Kerala Panineeyam


7. A\p{]tbmKw

{]IrXhim appXs {]kvXmhnnpXpt]mse ap [mXpsf klmbnm\mbn AXn\Spp ]cambn {]tbmKnp [mXphmIpp A\p{]tbmKw. BbXp aqp amXncnbpv. 1) t`ZIm\p{]tbmKw 2) Imem\p{]tbmKw, 3) ]pcWm\p{]tbmKw. [mXphns kzmn Nne hntijmsf tNpXv HmatXv. `qXmZnIme{Xbn Nne XmcXayw sNpXp cmatXv. Jnesf ]qcnnpXp aqmatXv. kwkvIrXnse D]kfpsS m\amIpp t`ZIm\p{]tbmKw hlnpXv. Fm {]lcw, Blmcw, kwlmcw, hnlmcw, ]cnlmcw Fp {]mZyp]k lr [mXphns As {]IrXytmSp teiw kw_anmhn[w t`ZsSppXp t]mse A\p{]tbmK Hcnepw sNpn. kwkdIrXn Kav F [mXphn\p KanpI, t]mI FamIpp. AXn "kw' D]kw tNm kwKanpI (IqSntcpI) Fambnocpw. AXnw \nanpI shfnbn t]mIpI FamIpp. Cu amXncnbp At`ZamWv A\p{]tbmK DmpXv. Fs\sbm, s]mbvfbpp = {]bmkwIqSmsX t]mIpp; s]mbvtmIpp= AdnbmsX t]mIpp CXymZn.

Jne[mXp¡fpsS cq]§Ä

AXn\m A\p{]tbmK[mXpv D]k[mXpsfpw thWsan t]cnSmw. CXpIqSmsX kwkvIrXnse erMv, enMv apXemb Nne eImcfpsS Aw ImWnpXn\pw `mjbn A\p{]tbmKw D]tbmKsSpp. Cu hIbmIpp Imem\p{]tbmKw Fp ]dbsh. t]mIpambncpp, t]mtbpw CXymZn CXnpZmlcW. ]qcWm\p{]tbmKw G[mw Nt{I, tNmcbmamk FXpt]mse kwkvIrXnepapv. A[nIw \Sp A\p{]tbmK Xmsg ImWnnphbmWv. DZmlcWw:

1) sIm	5) If	9) Ccn	13) IqSv
2) CSv  CuSv	6) sImSp	10) t]m	14) Ign
3) G (shbvpI)	7) Xcv	11) hcv	15) Xocv
4) hnSv (DuSv)	8) Acpfv	12) t]mcv	16) Na
(Asn t]mSv)

hn\sbw tNt]mse
{]mIv{]tbmKnsemth.

GXp [mXphns\ klmbnm\mbn A\p{]tbmKw sNppthm B [mXphn\p {]mIv{]tbmKw Fpt]. B {]mIv{]tbmKn\v AtbmP\bvp Xhw aphn\sbw, ]nhn\sbw, \Sphn\sbw Fp aqpamXncn hn\sbfpXnsemp hcpw. AtbmP\bmhnXv A\p{]tbmKspdnp {]Iv{]tbmKw `qXsan aphn\sbw, `mhnsbn ]nhn\sbw, cpamsX aysan \Sphn\sbw. DZm:

]dpt]mbn, ]dbmt]mbn, ]dIthWw.

{]mIv{]tbmKw aphn\sbambn hcp efmWv A[nIw; ]nhn\sbambn hcph AXn Ipdbpw; AXnepw Ipdbpw \Sphn\sbambn hcph.

C\n A\p{]tbmKfpsS Aw kwt]ambn hnhcnpp;

HmwhI, t`ZIm\p{]tbmKw

AXnepw 1aXv {]mIv{]tbmKw aphn\sbamIptm hcph:

A\p{]tbmtK aqemw
_oPn Xcpsht]m
Bcmp t\mnbm ImWmw
\op \op apfXmbv.

Hcp hnp hnXm AXv Infpv CeIfmbnav, sImpI apfv, ]qpImbvpXpt]mse A\p{]tbmKfn aqemw Hmtcm Ahmcsf {]m]npImWpp. A\p{]tbmKnewt`Znp ImWpXv aqemw \op\opmbXmsWp Xm]cyw.

{imw Ignm tijw sImWw. Icnp Xnm sImmw.
injy ASn sImpp.

CXymZn kzX{{]tbmKfn \nv shfnsSpXpt]mse sImpIbpsS aqemw BhiyambncnpI, A\p`hnpI, tbmKyXbpmbncnpI CXymZnbmIpp. A\p{]tbmKefnepw F{XXs Zqcsanepw Cu AXs ap]np \nevpw. _pnammn{Xbpw sImp aXnbmIpXn\mepw amv F{XXs hnkvXcnmepw a\nemhm {]bmksap `bpw CXns\ DZmlcWsfsmp shfnsSpm ChnsS Bcw`npn. Hmtcm A\p{]tbmK[mXphn\pw D]eWmambn Nne Afpw DZmlcWfpw Xmsg ImWnncnpp.

(1) sImpI ({Kmayw Hmfv) 1. kzbw{]hrn, 2. tkzm]tbmKw, 3. NpaXe, 4. hn\bw, 5 ss\ccyw, 6 kXw. DZm:

1. ]p{X\pw Rm\pw \ntmSpIqSth NpsImpp.		tIcm.
		(kzbw{]hrn)
2. FtmSpIqSn t]mpsImI \o.		\f. (tkzm]tbmKw)
3. Imcyw Rm km[npsImmw.		(NpaXe)
4. hnhcw Xncpa\ndnbnp sImpp.		(hn\bw)
5. injy ]TnpsImncnpp		(ss\ccyw)
6. DSs\ s]mbvsmWw.		(kXw)

{Kma {]tbmKn sImfv {]mtbW Hmfv Fp ktmNnpw:

sIpsImp= tItmfq, t\mnsmq= t\mbvtm-fq.

(2) CSv CuSv IhnXI CXns\ {]mtbW Hcp A hntijhpw IqSmsX kzmns A\p{]tbmKnphcpp. Fnepw aphn\sbfpsSbpw {InbmhntijWfpsSbpw ZrVoIcWw (Ddn) CXns Hcp D]tbmKsap ]dbmw. DZm:

1. thns Ibv]p ianoSptam?		 ]. (kzmw)
2. s]cpshw hp Nnd apdnm AWsIop ^esav?		 tIcm. (ZrVoIcWw)
3. Fnv, Bbnv		 ({InbmhntijWw)

CuSpI FXp IhnI sNbvX ZoLta Dp.

(3) shbvpI {Kmayw GpI) 1. kzIrXyIcWw. 2. ^ektlw, 3. emLhw, 4. Xmehncmaw. DZm:

1. "kv{Xosb hnhmlw sNtp; [s cntq.' Iv  D.		(kzIrXyIcWw)
2. Wntp t]mp 		(^ektlw)
3. Rm htmw 		(emLhw)
4. hnkvXmcw \ndpnshbvpp 		(Xmehncmaw)
5. Zian\m hnZy Bcw`npshbvWw 		(Xmehncmaw)

(4) hnSpI ({Kmayw DuSpI) 1. ZqXyw, 2. WnIX. DZ:

1. AamXy Xphnp.		 NmW (ZqXyw)
2. I ASntp t]mbpq		(WnIX)

(5) IfI (kwkvIrXw \ocv, A]; Cwojv off) 1. \ntjX, 2. kmlkw, 3. A\m, 4. A\mbmkw. DZm:

1. i{Xpsf tXmev]npIfp 		(\ntjX)
2. l\pam kap{Zw NmSnfp 		(kmlkw)
3. kXyw ]dpIfbWw 		(A\m)
4. I HmSnfp 		(A\mbmkw)

(67) sImSp, XcnI ]cm{]hrn. DZm:

1. a{n cmPmhn\p cmPyw ]nSnp sImSpp.
2. \o F\np _pn ]dpXtc.

(8) Acp _lpam\w (BNmcw). DZm:

1. Fgpcpfpp (Fgppp.)
2. tJZsamgncpfoSpI \o 		a`m
3. aa im]w Xocp \o 		a`m
4. tIcpfo 		Ir Km
5. Zzmcn ]mp\ncpfpp 		cm N

(9) Ccn Imem\p{]tbmKw ta hnhcnpw.

(10) t]mI (kwkvIrXw A]: Cwnjv off, away) 1. ]cnWmaw, 2. A\h[m\w, 3, A{]XonXkw`hw, 4. Acv. DZm:

1. Krlatijhpw sImSpp t]mbm		 \f. (]cnWmaw)
2. Ah ]cobn tXmp t]mbn		 \f. (]cnWmaw)
3. Rm Iw ]dp t]mbn		 (A\h[m\w)
4. CSbn Hcp app Xntmbn		 (A{]XonXkw`hw)
5. kvXw`np \np t]mbn		 (Acv)

(11) hcpI 1. \nXyX Asn ]Xnhv, 2. {ItaWknn. DZm :

1. BptXmdpw Dhw \Sn hcpp		 (]Xnhv)
2. Ienp in IqSn hcpp		 ({ItaWknn)

(12) t]cpI ]Xnhv. DZm:

1. C{XImew cnpt]mncnpp.

(13) IqSpI 1. {Inbmkam]vXn, 2, in, 3. kXw. DZm:

1. kqcy AkvXanpIqSptm Ccpphcpp		 ({Inbmkam]vXn)
2. Ip IqSpt\cw a.`m		 ({Inbmkam]vXn)
3. R Isamw apSnqSn Ir.Km		 ({Inbmkam]vXn)
4. DtX XpIqSp  NmW		 (in)
5. Xn Xn _mhnp IqSm		 (kXw)

(14, 15) IgnbpI, XocpI {Inbmhkm\w. DZm:

1. ]dp IgnXns tijw,
2. ]dpXoXns tijw;
3. IenbpKw apgppIgnn;
4. [w \inpXon.

(16) NabpI Ah.

1. XncphpS hndpNap		a.`m
2. tZlw hfpNap		a. `m
3. ]e hSnhpw hpNap		\f.N.Xp.

2maXv {]mIv{]tbmKw, ]nhn\sbamIptm hcph

Cu hIbn {]mtbW AItf Dp.

1. Ccn, 2. t]m, 3. hcv tIhe`mhyw kzev]t`ZtfmsS. DZm:

1. hcm\ncnpXp hcpw
2. ImWm t]mIp ]qcw tIdntbWtam?
3. Onm hcpp

4. t]mcv ]cym]vX (tijn) DZm:

cma cmhWs\ Pbnm t]mcpw.

5. IqSv kuIcyw DZm:

F\np hcm IqSpIbn.

6. Ign in, kmayw, a\v, DZm:

F\nv Cp Ifnm IgnbpIbn.

A\p{]tbmKfn anhbpw kzX{ambn {]tbmKnphbmIbm A\p{]tbmKbpsSbpw kzX{{]tbmKmhbpsSbpw aty \npsImp Imepds tXmbpsS an GXp hitp tNcppshp Xocpam\nm ]mSnmhbmb Nne DZmlcWfpw ImWppv. AXn\m Cu {]IcWs CXne[nIw hnkvXcnpn.

3maXv {]mIv{]tbmKw \Sphn\sbamIptm hcph. Ch "th', "B' (hn[mbIm\pmbIfnte), "D" \ntj[I [mXp CXymZnbmIpp. Ah A[nIsaan. Dhbn anhtbbpw AhnsShnsS {]kvXmhnnpapv.

cmw hI, Imem\p{]tbmKw

A\mZyamb Imen `qXsam Cse \S kwKXnbpw, Bbncw hjn\p app \SXpamImw. AXnw `mhnbpw \mfs kwKXnpw Bbncw hjn\pds kwKXnpw Hcpt]mse ]pw. Cu amXncnbn Imen\pfhmIp t`Zsf IpdnpIbmIpp Imem\p{]tbmKfpsS {]hrn. Ime{]Xyb FmamXncn Imetfbpw IpdnpXn\m AhbpsS Aamb Imew kmam\yw Asn A]cnnamIpp; A]-cn-n--`q-Xw, A]-cn-n--h-am\w, A]-cn-n`mhn Fv. A\p{]tbmKfm DfhmIp ]cnNvtOZamhnXv:

1. CcnpI Ccn [mXphns\ A\p{]tbmKnm A\p{]tbmK[mXp GXp Imen Ccnppthm Amen\p kzev]w apmWv {][m\{Inb \SncnpsXp Xm]cyw hcpw. Fs\sbm ham\ {]tbmKn `qX{]mbamb ham\sbpw `qX{]tbmKn Hcp \nnjvS`qXn\p ap]p Ign `qXsbpw, `mhn{]tbmKn ham\{]mbamb `mhnsbbpw Ipdnpp. DZm.

Bcym! Rm\nXm hncnpp (imIp)
(hnp kz]w t\cambn Fp Xm]cyw)
cma cmhWh[n\p ap]p _mensbsmncpp.
Im Icbpp; cm{Xn Ignncnpw.

ASpp ]dbp ^em\phrn, Ahpw CXn\p NnteSp ImWpw.

]p \o _mensbtm Ccnpp tI.cm.
\nlnaIsfmw Rm\dnncnpp a. `m.

(2) Cp ^em\phrn, "Cpv' Fv A\p{]tbmKnmepw Imen\p ap]d t`Zw DmIpw; Fm CXp {InbbpsS ^emhphrnsbqSn {]Iminnpw. DZm:

Rm hymIcWw ]Tnnpv.
(]TnXns ^ew Ctmgpw XpScppshw)

"D' Jne[mXphmIbm `qXn "Dmbncpp' Fpw `mhnbn Dmbncnpw ' Fpw cq]aqlnpI.

c\p{]tbmKfnepw ^em\phrn {]mtbW ImWpXn\m Ch Xnep t`Zw hfsc kqvaamIpp. hmhnt\m t{imXmhnt\m {Inbmknnbn {]Xn]nbpsn Cpv sImmw. HuZmko\ysan Ccn aXnbmIpw. B`cWw Xonm\mhiyspsImncnpht\mSp ]dbptm ""Hcp Xm hnpv'', B`cWw hXpw Xonm Bhiyaptm Ft\zjnbmsWn  ""Hcp Xm hncnpp.''

thsdbpw AXn kqvafmb t`ZfpmIph {]tbmKfn \np {]mtbW ]cnNbw sImdntbhbmIpp.

(3) Dpv ham\tmSv "Dn's\ A\p{]tbmKnm B ham\n\p ZmVyw DmIpw. AXn\Spncnp `qX`mhnIp {]XoXn hcnIbpw sNpw. DZm:

Kpcp  ""\osbp anmXncnpp?''
injy  ""Rm hmbnppv.''

CXv "Rm hmbnpp' FXns\m ham\s Ddnpp.

cp \mfpp ]nWn InSpp  in.]p. (`qXkv]rjvSw)
Rm Hcp ]pkvXIw Dmppv  (`mhnkv]rjvSw)

HmaXn cp\m app XpSn kwkmcnp Wwhscbp Imew ham\ambntmpp. cmaXn kwkmcnp Ww apX ]pkvXIw Dmnocp Ww hscbp Imew ham\ambn kv^pcnpp.

(4) sImncn  sImfv, Ccn Chsb Hcpanv A\p{]tbmKnm {Inbbvv A\p_w (XpS) kv^pcnpw. DZm:

"]TnpsImncnpp'= ]Tnbn Ipdpt\cambn \nccw {]hnppshw.

(5) Bbncnpw  Bbncnpw FXns A\p{]tbmKw Fm Imefnepw {]Imcfnepw Duls tZymXnnpw. DZm:

]dbpmbncnpw, ]dmbncnpw, ]dbpambncnpw,
]dbWsambncnpw, ]dbmambncnpw.

(6) Bbncpp  \ntiIns `mhnImenepw, A\pmbIhn[mbI {]Imcfnepw Ccnp Hcp [mXphnt\mSp tNv "Bbncpp' F\p{]tbmKnm {InbmXn]nbpmIpw. {InbmXn]n Fm {Inb hmkvXhn \Snsp {]XoXn.

DZm.
_men cmhWs\ sImpambncpp (]t, AXp \Snsp Xm]cyw).
ag s]bvsXn hnXbvmambncpp (cw Dmbnsp Xm]cyw)
Is\ DS ]nSnWambncpp (Atm ]nSnnsp Xm]cyw).

aqmwhI, ]qcWm\p{]tbmKw

CXv Fn Npcppw, BhpIXs apJyw.
DZm: D  Dv Dmbn DmIpw.

hcma\p{]tbmK
taevptaepw ]ncnpambv

A\p{]tbmKw hnht]msebpw AtbmP\t]msebpw D]cyp]cn {]tbmKnmw. A\p{]tbmK {]mIv{]tbmKp t\sc ]cambncnWsap \nan; AhbpsS aty ap ]Z CcnpXn\p hntcm[an. Fm Cs\ hcpXp {]mtbW tNmZyfnemIpp. DZmlcWw:

Imencp P\fptm Im aSnpp Xcwhcptm?		Ir.N.
`mptm kSapmIpp?		a.`m.
hnsb ]qae sNp sXn\Spamdptm Ip?		Ir.Km.

Iptm= Inptm. ChnsS "CSpI'sb kv]jvSXbvp Ipdhp hcmbvIbm hnncnpp. DZm:

hrmamcptm [cnnp		\f.N.
Hpp sNtp \nsftf		`mc.
]p \o _mensbtm Ccnpp		tI.cm.

taevpta hcpXn\v: ""Bim htm IpnI ]Tnp sImncnppmbncpp.''

ChnsS ]TnpIbvv "sIm, Ccn, D, B, Ccn' Fv A\p{]tbmK fmIbm kzmtbpw Ipdnpp. AXn\m Cu kmwK{Inbm]Zn \npmIp t_m[w ^ehym]mcfpsS XpSbpXmbpw Hcp `qXs (hchv) At]np `qXambpw Ccnp "]Tn' FmIpp.

""]WnpXonpmbncpp''

CXn ]WnbpI apJy{Inb; XocpI t`ZIm\p{]tbmKw; Dv Imem\p{]tbmKw; BbncnpI ]qcWm\p{]tbmKw. Cs\ aqpamXncn A\p{]tbmKhpw taevptaembn hncnpp.

A\p{]tbmKv (hninjy Imem\p{]tbmKv) ]cymbhpw NnteSp ]pw. DZm:

hoWncnpp= hoWpInSpp; hp \nevpp= hncnpp.

Ime{]Xybw Ipdnp Imen\v A]cnvOnw Fpw "sImncn' bptSXn\v A\p_n Fpw "Cpn'tXn\pw "Ccn'bptSXn\pw ]vXsapw t]cnSmw. Fs\sbm:

]dbpp A]cnnham\w.
]dpsImncnpp A\p_nham\w.
]dnpv, ]dncnpp ]vXham\w.
]dvsImncnppv A\p_n]vXham\w.

G[mwNt{I, G[mw_`qh, G[mamk Ft]mse kwkvIrXnse A\p{]tbmKsfmw ]qcWm\p{]tbmKfmIpp. I am writing, I have written, I have been writing Ft]mse Cwojnse A\p{]tbmKsfmw Imem\p{]tbmKfp amIpp. D]km\p{]tbmKw qeZrjvSnbn Bcy`mjInmXmb {ZmhnUnse Hcp ssheWyamIpp.