNÀ¯n«pw ]m£nIhn\sb¨apïm¡mw. sNbvþsNbvXmð; AdnþAdnªmð; tIÄþtI«mð; HmSvþHmSnbmð. Cu Bð{]Xybw kwkvIrX¯nte "Ime' i_vZw Xsó Bbncn¡mw. Xangnð Cu cq]w"sNbvXm¡mð' Fóp IImcw tNÀómWv. AXpsImïv aebmf¯nepw `qXt]sc¨¯nð\nómIpóp {]Xybw hcpóXv. t]sc¨{]Xybamb AImchpw ]m£nI{]Xyb¯nsâ BZnhÀ®amb IImchpw tem]n¡póp Ftó DÅp. Cu cïp hÀ®§Ä aäp ]seS¯pw tem]n¡pamdpïv. AÀ°tbmP\bpw \ñh®apïv. hóImew= hó]£w. Xangnð Hcp¡mð = Hcp]t£ Fóp thsd Øe§fnepw Imei_vZ¯n\p kw`mh\mÀ°¯nð {]tbmKw ImWpópïv. B[mcnIm{]Xybamb Ið(Ið)I Imctem]¯n\p {]Xnhn[nbmb ]qÀÆkzc¯n\pÅ ZoÀLw hnSmsX Bð Fómbv Naªp Fópw hcmw. Imð Fó B[mcnIm{]Xyb¯n\p Øew FómWÀ°w. AXn\pw kw`mh\bÀ°w Ffp¸¯nð tbmPn¡pw. | |||
| GXm\thXm³ X³hn\þ | |||
| sb¨¯n³ IpdnbmbXv. | |||
| G Ftóm, \o«o«v Ath Ftóm [mXphnð {]XybØm\¯p tNÀ¯mð X³hn\sb¨apïmIpw. F, Ash Fóp {lkzambn«pamhmw. DZm: | |||
| sNbvþsNs¿, sN¿th, tIÄs¡, tIÄ¡th. | |||
| ""tPyjvT\ncns¡¡pcphwi¯nð t{ijvT³ Rms\óh\psS `mhw.'' | |||
| aäpÅ hn\sb¨§sft¸mse CXpw {Inbsb hntijn¸n¡póp F¦nepw hntijWXzwsImïpÅ \yKv`mh(IogvS§ð)¯n\p IpdhpÅXn\mð kzmX{´y¯n\p IqSpXepsïópÅ Xmð]cy¯nemWv X³hn\sb¨w Fópt]À sNbvXXv. X\ntb \nev¡¯¡ kzmX{´yapÅXv X³hn\sb¨w. tX¨pIpfn, hcm³t]mIpó Imcyw CXymZnIfnð "tX¨v', hcm³' Fó ap³þ]n³ hn\sb¨§Ä F{Xt¯mfw kzhntijy§Ä¡p IogS§pópthm A{Xt¯mfw "tPyjvT\ncns¡...' FóXnse Ccns¡, FómWv `mhw' Fó hntijy¯n\p IoS§pónñ FóXv A\p`hkn²amWtñm. cq]kn²n t\m¡pt¼mÄ \Sphn\sb¨¯nð F tNÀ¯tX DÅp X³hn\sb¨w Fóp ]dbpóXv Fóp kv]jvSamWv. Xangnð X³hn\sb¨¯nsâ Øm\¯p \Sphn\sb¨wXsóbmWv D]tbmKn¡póXpw. "sN¿thïpw' Fóv A\p{]tbmKw tNÀó Xangvcq]w aebmf¯nð "sN¿Ww' Fóp hn[mbI{]Imcw Fsómcp ]pXnb C\ambXpt]mseXsóbmWv \Sphn\sb¨w F Fó \n]mXw tNÀóp X³hn\sb¨w Fóp {]tXyIw Hcp hn\sb¨ambn¯oÀóXv. | |||
| BKaw HópIqSn kq£n¨pt\m¡pt¼mÄ ]m£nIhn\sb¨hpw X³hn\sb¨w t]mse \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ hn`àncq]wXsó Bbn]n¡Wsaóp tXmópóp. \Sphn\sb¨¯nð \ma§sft¸mse {]mtbW an¡ hn`ànIfpw tNÀ¡mhpó hnhcw ap³]p {]kvXmhn¨n«pïtñm. AXn\mð ]m£nIw Bcw`Ime¯nð hcpI+Cð= hcpIbnð = hcpInð (AImctem]¯mð)= hcpó ØnXnbnð =hcpó]£w, C§s\ B[mcnIbnse cq]hpw, AXnò®w X³hn\sb¨w G Fó hn`àym`mk¯nse cq]hpw Bbncpóncn¡Ww. | |||
| C\n hn\sb¨§fpsS {]tbmKhntij§sf¸än kzev]w hnNmcW sN¿mwþ ap³þ]n³þ \Sp hn\sb¨§Ä AXXp t]cn\\pcq]ambn«p hntijy{InbbpsS ap³]nepw ]n³]nepw AtXmSp kaImeambpÅ {InbIsf¡pdn¡póp. ap³]pw ]n³]pw hfsc ASpt¯m Zqctbm Bhmw. "a\pjyÀ P\n¨p hfÀóp acn¡póp' Fó DZmlcW¯nð P\\w, hfÀ¨, acWw Chbv¡pX½nð al¯mb A´cw Ccn¡mw; t\scadn¨v, "sImïphcpI' ]dªbbv¡pI' CXymZnIfnð sImÅpIbpw hcpIbpw; ]dbpIbpw Abbv¡pIbpw Aev]Imew sImtï A´cnXamIpópÅp. {]mIv{]tbmKambn hcpó ap³hn\sb¨§fnð Hs¡bpw Cu kmao]yw ImWpw. "IrjvW³ ]qX\sbbpw inip]mes\bpw sImñm³ AhXcn¨p' FóXnð cïpt]scbpw sImñpóXp X½nð hfsc Imehyh[m\apïv. "CSpI'bpsS A\p{]tbmKw ap³hn\sb¨s¯bpw "Bbn«p' Fó \n]mX¯nsâ tbmKw ]n³hn\sb¨s¯bpw Hóp tX¨pan\p¡nbmseót]mse {]Imin¸n¡pw. Cu D]mbwsImïv {][m\ys¯bpw ImeXmcays¯bpw aäpw {]Xy£s¸Sp¯m³ kuIcyapïv. F§s\: | |||
| {]m[m\yw | ImeXmcXayw | ||||
1 |
{ | cmakzman ChnsS Xmakn¨p ]Tn¨p | 1 |
{ |
cmakzman hóv Ipfn¨v Dïp |
| cmakzman ChnsS Xmakn¨n«p ]Tn¨p | cmakzman hóp Ipfn¨n«v Dïp | ||||
2 |
{ |
cmakzman D®m³ t]mbn | 2 |
{ |
cmakzman ]Tn¡m³ hcm³ `mhapïv. |
| cmakzman D®m\mbn«pt]mbn | cmakzman ]Tn¡m\mbn«phcm³ `mhapïv. | ||||
{]mIv{]tbmKhnthN\w |
|||||
| cmakzman t]mbncn¡póp. cmakzman t]mbn«ncn¡póp | |||||
| cmakzman¡p ]dbm³X¡ Imcyanñ | |||||
| cmakzman¡p ]dbm\mbn«p X¡ Imcyanñ | |||||
| Fómðþ ]db¯¡ ImcWw, ]dbm³X¡ ImcWw, CXymZn hn\sb¨§Ä¡pXsó h¨pamäw sN¿pó Øe§fnð kq£vaamb AÀ°XmcXayw km[mcWbnð Ku\n¡pamdnñ. A]qÀÆw Nne Øe§fnð \Sphn\sb¨¯n\p ]Icw ]n³hn\sb¨w {]tbmKn¨p ImWpóp. F§s\: | |||||
| ""a\pjycmbmenh cïnsemóp \n\¨pthWw kabw Ign¸m³.'' | |||||
| ChnsS Ign¸m³ "thWw' FóXnsâ IÀ¯mhmIpóp. kabw Ign¸Xv Ch cïnsemóp \n\¨n«p thWw. | |||||
| an¡ Øe§fnepw {]tbmKhpw hypð¸¯nbpw A\pkcn¨p ap³hn\sb¨¯n\p ]qÀÆIme{Inbbpw ]n³hn\sb¨¯n\p {InbmÀ°{InbbpamIpóp AÀ°w. Ahbnð\nóp ap³hn\sb¨¯n\v "AXnsâ tijw' Fópw atäXn\v "AXpt±in¨n«v' Fópw AÀ°w [mcmfw Dfhmbn. F§s\: | |||||
| bp²w Ignªp ]pcw{]thin¨p (in. ]p) | = |
IgnªXnsâ tijw | |||
| cma³ P\n¨n«v Ggp hÀjambn | = |
P\n¨Xnsâ tijw | |||
| cma\p ]p{X\pïmIm³ A\p{Kln¡póp | = |
DïmIWsaópt±in¨n«v | |||
| Cu amXncn Øe§fnemWv cïp hn\sb¨§fpw `nóIÀ¯rI§fmbn¨abpóXpw F§s\: | |||||
| ap\namÀ tNmZn¨n«v kqX³ ]dª IY | |||||
| cmakzman DïmIm³ AbmfpsS Aѳ t\Àó hgn]mSv. | |||||
| IÀ¯m, IÀ½w apXemb ]cnÑZ (attributes) §sfms¡bpw {]tXyIapÅXn\mð Hón\p asämónepÅ AwK`mh¯n\p lm\n hcpópshóp i¦n¸m\nñ. ChnsSbpw kma´cmPmhv N{IhÀ¯n almcmPmhn\p IogS§pwh®w AwK¯n\v ]cyhkm\¯nð AwKnbpsS t\sc NmbvhpIqSmXncn¡pónñ. C§s\ ]uÀÆm]cyaÀ°w kvYncs¸«tXmSpIqSn ap³hn\sb¨¯n\v B kw_Ô¯nsâ kv]ÀiapÅ ImcyImcW`mhw, \nan¯ss\an¯nI`mhw apXemb Fñm AÀ°§fnepw \S¸phóp. DZm: | |||||
| Ahóm`cWw hnäns«mcp em`w thWtam? | þ |
NmW | |||
| aóh\b¨n§p hcpó R§Ä | þ |
tI.cm. | |||
| `oasâ Xñp XpStaðsImïp NmI | þ |
`mc | |||
| ]dtª kpJw hcq | þ |
\f | |||
| sImópXtó iawhcq | þ |
].X | |||
| ]n³hn\sb¨¯n\v CÑmþiànþkmaÀ°yþ ]cym]vXpZyamZyÀ°I[mXptbmK¯nemWv [mcmfamb {]tbmKw. ChXsó Dt±inImhn`àn¡pw AÀ°amImbmð t]sc¨\ma§fpsS Dt±inIbpw ]n³hn\sb¨hpw ]cymbambnhcpóp. DZm: | |||||
| Ipfn¸m³ t]mIpóp | = |
Ipfn¡póXn\p t]mIpóp | |||
| Ipfn¸m³ CÑn¡póp | =
|
Ipfn¡póXn\v CÑn¡póp | |||
| ]dhm³ Ignbpw | = |
]dbpóXn\p Ignbpw | |||
| ]dhm³ `mhn¡póp | = |
]dbpóXn\p `mhn¡póp | |||
| ap³hn\sb¨hpw ]n³hn\sb¨hpw Kayam\{Inbsb¡pdn¨pw {]hÀ¯n¡pw. F§s\: | |||||
| Aht\mSv ]dªns«´p Imcyw. D®m³t\c¯v Dd§cpXv. | |||||
| CSt¯mSpIÄ hñ ImcWhimepw Ipd¨pImew P\kômcanñmsX InSópt]mbmð Ccp]pdhpapÅ IpSnbm\hòmÀ X§fpsS ]pcbnS§fpsS AXnÀ¯n \o¡n\o¡n AXns\ hfsc CSp¡n¡fbpóXpt]mse apónepw ]nónepapÅ hn\sb¨§Ä \Sphnet¯Xnsâ an¡ hnjb§sfbpw {ItaW B{Ian¨ncn¡póp. \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ A[nImcw {]IrXrm hntijy{Inbbpw hntijW{Inbbpw kaIme§fmbnhcpó Øe§fnemWtñm. H«pw Gä¡pdhpIÄ IqSmsX cïp {InbIÄ Htc Ime¯nð \S¡póXv A]qÀÆamIpóp. AXn\mð "sNmñ¯pS§n\m³' Fóp Xangns\ A\pkcn¨pÅ {]mNo\{]tbmK¯nsâ Øm\¯nð AÀÆmNo\òmÀ "sNmñm³ XpS§n\m³' Ftóm "sNmñn¯pS§n\m³' Ftóm hyhlcn¡pw. "Kpcphcpfnt¡« IY' Fó {]tbmK¯nð AÀ°w "Kpcphcpfnb cq]¯nð tI« IY' FómIbmð AcpfnbXpw tI«Xpw Htc Imet¯ kw`hn¡q. F¦nepw Acpfen\pw tIÄhn¡pw klPambpÅ tlXptlXpaÛmhw {]amWn¨v XZvKX]uÀÆm]cyZzmcm Acpfen\p tIÄhnsb¡mÄ ]qÀÆXzw Iev]n¨v AXns\ ap³hn\sb¨am¡nbncn¡póp. C{]Imcw Xsó aäp Øe§fnepw kam[m\w kq£vaZrjvSnIÄ Duln¨psImÅs«. | |||||
|
|||||
| \Sphn\sb¨¯n\v C§s\ Hcp hgntb{]Imcw IpdªXnt\mSpIqSn hgntb{]Nmcw hÀ²n¨n«papïv. \mw hmkvXh¯nð tXmÀóXnsâ tijta \\bv¡pópÅp. F¦nepw "tXmct¯msc \\bv¡póp' Fóp [mcmfw {]tbmKn¡pamdpïv. "tXmc' Fó \Sphn\sb¨¯nð \nópim_vZambpfhmIpó t_m[{]Imcw tXmcpóXpw \\bv¡póXpw HtcIme¯p thïnhcpw. AXv Akw`mhyhpamWv. Cu {]IrX¯nð \nóp i_vZm\pimk\imkv{X¯nse cïp kn²m´§Ä \ap¡p shfns¸Spóp. (1) HuZmko\y\ymbw (2) ØpS{]Xymb\\ymbw. Hómat¯Xp "sNmñ¯pS§n, sNmñm³XpS§n' Fót]mepÅ Øe§fnð ØnXamb t`Zs¯ AekXaqew Ku\n¡mXncn¡póp. cïmat¯Xnsâ kz`mhw "tXmsc tXmsc \\bv¡póp' CXymZnIfnset¸mse hnh£nXs¯ IgnbpóXpw kv^pSam¡WsaópÅ Dt±iy¯n³ t]cnð Cñm¯Xns\ Dïm¡pIbmIpóp. Cu cïp ]ckv]chncp²§fmb \ymb§fpsSbpw, Chbnepw {]_eamb Hu]ay\ymbw Asñ¦nð D]Nmc\ymbw FóXnsâbpw hnemkwsImïv i_vZ§Ä¡p cq]¯nepw AÀ°¯nepw \mÄ¡p\mÄ P\n¨psImïphcpó t`Z§sf BkIew hymJym\n¡mw; F¦nepw Cu {]IrXm\p{]IrXamb imkv{Xobkn²m´hnNmcw ChnsS \nev¡s«. | |||||
| Cuhn[w hnjbkt¦mNwhóXn\mð \Sphn\sb¨w F Fó \n]mX¯nsâ klmbt¯mSpIqSn {Inbm\p_Ôw, {Inbme£Ww CXymZn AÀ°apÅXmb X³hn\sb¨w Fsómcp ]pXnb C\ambn¯oÀóp. ]m£nIhn\sb¨w \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ Hcp hIt`Zta BIpópÅp. Fóp ap\]nð¯só {]Xn]mZn¨n«pïsñm. AXn\mð {][m\ambn hn\sb¨w aqtó DÅp Fópw ]dbmw. | |||||
| \ncp]m[nIamb {Inbsb Ipdn¡pó \Sphn\sb¨¯n\p kzXÊn²amb AwK`mhs¯ Ku\n¡mbvIbmð {][m\ {InbmØm\¯nepw {InbmXz¯nð A\mØaqew \ma¯nsâ \nebnepw {]tbmKw \S¸mbn hóp. _lpam\w, `àn, hn\bw apXembhbpsS hnh£bnð BÚ, A\pPvR, hn[n XpS§nbpÅ hntijmÀ°§fpsS kv]ÀiapÅ \ntbmPImZn{]Imc§Ä¡v A\uNnXyw i¦n¨p ]cnip²{InbmhmNIamb \Sphn\sb¨s¯ BJymXam¡n {]tbmKn¨p XpS§n. F§s\: | |||||
| Btcy! thjw [cn¨pIgnªmð Ct§m«p hcnIXsó | þ `m. im | ||||
| hr¯m´sa´ópcsNbvI | þ \f. | ||||
| \c]Xn th«bv¡p hcnItbm | þtI.cm | ||||
| \ma]Z§sft¸mse Hcp hmIywXsó Hcp {Inbbv¡p IÀ¯mthm IÀ½tam aäp ImcItam Bbnhcpó Øe§fnð B hmIy¯nsâ {Inbm]Zs¯ \Sphnsb¨am¡o«v AXnð \ma§fnset¸mse e£yw IqSsX hn`ànIsf tNÀ¡póp. F§s\: | |||||
| ZqXscs¡mesNbvI imkv{X¯nð hn[nbñ | (\nÀt±) |
þ
tI.cm |
| \o XpWbmIbmð Pbw hcpóp | ({]tbm) |
þ
`mc. |
| Ah\p tIÄ¡bnð B{Klapïv | (B[m) |
þ
`mc. |
| XyPn¡sb¡m«nð \ñXp | ({]Xn) |
þ
\f. |
| ImemZyp]m[nIsf¡qSn hnh£n¸m³ aSnbnñm¯ ]£w "ZqXscs¡me sN¿póXp, sNbvXXp, sN¿phXp (sNbvhsXtóm) hn[nbñ,' Fópw {]tbmKn¡mw. | ||
| "BsX' FópÅ adhn\sb¨¯nse hntijcq]w Fñmhn\sb¨wt]msebpw {]tbmKn¡pamdpïv. F§s\: | ||
| AdnªpadnbmsXbpw sNbvX sXäpIÄ þ(ap³) | ||
| Dcpïpt]mImsX (t]mImbvhcm³) ]nSn¨p þ(]n³) | ||
| ioeadnbmsX (Adnbmªmð) Ifn¡cpXv þ(]m£nI) | ||
| [mXphnð Ime{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð In«pó cq]w hn\sb¨amWv; AXntòð ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð apäphn\bmIpw FómWv {ZmhnU§fnð s]mXpth GÀ¸mSv Fóp (kq{Xw 105) Ime{]IcW¯nð ]dªsñm. AhnsS¯só AXns\¸än hnNmcWIfpw sNbvXp; F¦nepw AhnsS sNbvX hnaÀiw ]e kwKXnIfpw Xocpam\n¡m\pïmbncpóXn\mð hfsc ZoÀLhpw Ipsd hymIpehpw Bbnt¸mbn«pïv. AXn\mð hn\sb¨§sf¸änbpÅ Cu {]IcWw \ndp¯pw ap³]v B kwKXnsb¡pdn¨v cïp hm¡pIqSn {]kvXmhn¡ hnlnXambncn¡pw. ap³hn\sb¨wXsóbmWv `qXmJymXw FópÅXnð ktµl¯ns\mópw hIbnñ. icnbmb hÀ¯am\Imew BZy¯nenñmbncpóp; AXpsImïmWv Ct¸mgs¯ hÀ¯am\Ime¯nepÅ BJymX¯n\v FXncmbn«v Hcp hn\sb¨w XanÄþaebmf§fnð ImWm¯Xv. hÀ¯am\¯nsâ Øm\¯pÅ \Sphn\sb¨¯n\v FXncmbn«v BJymXw \óqenð ]dªn«nsñ¦nepw hmbvsamgnbnð AXv A]qÀÆambn D]tbmKn¡mdpïv. AXn\mð ]n³hn\sb¨¯nsâ kwKXnbnemWv kwib§Ä Xocm¯Xv. (1) ]n³hn\sb¨w, "sNbvhm³', "\S¸m³' Fóv B³ {]Xybm´amWv. CXnð ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀón«v Hcp `mhncq]w DïmIpónñ. (2) `mhnIme{]Xybw D Ftóm, Dw Ftóm BWv, AXn\p tbmPn¨ Hcp hn\sb¨hpw ImWpónñ. C§s\ cïp t]mbnâp XoÀ¨s¸SWw. Ime{]IcW¯nemIs« `mhnIme¯nsâ AÀ°hpw cq]hpw Cóhn[saóp JÞnXambn XoÀ¨s¸«n«nsñópw, "sNbvIpw ht´mw' CXymZnIfmb Nne hyXykvX{]tbmK§fnð Dà\b{]Imcw Bhiys¸« cq]w ImWpópsïópw am{Xw kam[m\w ]dªv kwKXn XÅn¡fªtX DÅp. AXn\mð ChnsS B tIkv ]p\ÀÆnNmcWbv¡v FSpt¡ïnbncn¡póp. | ||
| "ImehmNn{]Xybm´w X\ntb (\nómð) hn\sb¨amIpw' Fóp am{Xta kq{X¯nð ]dªn«pÅp. B³ Hcp Ime{]Xybañ; AXpsImïpXsóbmWv AXnsóXncmbn«v HcmJymXanñm¯Xv. C{XbpwsImïv Hómwt]mbnâp XÅnt¸mbn. Fómð Cu B³ FhnSpóp NmSnhoWp FópIqSn PnÚmk hcpóp. A Fó \Sphn\sb¨s¯ \o«nbpïm¡nbtX DÅp B³. IÀ®mSI¯nð CXv "Aev' FómWv; HSphnð DImcw tNÀ¯v "Añp' Fópw B¡mdpïv. Fómð A Fóp am{Xambn«pÅ cq]hpw [mcmfw \S¸pïv. tIih³ Fó IÀ®mSIsshbmIcW³ ChnsS eImctem]amWv hn[n¡pósX¦nepw tijw {ZmhnU§tfmSp Xmcays¸Sp¯n t\m¡pt¼mÄ A \o«nbXmWv Aev, AñmsX A FóXnð eImctem]asñóp sXfnbpw. sXep¦nse ]n³hn\sb¨hpw {][m\ambn«v A Xsó. kzcw ]cambmð AXv ³ tNÀóv A³ FómIpw. DZm: | ||
| IÀ®mSIw þ Ah\p B sIek amUemcw`nknZn\p | ||
| sXep¦v þ AZUp B ]\n tNb\mcw`nNnhmUp | ||
| aebmfw þ Ah³ B ]Wn sN¿m\mcw`n¨m³ | ||
| sXep¦nð aebmf¯nset¸mseXsó Ab= Bbn(«v) Fó Ahybw IqSntNÀ¯p _es¸Sp¯pIbpw \S¸pïv. | ||
| sXep¦v þ hmUp B ]\n tNb\b DómUp. | ||
| aebmfw þ Ah³ B ]Wn sN¿m\mbn«p X¿mdmbm³. | ||
| B\nþ sâ DÛhw Cu hn[w Bbncn¡Ww Fóp tXmópóp. knÔnImcyam{XamIbmð \ncÀ°Iamb CXp Ime{Ia¯nð XmZÀ°yw AÀ°apÅ Hcp {]Xybambn¨aªp. sXep¦cpw IÀ®mSIcpw CXns\ Dð¸¯nb\pkcn¨p \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ Hcp \o«nembn«p am{Xta D]tbmKn¨XpapÅp. XangÀ CXns\ `mhnImehn\sb¨amb ]n³hn\sb¨¯nð {]thin¸n¨p. AXnte¡p e£yamWv \óqðImc³ hm³, ]m³ Fó BIrXnbnð ]n³hn\sb¨{]Xyb§sf ]dªXv. hm³= hv+ B³; ]m³= ]v+B³; ]ImchImc§Ä ImcnXmImcn§Ä¡p apdbv¡pÅ `mhnNnÓ\§fmIpóp. D Fóncpó `mhn{]Xybw hImc]Imc§fmbn¸cnWan¡m\pÅ ImcWw ASp¯pXsó {]kvXmhn¡pw. aebmfnIÄ¡mIs« B³ hfsc ckn¨p; AhÀ AXns\ \maambn«p]tbmKn¡pó (A\htÑZIw Fóp t]cn«n«pÅ) \Sphn\sb¨¯nð¡qSn Ip¯ns¨ep¯n. ""a\pjy ....kabw Ign¸m³'' (265þmw ]pdw) ap³ImWn¨ DZmlcWw t\m¡pI. B³ C§s\ hnfn¡msX hópIbdnb hncpópImc\mWv. Ahs\ B«n¸pd¯nd¡nbmð `mhnIme{]Xybm´wXsó ]n³hn\sb¨ambn«p sXfnªp ImWpw. | ||
| Hómwt]mbnâp XoÀ¨s¸«tXmSpIqSn cïmat¯Xpw XoÀ¨s¸«p. Imcy¯nð t]mbnâp cïpw Hcp kwKXnXsó Xncn¨pw adn¨pw C«tX DÅtñm. IpSp¡¸mbmð \o¡n¡fªp t\m¡nbt¸mÄ Ipfw IpfwXsó Fóp t_m[s¸«p; A{XtbbpÅp. `mhnIme{]Xybm´amb "hcp' "Ccn¡p' Xsó ]n³sb¨w; "hcphm³' "Ccn¡phm³' Fó B³ ]mbensâ a«nð bZrÑbm hópIqSnbXv. `P\w aq¯v Ducma XpS§pIbmð B³ DSaØ\mb D {]Xybs¯ \o¡n¡fªn«v Ct¸mÄ kzX{´ambn¯oÀóncn¡póp. Ct¸mgs¯ aebmf¯nð cq]w "hcm³' "Ccn¡m³' Fóp am{Xambmð [mcmfw aXn. Xangnð B\nsâ A[nImcw C{Xt¯mfw apgp¯nñ; AXnð hm³, ]m³ Fóp hImc]Imc§Ä tNÀtó \nð¡q. Fóp a{Xañ, Xangnð Cu cq]§ÄXsó hyXykvXtiJc¯nð tNÀópt]mbn. AXpsImïv "hcphm³' FóXmWv icnbmb cq]w; "hcm³' FóXv AXnð\nóp kt¦mNn¸n¨pïm¡nbtX DÅp. Fómð "hcpI' "Ccn¡pI' Fó cq]§fpsS kwKXnbnð Imcyw t\sc adn¨mWpXm\pw. hc, Ccn¡ \o«nbXmWv B cq]§Ä. | ||
| A, I, DI Fóp aqóp {]Xybw ]dªXnð GXmWv icnbmb \Sphn\sb¨w Fóp ]cymtemNn¡mw. hcphm³ (= hcp+B³), hcphn³ (hcp+C³) Fóp aäp cq]§fnð ImWpóXpt]mse CXnepw DImcw `mhnNnÓamtWm FómWv kwibw tXmópI. Cu kwibw XoÀ¡póXnte¡pthïn BZyambn«v `mhn{]XybwXsó D Ftóm Dw Ftóm Fóp \nÀ®bnt¡ïnbncn¡póp. AXn\mð BZyw B kwKXn hnNmcWbvs¡Sp¡mw. | ||
| ]gb Xangnð `qXIme¯nsâ GIhN\¯n\p aqóp ]pcpj\nepw Hópt]mse sNbvXp Fópw, _lphN\¯n\p sNbvXpw Fópw cq]§fpïmbncpóp. AXpt]mse `mhnbnepw D¯a]pcpj\nð am{Xw sNbvIp Fóv GIhN\hpw sNbvIpw Fóp _lphN\hpw Dïmbncpóp. "\½Ä", "X½Ä', "amÀ' CXymZn \macq]§fnð aImcw _lphN\NnÓambn«p ImWpópapïv. AXn\mð Cu {Inbmcq]§fnepw aImcw _lphN\¡pdnbmbn¯só Ccn¡Ww. ImðsUzð sNbvXpw, sNbvIpw Fó cq]§Ä Dw Fó kap¨bcq]w tNÀópïmbXmsWóp ]dbpóXv KWn¡m\nñ. At±lw thïm¯sXñmw B km[phmb \n]mX¯nsâ Xebnð sI«nhbv¡mdpÅ Iq«¯nembncn¡mw CXpw. At¸mÄ D XsóbmWv `mhn {]Xybw. BZnIme¯v apäphn\IÄ¡v Ct¸mgs¯ aebmf¯nset¸mse enwK]pcpj hN\t`Zanñmbncpóp Fóp ap¼pXsó Øm]n¨n«pïtñm. BZyambn cq]t`Zw Bcw`n¨Xv hN\w Fó D]m[nbnð Bbncn¡mw FópthWw CXnð\nóqln¸m³. {ItaW ]pcpjt`ZwIqSn GÀs¸«t¸mÄ AXnte¡pÅ {]Xyb¯nð¯só hN\w IqSn DÄs¸«pt]mIbmð Dw Fóp aImcw tNÀó cq]w BhiyanñmXmbn. Fómð Hcn¡ð \S¸nðhóp t]mb cq]w DSs\ \in¨pt]mhpI FóXv Ffp¸añ. AXpsImïv AXns\ hyànhnh£ AXymhiyañm¯Xn\mð hN\hnjb¯nð ZpÀºeamb \]pwkIenwK¯nð cïp hN\¯nepw t`ZwIqSmsX D]tbmKn¡m³ Bcw`n¨ncn¡Ww. C§s\bmWv D Fópw Dw Fópw cïp `mhn{]Xybw Dïmbn¯oÀóXv. | ||
| D {]Xyb¯nð ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä tNcpt¼mÄ DïmIpó cq]KXnbpw ImWn¡mw. ]mSp+ G³ = ]mSpth³, XqMp+G³= Xp§pth³ FónXymZn ImcnXmImcnt`Zanñm¯ hyRvP\m´§fnð kÔnImcyw sImïpXsó cq]w icns¸Spóp. Adn+ D+ G³= Adnbpth³ Fóp htcïXn\p ]Icw "Adnth³' Fópw, "\S+ D+ G³=\S¡pth³ FóXn\p]Icw "\St¸³' Fópw cq]§Ä hósX§s\? ChnsS D tem]n¨p t]mIpóXmWv. DImcw an¡ Zn¡nepw tem]n¡pó kzchpamWsñm. Fómð apdbv¡pÅ tem]w FónSt¯mfw hIhbvt¡ïXnñ; "Adnbpth³' FóXns\ "Adnth³' Fóp kt¦mNn¸n¡póp Fóp KWn¨mð aXn. At¸mÄ [mXp Xmehym´ambmepw kÔnbnð AXn\v bImcmKa¯n\p ]Icw hImcmKaw hó ^eambn. AImcnX¯n\v kÔnImcyamb CS\ne hImcamsW¦nð ImcnX¯n\v AXnsâ Cc«n¨ Jcamb ¸ BWp thïXv. C§s\ "\St¸³' Fó cq]hpw kn²n¨p. h, ] cïpw `mhnsb¡pdn¡pó CS\neIfmsWóp \óqðImc³ ]dªXnsâ bpànbpw CXpXsó Bbncn¡Ww. `mhnIme¯nse hn\sb¨ambn«pw At±lw hm³, ]m³ Fóv FSp¯p hImc]Imc§sft¨À¯p \nÀt±in¨Xpw {]tXyIw \½psS {i²sb AÀln¡póp. `mhnbnð cq]kn²n¡pÅ Ipg¸sañmw Ct¸mÄ XoÀóp. | ||
| A am{Xta \Sphn\sb¨ambn«pÅp. hn\sb¨w {InbmwKamIbmð AXv Hcp {InbbpsS hntijWambncn¡Ww. {InbmhntijWambn«pÅ {]tbmK§fnseñmw A am{Xta ImWpópÅp. | ||
| sNmñn¯pS§n\m³; ]db¯¡, \S¯thïpw; | ||
| sN¿s¸«; hc; Ccn¡ (= hsc, Ccnt¡þ X³ hn\sb¨w.) | ||
| hnbwtImÄ Fóp XangÀ ]dbpó BimkI{]Imcambn«pw, \maambn«pw DÅ D]tbmK¯nð BWv I, DI tNÀóp ImWpóXv. BZyt¯Xv apäphn\bmb IrXncq]hpw cïmat¯Xv \mahpw Bbnt¸mIpóXn\mð AXv hn\sb¨ta Asñóv AÀ°wsImïp hniZamIpóp. Fómð CXns\ cïns\bpw F´n\v \Sphn\sb¨¯nð DÄs¸Sp¯n FómWv ]nós¯ tNmZyw. AXn\p kam[m\w ]dbmw. hn\sb¨§fpsS Iq«¯nesñ¦nð CXns\ tNÀ¡mhpóXv ImðsUzð sNbvXt]mse IrXnIrs¯óp ]dbpó {Inbm\ma§fpsS tiJc¯nemWv. IrXnIr¯v \maambnt¸mIpóXn\mð AXnsâ IÀ¯mhpw IÀ½hpw Ipdn¡póXn\v kw_ÔnImhn`ànbñmsX apdbv¡pff \nÀt±inIbpw {]tbmPnIbpw hcnIbnñ. IrXnIr¯mIpt¼mÄ "X«msâ ]Wn', "tamXnc¯nsâ sI«v' FómWv {]tbmKw. DI {]Xybm´amIbmð "X«m³ ]WnbpI' "tamXncw'(s¯) sI«pI Fóp IÀ¯rIÀ½§sf apd{]Imcw ImWn¡mw. {Inbm[À½w t]mIm¯Xn\mð CXv {Inbm\maañ; asämónsâ hntijWañm¯Xn\mð ]äphn\IfpsS Iq«¯nð CXn\p Øm\w sImSp¯pIqSm; kzbw ]qÀ®{Inb Añm¯Xn\mð apäphn\bnepw tNcpIbnñ. ImemZyp]m[nsbmópw Cñm¯Xn\mð ]c{_ÒXpeyamWnXv Fóv ap³]pXsó D]\ykn¨Xv Ct¸mÄ kv]jvSambn. kwkvIrX¯nð CXns\Xncmbn«v Hcp cq]anñ. Cw¥ojnð infinitive FóXnsâ Øm\amWnXn\v, Cw¥ojpsshbmIcaòmÀ AXns\ Mood Fóp ]dbpó "{]Imcw' Fó C\¯nð tNÀ¯p. Fómð {]Imc§Ä (moods) Fñmw ]qÀ®{InbIÄ (finite verbs)BWv; CXv A]qÀ®hpamWv. (How can infinitive be finite?) AXpsImïv {]Imc¯nð DÄs¸Sp¯póXn\pw \ymbw t]mcm. hnbt¦mfmbn«pÅ D]tbmK¯nð CXv apäphn\bmbn¯ocpóXn\mð {]Imc¯nsâ Iq«¯nð BimkI{]Imcw Fóv CXn\p Øm\w sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. t]mcm¯Xn\v {ZmhnU§Ä¡p icnbmb {]Imc§tf Cñ; DÅXp an¡Xpw A\p{]tbmKkn²hpamWv. AXn\mð B C\¯nð CXn\v Øm\w Hcn¡epw A\phZn¡m³ ]mSnñ. Cu ZpÀLS¯nð BÀ¡pw thïm¯Xn\pw hsñS¯pw Hcp Øew sImSp¡Watñm Fóph¨v CXns\ \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ Iq«¯nð XÅnhn«tX DÅp. CsXñmw IcpXo«mWv apäphn\bv¡pw ]äphn\bv¡pw \Sp¡pÅXv "\Sphn\sb¨w' Fsómcp hymJym\wIqSn ap¼pXsó sNbvXph¨Xpw "A\htÑZIw' Fsómcp ]pXnb t]À krjvSn¨Xpw. | ||
| A\htÑZI¯n\p {]Xybw I Fóp aXn. hyRvP\m´[mXp¡fnð AXv kwhrXw tNÀóv DI Fómbns¡mÅpw. Ccn¡pI, tNÀ¡pI Fóp kzcm´§fnepw Nnñ´§fnepwIqSn D tNÀ¡póXv A\mhiyIamWv; CubnsS XpS§nb Hcp \o«te DÅp AXv. t]mIphm³, t]mIphn³ Fó cq]§fnset¸mse `mhn{]Xyb¯n\v CXnð AÀ°t¨À¨ teiwt]mepanñ. B cq]§sf A\pIcn¨v CXnepw shdpsX \o«ð Bcw`n¨Xmbncn¡Ww. ]m£nIhn\sb¨¯nsâ Dð¸¯n Cu A\htÑZI¯nð\nómWv. AXnð `mhnkv]Ài¯n\v AÀlXbpÅXn\mð "Ccn¡pInð' Fóp \o«nbmepw Akzmckyanñ. Xangnð hÀ¯am\mJymXw Cd Fó [mXphnsâ A\p{]tbmKw sImïmWpïmIpósXóp Øm]n¨tñm. AhnsS {]mIv{]tbmKw Cu A\htÑZIamWv. AXnsâ Ipdnbmb I {]Xyb¯nse AImcw tem]n¨v CdtbmSp tNÀóv Ind DïmIpóp. AXmWv sNbvIndm³, hcpIndm³ Fóp IImcw tIÄ¡póXv. AXv aebmf¯nð hn[mbI{]Imc¯nsâ A\p{]tbmKamb thïpw AWw BbXpt]mse Dóp Fóp {]Xybambn¯oÀóXn\mð IImcwIqSn tIÄ¡msX "sN¿póp', "hcpóp' Fóp cq]w [cn¡póp. {]XybØm\w e`n¡bmð ImcnX§fnð ¡v CS\netNcpt¼mÄ "Ccn¡póp' "tIÄ¡póp' Fóp IImc klnX§fmb cq]§fpw DïmIpóp. | ||
| tað{]kvXmhn¨ kn²m´{]Imcw hn\sb¨§fpsS hn`mKw Xmsg tNÀ¯ncn¡pó ]«nI{]ImcamIpóp. | ||
| t]À | {]Xybw | DZmlcWw |
| ap³hn\sb¨w | Xp, C(inYneoIrX`qX{]Xyb§Ä) | sNbvXv, HmSnt¸mbn |
| ]n³hn\sb¨w | D (`mhn{]Xybw, AXntòð B³) | sN¿phm³, sNbvhm³ |
| tIhew | A | sN¿ (thWw) | ||
| \Sphn\sb¨w | X³hn\sb¨w | F, Ash | sNs¿, sN¿sh | |
| A\hntÑZIw | I (DI) | sNbvI, sN¿pI | ||
| ]m£nIw | Cð (Inð, DInð) | sN¿nð, sNbvInð, sN¿pInð | ||
| ]m£nI hn\sb¨¯nð Dw Fó kap¨b\n]mXw tNÀ¯mð AwKoImcw AÀ°w DïmIpw. | ||||
| "cïp{]Imcw \ncp]n¨mepw XïmÀangnsb \ap¡nl thïm' CXymZypZmlcW§Ä. cq]s¯ Hcphn[hpw kv]Àin¡m¯ HcÀ° hntijamWnXv. AXn\mð hymIcW¯nð CXns\ KWnt¡ïXnñ. UmIvSÀ KpïÀ«v CXn\v "A\phmZIw' Fóp t]cn«v hn\sb¨§fpsS Dĸncnhnð tNÀ¯Xv Cw¥ojnð CXp "yet' Fó LSI\n]mX¯nsâ Øm\w hln¡póXn\membncn¡Ww. | ||||
Ir¯pIÄ |
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| AwKbmbpw AwKambpw DÅ km²y{Inbsb hnhcn¨Xnsâ tijw C\n _m¡nbpÅ kn²{Inbsb FSp¡póp. Cu amXncn {Inbsb Ipdn¡pó {]Xyb§Ä¡v "Ir¯v' Fópt]À ap¼nð¯só ]dªn«pïtñm. hmkvXh¯nð km²yZibnð Ccn¡pó {Inbtb {InbbmhpIbpÅp FópØm]n¨n«pÅXn\mð kn²{InbIsfms¡bpw {Inbbnð\nóp P\n¨ \ma§fmIpóp. \ma¯nð\nópfhmIpó \ma{]Xyb§Ä¡v X²nXsaóp t]À sNbvXpt]mse {Inbbnð\nópÛhn¡pó \ma{]Xrb§Ä¡v IrXv {]Xybsaóp kwÚ sImSp¯ncn¡póp. "IrXnIr¯v', "ImcIIr¯v' Fóp Ir¯v cïphn[w; Hómt¯Xv tIheamb {Inbmkzcq]s¯¡pdn¡póp; cïmat¯Xnð {Inbsb \S¯pó ImcI§fnð Hóv {]Xyb¯nsâ hmNyambn \nð¡póp. | ||||
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