| [mXp | `qXw | `mhn | hÀ¯am\w |
| CfIv = Nen¡pI | CfIn | CfIpw | CfIpóp |
| anóv = {]Imin¡pI | anón | anópw | anópóp |
| X«v = L«\wsN¿pI | X«n | X«pw | X«póp |
| Nn´v = NnXdpI | Nn´n | Nn´pw | Nn´póp |
| I½v = Hómbn¡Sn¨pXnópI | I½n | I½pw | I½póp |
| Giv = ]äpI, Gð¡pIbpw | Gin | Gipw | Gipóp |
| hnekv = tim`n¡pI | hnekn | hnekpw | hnekpóp |
| [mXz´w kzctam Nntñm | ||
| hómð `qXw XpImcamw | ||
| kzcm´amtbm Nnñ´amtbm DÅ [mXphn\p `qX¯nð "C' {]Xyb¯n\p ]Icw "Xq' {]XybamIpóp. DZm: | ||
| sXmgpþsXmgpXp | ||
| I¬þI¬Xp = Iïp | (kq{Xw
20) |
|
| D¬þD¬Xp = Dïp | (kq{Xw
20) |
|
| Xn³þXn³Xp = Xnóp | (AXn{]kcw) |
(kq{Xw
24) |
| tXmevþtXmevXp = tXmäp | (hn\maw) |
(kq{Xw
21) |
| tIÄþtIÄXp = tI«p | (hn\maw) |
(kq{Xw
21) |
| thÄþthÄXp = th«p | (hn\maw) |
(kq{Xw
21) |
| {]XypZmlcWw, hyRvP\m´ambmð: | ||
| CfIvþCfIn, ]qiv þ ]qin. | ||
| (1) Xp XImcanc«n¡pw | ||
| [mXp ImcnXamhpInð | ||
| (2)(a) \Imcw tNcpasñ¦nð | ||
| (b) AÆnse¡mcnX¯nepw; | ||
| (3) [mXp Xmehym´ambmð | ||
| XmehymtZitamÀWw. | ||
| A\p\mknIaptÅSþ | ||
| ¯Xn{]kchpw XYm. | ||
| (4) XpImcw ip²ambv¡m«p | ||
| apImcm´aImcnXw. | ||
| ImcnX[mXp¡fnð Xp {]Xyb¯nsâ XImcanc«n¨v "¯p' Fóm¡Ww; [mXp ImcnXañ, AImcnXamsW¦nð "\' Imcw tNÀ¯v "´p' Fóm¡Ww. HmjvTyamb AImc¯nð Ahkm\n¡pó [mXp ImcnXambmepw IqsS "´p' FópXsó {]Xybw Fsómcp hntijw. [mXp Hcp Xmehykzc¯nð Ahkm\n¡psó¦nð "¯p', "´p' Fóp cïphn[amb Xp {]Xyb¯n\pw XhÀt¤m]aÀ±wsImïp apdbv¡v "¨p', "ªp' Fó cq]w hcpw. XhÀt¤m]aÀ±w Asñ¦nð XmehymtZiw Fópw A\p\mknImXn{]kcsaópw AhXmcnIbnð ]dªn«pÅ cïp \b§fpw t\m¡pI. C§s\ Cc«n¨pw \Imcw tNÀópw XmehymtZiw hópw hyRvP\m´[mXp¡fnð AXmXp hyRvP\t¯mSp t\sctbm khÀ®\wsImïv hn[w amdntbm tNÀópw "Xp' {]Xyb¯n\p ]e amXncn hnImcw hcpt¼mÄ, Hcp hnImchpwIqSmsX (Häbmbn«v) ip²amb "Xp' {]Xybw DImcm´§fmb AImcnX§fnð am{Xta ImWpIbpÅq. AImcnX[mXp¡Ä¡p s]mXpth hn[n¨ \ImctbmKw DImcm´¯n\p am{Xanñ; bImcm´§fnepw hnImcwIqSmsX ImWpw. DZm: | ||
| (1) sImSpþsImSp¯p; DcþDc¯p; aWþaW¯p; HmÀþHmÀ¯p; tIÄþtIįp=tI«p(khÀ®\w, kq{Xw 20); GevþG¯p=Gäp(hn\ma{Inb, kq{Xw 21.) | ||
| (2) (a) tNcv=tNcv´p=tNÀóp; CbevþCbev´p=Cbóp; Icfv=Icfv´p=Icïp. | ||
| (b) IS þ IS´p=ISóp; \Sþ\S´p=\Sóp; ]cþ]c´p=]cóp. | ||
| (3) Aen þ AenôpþAenªp; IcþIcôp=Icªp; tX þ tXôp=tXªp; ASn þ ASn¨p; InS þ InS¨p; ssh þ ssh¯p = (sh¨p, h¨p). | ||
| (4) sXmgp þ sXmgpXp; ]ngp þ ]ngpXp; s]mcp þ s]mcpXp | ||
| "Xp' {]Xyb¯n\p thsdbpw Hcp hntijapÅsXs´ómð, | ||
| GIam{XIambpÅ | ||
| I d Sm´¯n\pw XpXm³; | ||
| A´yhÀ®¯nsem«o«p | ||
| Im«pw ZznXz^es¯bpw. | ||
| GIam{XIw, AXmbXv Hä {lkzkzcw am{XapÅ Hcp [mXp IImc¯ntem dImc¯ntem SImc¯ntem Ahkm\n¡póXmbmð AXn\pw "Xp' {]XybwXsó. B "Xp' {]XybImcw IImcdImcSImc§fnð ebn¨n«v AXpIÄ Cc«n¨Xnsâ ^ew sN¿pw FópIqSn hntijw. DZm: | ||
| ]pIv+Xp = ]p¡p | s]dv+Xp = s]äp | CSv+Xp = C«p |
| anIv+Xp = an¡p | Adv+Xp = Aäp | hnSv+Xp = hn«p |
| XIv+Xp = X¡p | Xdv+Xp = Xäp | NpSv+Xp = Np«p. |
| GIam{XIasñ¦nð, | ||
| CfIv þ CfIn; tXIvþtXIn; tXdvþtXdn; amdvþamdn; HmSvþHmSn; tXSvþtXSn CXymZn, apdbv¡v C Fó {]Xybw Xsó. | ||
| Cu {]XypZmlcW¯nð dImcw NnñmIbmð AXn\p Xp{]Xybañtbm thïXv Fóp i¦nt¡ï. AXn\p kam[m\w ]dbpóp: | ||
| dmhp Nnññ Ime¯nð | ||
| bmhp sNsñóptamÀ¡Ww; | ||
| cmhpw fmhpw NnteS¯p | ||
| Nnññm¯Xpt]msebmw. | ||
 |
||
]oTnIbnð
NnñpIfpsS kz`mhw hnhcn¨n«pïtñm, AhnsS bImcs¯ Nnñmbn«p KWnt¡ïpó Bhiyw
Ipdbpsaóp ]dªn«pïv: Fómð `qX"Xp'Imcs¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw bImchpw NnñpXsó.
AXpt]mse dImcw ]e Zn¡nepw NnñpIfpsS Iq«¯nemsW¦nepw Ime{]Xybw sNt¿ïpt¼mÄ
AXns\ Nnñmbn«p KWnt¡ï. Ct¸mÄ \mw d Fóv FgpXpIbpwhmbn¡pIbpw sN¿pó hÀ®w
]ïv a[ya§fnð ]cptjm¨mcWapÅ tc^¯nsâbpw, kv]Ài§fnð hÀÕyJcamb  Imc¯nsâbpw
Hópt]mse NnÓambn XoÀóncn¡pópshóv ]oTnIbnð Øm]n¨n«pïv. AXnð Jcamb d
AXmbXv NnñmhpóXñ.;
tc^¯nsâ ]cpjcq]amb km£mð d NnñmWpXm\pw. CXmbncn¡mw dImcs¯ Nnñmbn«pw
AñmsXbpw KWnt¡ïnhcpóXnsâ bpàn. tc^fImc§sfbpw, CXpt]mse Ime{]Xyb§fpsS
KXn t\m¡pt¼mÄ NnñmsWópw Asñópw ]dtbïn hcpóp. Nnñn\v "Xp' {]Xybhpw
hyRvP\¯n\v "C' {]XybhpamWtñm thïXv. tc^fImcm´§fnð cïphn[w cq]hpw ImWpóp.
hmcn, tImcn Fóv "C'; tNÀóp, tNmÀóp Fóv "Xp'; AXpt]mse, Acpfn Fóv "C';
Dcpïp Fóv "Xp'; CXn\p dImc¯n\p ]dªXpt]mse aXnbmb bpàn ImWpónsñ¦nepw,
kzcmwiw Dsï¦nte Nnñp NnñmhpIbpÅp Fóp {]Xn]mZn¨n«pÅXpt\m¡pI. thsd bpànIfpw
i_vtZmð]¯n{]IcW¯nð D]\ykn¡s¸Spw. DZm: |
||
| dv þ | amdv | þ amdn | bv þ sNbv þ sNbvXp | |
| Iqdv | þ Iqdn | s]bv þ s]bvXp | ||
| Aadv | þ Aadn | s\bv þ s\bvXp | ||
| cvþNnñv | tNcv | þ tNÀóp | cv þ hyRvP\w | hmcv þ hmcn |
| ,, | \nhcv | þ \nhÀóp | ,, | tImcv þ tImcn |
| ,, | Ihcv | þ IhÀóp | ,, | Ducv þ Ducn |
| fv þ Nnñv | Dcpfv | þ Dcpïp | fvþ hyRvP\w | aqfv þ aqfn |
| fv þ Nnñv | ]pcfv | þ ]pcïp | fvþ hyRvP\w | Acpfv þ Acpfn |
| fv þ Nnñv | hcfv | þ hcïp | fvþ hyRvP\w | Imfv þ Imfn |
| tc^fImcm´§fnemWv Cu AhyhØ A[nIw ImWpóXv Fópsh¨v kq{X¯nð B hÀ®§sf FSp¯pImWn¨pshtó DÅq. Cu amXncn KW\mt`Z¯mð eImcm´§fnð NneXnð Hcp [mXphn\pXsó cïphn[cq]hpw Dïv. F§s\þshevþshópþ(shñn); sNmevþsNmópþ(sNmñn). CsXñmw hyXykvX¯nsâ Iq«¯nemsWóp Ið]n¡bpw BImw Fóp ]dbpóp. |
| Bbnt]mbv N¯pshóñmw |
| hyXykvXw ]eXpïnl |
| tað aqóp\mepkq{XwsImïv Xp{]Xybw sNt¿ï Zn¡pIfpw AXn\p hcpó hnImc§fpw hnhcn¨Xnð Hónepw DÄs¸SmsX Nne hyXykvX cq]§fpw ImWpw. F§s\ Fómð, |
| B þ Bbn; t]m þ t]mbn; Nm þ N¯p. |
| Fóv GXm\pw e£y§Ä ImWn¨ncn¡póp. CXpt]mse thsdbpw Duln¡pI. |
| C\n hn`àn¡p ]dªXpt]mse BJymX¯n\pw Nne AwK kwkvImcapÅXv FSp¯p ImWn¡mw. |
| ImcnX¯nð ¡p tNÀówKw |
| kzcmZn{]Xyb§fnð; |
| \nXyamw hn[namÀ¤¯nð |
| \ntj[¯nð hnIð]hpw. |
| ImcnX[mXp¡fnð GXp {]Xybw tNÀ¡bmsW¦nepw AXp kzcmZnbmbmð "¡v' Fóv CS\ne tNÀ¯v AwKs¯ ]cnjv¡cn¡Ww. CXp Ime{]Xyb¯n\p am{XapÅXñ; kmÀÆ{XnIamb hn[nbmIpóp. DZm: |
| Ccn þ Ccn¡póp | Ccn¡pw | Ccn¡n³ | Ccn¡m³ | Ccn¡ |
| tIÄ þ tIÄ¡póp | tIÄ¡pw | tIÄ¡n³ | tIÄ¡m³ | tIÄ¡ |
| \S þ \S¡póp | \S¡pw | \S¡n³ | \S¡m³ | \S¡ |
| Gev þ Gev¡póp | Gev¡pw | Gev¡n³ | Gev¡m³ | Gev¡ |
| hmIy§sfñmw s]mXpth cïphn[w "Dïv' Fóp ]dbpóXv hn[n amÀ¤w; "Cñ' Fóp ]dbpóXv \ntj[amÀ¤w. kwkvIrXw apXemb Bcy`mjIfnð hn[nbpw \ntj[hpw ImWn¡póXn\v amÀ¤t`Zanñ. cïmbmepw hmIy¯nsâ cN\ Hópt]mseXsó. hn[nhmIy¯nð "\', "am' CXymZn \ntj[mÀ°I§fmb \n]mX§Ä tNÀ¯mð \ntj[mÀ°apïmIpóp. ""kXyw hZXp'' Fóp hn[n; ""AkXyw am hZXp'' Fóv \ntj[w; ""t{itbm `hnjyXn'' Fóp hn[n; ""t{itbm \ `hnjyXn'' Fóp \ntj[w. aebmf¯nemIs« þ ""kXyw ]dbs«''; ""AkXyw ]dbmXncn¡s«''; ""t{ibÊphcpw''; ""t{ibÊphcm''; Fón§s\ BJymX¯n\pXsó cq]t`Zw hcpIbmWv. AXpsImïv hn[ncq]hpw \ntj[cq]hpw BJymX¯n\p thsdbpïv. AXp \nan¯w hmIy¯n\p Xsó hn[namÀ¤w, \ntj[amÀ¤w Fóp amÀ¤t`Zw Fsómcp ]pXnb D]m[nIqSn kzoIcnt¡ïnbncn¡póp. kwkmcn¡pó `mjbnð Ct¸mÄ hcpóp, hcpónñ; hóp, hónñ; hcpw, hcphnñ, hcnñ, hcnIbnñ Fó a«nð kwkvIrXXpeyamb k{¼Zmbw \S¸mbn«pïv. Cu hI {]tbmK§fnð "Cñ' FóXv kwkvIrX¯nse \ Fó \n]mX¯nsâ Øm\w hln¡póp. "hóp, hcmªp; hcpw, hcm; hón«v, hcmsX' Fó a«nð [mXpcq]§Ä¡p an¡ Zn¡nepw hn[ncq]hpw \ntj[cq]hpw thsd thsdbpïv. Cu kwKXn \ntj[{]IcW¯nð hnkvXcn¡s¸Spw. \ntj[cq]§fnð "¡v' Fó AwK{]Xybw hnIev]ambnt« DÅp. | ||
| DZm: | ||
| tIÄ þ tIfmªp, tIÄ¡mªp, tIfmsX, tIÄ¡msX | ||
| \S þ \Shmªp, \S¡mªp, \ShmsX, \S¡msX | ||
| "¡v' Fó CS\nebpsS kwKXnbnð thsd HcphI hnIev]wþ | ||
| `mhyÀ°kv]ÀitbmK¯mþ | ||
ephm\n mZnbnð¸phpw; |
||
| AImcnX¯nenØm\þ | ||
| ¯Xpt]mse hImchpw | ||
| A\p\mknItbmK¯nð | ||
| apam³ansóóp hónSpw. | ||
| `mhnIme¯n\v "D' Fóp am{Xambn«pw, cq]apsïóv C\n ]dbpw; AXpw B³ Fó ]n³hn\sb¨hpw C³ Fó a²ya_lphN\hpw apXemb Nne cq]§fnð "¡v' FóXn\p]Icw "¸v' Fópw CS\nebmImw. CXp `mhnIme¯nsâ kv]ÀiapÅnSt¯ DÅp; F´psImsïómð hmkvXh¯nð "¸v' AwK{]Xybañ, `mhnImes¯ ¡pdn¡póXmWv. ImcnX¯n\v "¸v' ]dªXpt]mse AImcnX¯n\v hImcw CS\nebmImw. At¸mÄ [mXp A\p\mknI¯nð Ahkm\n¡pó ]£w hp, hm³, hn³ Fóp hImcañ ap, am³, an³ Fóp aImcamWv Fsómcp hntijwIqSnbpïv. aImcw CS\ne Xangnð ImWm¯Xn\mð Xangnse hImc¯n\p (h®m³=a®m³) aebmf¯nð aImcmtZiw hóXmbn hnNmcnt¡ïnbncn¡póp. ], h, cïpw `mhnImes¯¡mWn¡pó CS\nebmbn«p Xangv sshbmIcWòmÀ hn[n¨n«pïv. \Shmbv, \S¸mbv Fsóñmw Xangnð CXpIÄ¡p]tbmKhpw [mcmfamWv. aebmf¯nð {KÙ`mjbnð am{Xta ¸v, hv Fó CS\neIÄ \S¸pÅp. AXn\mð kuIcyw t\m¡o«v Cu BKa§sf AwK{]Xyb§fpsS Iq«¯nð tNÀ¯XmIpóp. icnbmb D Fó `mhnbnð CXn\v D]tbmKw t\tc Csñ¦nepw ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ hcpth³; hcphm³, þÄ, þÀ; \St¸³; \S¸³, þÄ, þÀ Fóp {]tbmKw hcpóp. | ||
| DZm: | ||
D |
B³ |
C³ |
\Sþ\S¸p,
\S¡p; |
\S¸m³,
\S¡m³ |
\S¸n³,
\S¡n³ |
sNbvþsNbvhq,
sN¿q; |
sNbvhm³,
sN¿m³ |
sNbvhn³,
sN¿n³ |
Im¬þIm¬aq,
ImWq; |
Im¬am³,
ImWm³ |
Im¬an³,
ImWn³ |
CcnþCcn¸q,
Ccn¡q; |
Ccn¸m³,
Ccn¡m³ |
Ccn¸n³,
Ccn¡n³ |
]dþ]dhq,
]dbq; |
]dhm³,
]dbm³ |
]dhn³,
]dbn³ |
Xn³þXnòp,
Xnóp; |
Xnòm³,
Xnóm³ |
Xnòn³,
Xnón³ |
| ImWphm³, ImWphn³, Xnóphm³, Xnóphm³ Fópw cq]apÅXv ImWpw + B³ = ImWphm³; ImWpw + C³ = ImWphn³ Fóp `mhncq]¯nð \nóp hn\sb¨ {]Xybhpw, a[ya_lphN\{]Xybhpw hón«pÅXmWv. ChnsS A\pkzmc¯n\p hImctZiw kÔnbnð ]dªn«pïv. | ||
| kmÀÆImenIambn«pw | ||
| `mhnXm³ {ZmhnU§fnð | ||
| Ah[mcItbmK¯n- | ||
| ep]tZimZnbn¦epw | ||
| _nµpIqSmXpImcwXm³; | ||
| At¸mÄ ZoÀLhpsam¯t]mð | ||
| `qXw, `mhn, hÀ¯am\w Fó hn`mKwIqSmsX Fñm¡me¯nepw s]mXphmbpÅ Nne kwKXnIfpw ]dtbïnhcpw. C§s\ kmÀÆImenIamb kwKXn ImWn¡póXn\v Bcy`mjIÄ hÀ¯am\Imew D]tbmKn¡póp; {ZmhnU§fmIs« Cu Øe¯p `mhnbmWv D]tbmKn¡póXv. AXnð `mhn¡p ioew (]Xnhv) apXemb AÀ°¯nepw {]tbmKw hcpw. AXn\mð HópcïÀ°§fnð am{Xw cq]t`Zhpapïv. AXmbXv "Dw' FóXnse _nµp (A\pkzmcw) IfI. A§s\ sN¿pt¼mÄ {]mtbW A\pkmctem]¯n\p {]Xnhn[nbmbn«v kzcw Du Fóp \o«mdpapïv. Du Fó cq]w hcpóXv {]m[mt\y\ Ah[mcWaÀ°amb G Fó \n]mX¯nsâ tbmK¯nepw D]tZiw AÀ°w hnh£n¡pt¼mgpw BIpóp. | ||
| DZm: | ||
| cmat\ cmhWs\s¡mñq | ||
| [À½]p{XÀ kXyta ]dbq | ||
| kÀ¸w hftª \S¡q | ||
| Zpã³ ]cs\ t{Zmln¡tb sN¿q | ||
| ""{_mÒWÀ {]Z£nWw sNbvXpsImÄhq''(tI.D.) | ||
| ""Iqt«Ww Ifhq ]nsó tijw hm§p `thð kpJmð.'' (]cevt]dv) | ||
| ioemZyÀ°§Ä¡v: | ||
| CSh¸mXn¡p ag XpS§pw. ]m]w sN¿póhÀ ZpxJn¡pw. shÅt¯¡mÄ F®bv¡p I\w Ipdbpw. | ||
| Bcy`mjIsf A\pIcn¨v CubnsS kmÀÆImenI¯n\p hÀ¯am\Imehpw D]tbmKn¡mdpïv: | ||
| ]¯paWn¡p X]mð hcpóp. | ||
| ao\w 15þmw XobXn¡p ]Ån¡qSw ASbv¡póp. ("ASbv¡s¸Spóp' Fómbmð HópIqSn ]cnjvImcamhpw.) | ||
| ioeaÀ°¯nð {]tbmKa[nIw Dw Fó cq]¯n\mIbmð AXn\p "ioe`mhn' Fópw aäXn\v "Ah[mcI`mhn' Fópw kwÚIÄ sN¿mw. | ||
ImemZnIsf
kw_Ôn¨ s]mXp\nba§Ä |
| Ime{]Xyb§sf hn[n¡bpw AXpIÄ¡pÅ cq]t`Z§sfbpw {][m\§fmb AÀ°t`Z§sfbpw hnhcn¡bpw sNbvXtñm. C\n Imew, ]pcpj³, enwKhN\§Ä XpS§nbpÅ D]m[nIsf¸änbpÅ kn²m´§sf hnaÀin¡mw: |
| ImehmNn{]Xybm´w |
| X\ntb hn\sb¨amw; |
| ]pcpj{]Xybw aotX |
| tNÀ¯memJymXambvhcpw. |
| CXt{X cq]\njv]¯n |
| \bw {ZmhnU`mjbnð |
| "{InbmhmNIamb iÐw' FóÀ°¯nð "IrXn' Fóp \mw ChnsS t]cn«ncn¡pó iÐhn`mK¯n\v "hn\' FómWv Xangnse t]À. hn\bv¡p(IrXn¡p) cq]\njv]¯n{Iaw cïpXcambn ]ncnbpóp. (1) apäphn\ (2) ]äphn\. apänb (]cn]qÀ®amb={][m\ambnþhntijyambn \nev¡pó) hn\þapäphn\; t\tcadn¨v ]äpó (AÀ°]qÀ¯n¡p asämóns\ B{ibn¡bmð A]qÀ®amb=A{][m\ ambnþhntijWambn \nev¡pó)hn\þ]äphn\. Xangnse t]cpIÄ¡p ]Icw kwkvIrXkwÚIÄ thWsaóp hnNmcn¡pó]£w apäphn\bv¡v AwKn{Inb (Asñ¦nð ]qÀ®{Inb) Fópw ]äphn\bv¡v AwK{Inb (Asñ¦nð A]qÀ®{Inb) Fópw \maIcWw sN¿mw. ]äphn\ ]äpóXv Asñ¦nð AwKambn A\zbn¡póXv Hcp \ma¯nð (t]cnð) Asñ¦nð IrXnbnð (hn\bnð) Bbncn¡pw; AXp sImïp ]äphn\bv¡v (AwK{Inbbv¡v) "t]sc¨w' Asñ¦nð "\mamwKw' Fópw, "hn\sb¨w' Asñ¦nð "{InbmwKw' Fóp cïp ]ncnhpIÄ. ""Ah³ ]dª hm¡ptI«v Fñmhcpw hnkvabn¨p'' Fó hmIy¯nð "hnkvabn¨p' apäphn\, AwKn{Inb Asñ¦nð BJymXw. "tI«v' ]äphn\ þ AXnð hn\sb¨w Asñ¦nð {InbmwKw. "]dª' ]äphn\bnse t]sc¨w Asñ¦nð \mamwKw. Hmtcm t]cpIÄ¡pw ]cymbw ]eXpw DÅXn\mð AsXñmw Xmsg ]«nIbnð tNÀ¯p ImWn¨ncn¡póp: |
|
| apäphn\ þ Finitite Verb, BJymXw, AwKn{Inb, ]qÀ®{Inb, ItcmXn |
| ]äphn\ þ Participle, BJymXIw, AwK{Inb, A]qÀ®{Inb, IpÀh¯v. |
| hn\sb¨w þ Verbal or Adverbial Participle, {InbmwKw. |
| t]sc¨w þ Relative or Adjectival Participle, \mamwKw. |
| Chbnð icnbmb Xangvt]cpIÄ¡p ]pdta BJymXw, AwKn{Inb, AwK{Inb, {InbmwKw, \mamwKw Fó kwÚIsfbpw Cu {KÙ¯nð D]tbmKn¨pImWpw. |
| ImcnXmImcnXt`Z{]Imcw AwK{]Xybw tNÀt¯m tNÀ¡msXtbm icns¸Sp¯o«pÅ [mXphnð Ime{]Xybw tbmPn¸n¨mð DïmIpó cq]w hn\sb¨ambncn¡pw. AXp Ime]cntÑZt¯mSpIqSnb {Inbsb Ipdn¡póp. CtXmSpIqSn hmIy¯n\v A\zb]qÀ¯n hcpóp Fóp Iev]n¡pó]£w CXn\v BJymXambn \nev¡póXn\p kzcq]tbmKyX thïpthmfw Dïv; ]qÀ®Xbv¡p {]tXyIw NnÓsamópw sNbvXn«nsñtó DÅp. ]pcpj{]XybamWv A\zb ]qÀ¯n¡pÅ {]tXyINnÓw; AXn\mð Ime{]Xybm´¯nð AXpIqSntNÀ¯mð "BJymXw' Fóp ]dbpó ]qÀ®{Inb DfhmIpw. BJymX¯nse ]pcpj{]Xybw IÀ¯mhmb ]pcpj³Xsó BIbmð s]mcp¯w sImïpcïpw HópXsó FópÅ sFIyt_m[whgnbmbn hmIy¯n\v A\zb]qÀ¯n hcpsaómWv bpàn. Rm³ sNtó³; Ah³ sNóm³; AhÀ sNómÀ, CXymZn e£y§fnð Rm³ þ G³; B³ þ Ah³; BÀ þ AhÀ Fóv BJybpw BJymXhpw X½nð tNÀó\zbn¨p hmIyw ]pÀ®amIpóp. "sNóp' Fóp am{Xambmð IÀ¯mhns\¸än Hcdnhpw AXnð \nópïmIm¯Xn\mð BImw£ F§s\ \nebv¡pw? "Rm³ sNóp Imcyw km[nt¨³' Fópw aäpw thsdmcp {Inbbnð A\zbn¡m³ am{Xta AXn\p iànbpÅp. AXpsImïv "sNóp' Fó cq]w hn\sb¨hpw "sNtó³' CXymZnIÄ apäphn\bmb BJymXhpw BIpóp. CXmWv ]pcpj{]Xybw D]tbmKn¡póXnð {ZmhnU `mjIÄ¡pÅ \bw. |
| aebmf¯nemIs« |
| ]pcpjmt]£sbóntb |
| hn\sb¨apd¸n¨mþ |
| emJymXaXpXsóbmw. |
| aebmfamIs«, ]pcpj{]Xyb§fpsS klmbwIqSmsXXsó BJymX§sf Dïm¡póp. AXn\p bpànbmhnXv: hn\sb¨cq]¯n\pXsó Ime]cntÑZapÅXn\mð ]qÀ®{Inbbmbn«p \nev¡matñm; AXp asämón\v AwKamsWóp Iev]n¡pósX´n\v? A¸pd¯p asämcp {Inbbpw tNÀ¡msX hn\sb¨wsImïpXsó hmIyw Ahkm\n¸n¨mð AXpXsó BJymXw. IÀ¯mhnepw {Inbm]Z¯nepw Htc ]pcpjs\ ImWn¨v s]mcp¯w aqeambnt« BImw£m]qÀ¯n hcmhq Fónñtñm. C§s\ sN¿pt¼mÄ hn\sb¨w hntijWhpw apäphn\ hntijyhpw FópÅ AwKmKn`mhw F§s\ km[n¡pw Fsómcp tZmjw hcpw. AXnsâ ]cnlmc¯n\p hn\sb¨cq]w Dd¸n¨mð BJymXw, Dd¸n¡mªmð tIhew hn\sb¨w Xsó, FsómtcÀ¸mSpsNbvXmð aXn. Dd¸n¡pt¼mÄ {]m[m\y¯mð A\zbw Ahkm\n¨v {Inbbv¡v ]qÀ¯n hópsImÅpw. ZpÀºeambn¯só hnt«¨mð {]m[m\yanñmbvIbmð A¸pdw hcpó asämcp {Inbbnð A\zbn¨v AXnsâ AwKambn \nóp km£mð hn\sb¨ambn«v Iemin¨psImÅpw. Dd¸n¡m\pÅ D]mbw F´v? |
| hnhrXw ZoÀLtbmKrXzw |
| {]m[m\y¯n\p e£Ww; |
| kwhrXw ZznXztlXpXzþ |
| a{][m\Xzt_m[Iw. |
| kzcs¯ hnhrXambn«p¨cn¡bpw, AÀ°¯nsâ ZmÀVy¯n\pw _e¯n\pw aäpwthïn DNnXwt]mse \o«mhpó \nebnðshbv¡bpw sNbvXmð {]m[m\y¯n\p {]XoXnbpïmIpw. CXn\p hn]coXambn«p kzcs¯ kwhrXambn«p¨cn¡bpw, hmIy¯nð ASp¯p ]cambn hcpó ZrVm£cs¯ Cc«n¡póXn\p {]IrXkzcw \nan¯ambn hcnIbpwsNbvXmð A{]m[m\y¯n\p {]XoXnbpïmIpw. DZmlcW¯n\v `qXIme{]Xyb§sf FSp¯pt\m¡mw. "Xp' Fópw "C' Fópw BWtñm B {]Xyb§Ä. AXnð XpImc¯nð DÅXpsImïv AXns\ hnhrXambp¨cn¨mð Ime{]Xybm´w BJymXw; kwhrXam¡nbmð hn\sb¨w. C FóXns\ Ahkm\¯nembmð \o«mw. hmIya²y¯nembmð A¸pdw hcpó ZrV¯n\p ZznXzwsN¿mw. |
| DZm: |
| 1) Ah³ ChnsS hóp ]¯p\mÄ Xmakn¨p. |
| 2) Ah³ AhnsS t]mbn¡mcyw \S¯n |
| 1þð hóv Fóp kwhrXw ImWpóXp hn\sb¨w; Xmakn¨p Fóhkm\n¡póXv BJymXw; 2þð "Imcyw' FóXnse IImc ZznXz¯n\mð t]mbn hn\sb¨saópw, \S¯n Ahkm\¯nemIbmð BJymXsaópw kv]ãamIpóp. |
| ""hóp icÕabaw_pZsamóIóq''. |
| ""]\naXn adhmbo iwJ\mZw apg§o''. |
| CXymZnIÄ ZoÀLtbmKyXbv¡pZmlcWw. "adhmbnÈwJ\mZw' Fóp ]cZznXzw Iïmð hn\sb¨saópw ZoÀLw Iïmð BJymXsaópw Ffp¸¯nð {Kln¡mw. |
| {]IrX\bw apäphn\sbbpw hn\sb¨s¯bpw am{Xañ, s]mXpth ]äpó Hcp kn²m´amIpóp. kÔnbnð hn[n¨n«pÅ ZznXz¯ns\ms¡bpw Cu \bwXsóbmWv ASnØm\w. Hmtcm e£W¯nepw Cu \bw {]Ncn¸n¨pt\m¡pI. hntijWamb iÐta ]camb ZrV¯nsâ ZznXz¯n\p \nan¯ambn«p ImWpIbpÅp. kwhrXw am{Xw HcnS¯pw ZznXz\nan¯amIbnñ. {]kwKhimð {]IrX\bt¯mSv Gsd¡psd tbmPn¡pó asämcp \bs¯¡qSn ChnsS¯só {]kvXmhn¡mw. |
| A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w |
| kzmÀ°hn{im´nkqNIw |
| JcmtZianc«n¸pw |
| ]ckw{Im´nNnÓamw. |
| iÐm´hyRvP\¯nðA\p\mknIw tNÀ¯mð B iЯnsâ AÀ°w AXnð¯só ebn¡póXñmsX asämcp iЯnte¡p hym]n¡pónsñóp ImWn¡pw; t\scadn¨v, iÐm´¯nte hÀ®s¯ Cc«n¡bpw AXv A\p\mknIambncpómð JcmtZiwsNbvXv Cc«n¡bpw sN¿póXv B iЯnsâ AÀ°w kzmß]cym]vXamImsX asämcp iЯnte¡p hym]n¡póp Fóp kqNn¸n¡pw. CXnð BZys¯ \b¯n\v A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w Fópw, cïmat¯Xn\v ZznXzw am{XamsW¦nð "ZznXz\bw' Asñ¦nð "JcmtZi\bw' Fópw hyhlmckuIcy¯n\pthïn kwÚmIcWancn¡s«. Hcp iЯnsâ AÀ°w kzmßhn{im´amIpt¼mÄ AXn\p ]cmt]£bnñm¯Xn\mð AXn\p hntijyX kn²n¡póp. AXn\mð A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w t`ZI§sfbpw IrXnIsfbpw \maam¡m³ D]tbmKn¡mw. ZznXzJcmtZi§Ä, adn¨v, \ma§fnð\nóp t`ZI§fpïm¡m³ sImÅmw. \mas¯ IrXnbm¡póXn\v CX{X tbmPn¡póXñ; AXn\p amÀ¤w thsd DïpXm\pw. Fómð IÀ½anñm¯ IrXnIsf kIÀ½I§fm¡m³ ZznXzJcmtZi§Ä DXIpw. {Inb AIÀ½Iambncn¡pt¼mÄ AXnsâ AÀ°amb ^ehym]mc§Ä IÀ¯mhnð¯só ]cym]vXambn \nev¡póp; kIÀ½IamIpt¼mÄ ^emwiw IÀ½¯nte¡p kw{Ian¡póp. AXpsImïp kIÀ½I{Inbbv¡p ]ckw{Im´nbpïv. \ma§fpw IÀ¯mhmbn«p \nÀt±inImhn`ànbnencn¡pt¼mÄ kzmÀ°hn{im´§fmIpw; IÀ½mZn ImcImÀ°w Ipdn¡póXn\p {]Xn{KmlnImZn hn`ànIfnð hcpt¼mÄ BIs« kzmÀ°s¯ asämcp ]Z¯nte¡p kw{Ian¸n¡póp. ""Smhpw dmhpanc«n¸q \mam´¯nð btYmNnXw''(kq.58) Fó hn[nbpsS bpàn CXmsWóv Ct¸mÄ a\ÊnemIpóp, BäpshÅw, Bbnc¯mïv CXymZn kamk§fnð ImWpó ZnXzhpw Cu \bw sImïpXsó hymJymXambn. thsdbpw DZmlcW§Ä Xmsg tNÀ¡póp. |
| 1) Hcp þ t`ZIw. A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤¯nð "H³cpþH³dp' Fóp Xangv; A\p\mknImXn{]kcwsImïp aebmf¯nð Hóp Fóp \maapïmbn; ]nóoSp t]sc¨¡pdnbmb AImcw tNÀ¯p \mas¯ Xncnsb t`ZIam¡pt¼mÄ JcmtZi¯mð Hä. |
| 2) IpdpIpóp, IpdpIn FópÅ IrXnbnse [mXp "Ipdp' Fóv. AXnð A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤wsN¿pt¼mÄ "Ip³dp' Fóp \maw., IpdpInb aebmWv Ip³dv; AXp aebmf¯nð A\p\mknImXn{]kcwsImïv Ipóv. |
| 3) CfIpI þ AIÀ½Iw: Cf¡pI Fóp ZznXz¯nð kIÀ½Iw. |
| 4) s]m§pIþ'' s]m¡pI Fóp JcmtZiZznXz§fnð kIÀ½Iw. |
| 5) ImWpIþkIÀ½Iw: Im«pI Fóp JcmtZiZznXz§fnð ZznIÀ½Iw. |
| 6) Bïvþ\maw: B«shen Fóp JcmtZiZznXz§fnð t`ZIw. |
| 7) sN¼v þ'' sN¸p¡pSw Fóp JcmtZiZznXz§fnð t`ZIw. |
| henb{]tbmP\w Dt±in¡msX AgIn\pthïo«pw Xangvaebmf§fnð A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w sNbvXpImWmdpïv. sXep¦nð "aqUp' Fópw, IÀ®mSI¯nð "apcp' Fópw DÅ {XnkwJymhmNIiÐw Xangnð ap³dp Fópw aebmf¯nð B apd{]Imcw aqóp Fópw A\p\mknIw hóncn¡póXp t\m¡pI. |
| kn²m´hnNmcw \ndp¯o«v C\n {]IrXa\pkcn¡mw. [mXphnð Ime{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð AXp hn\sb¨amIpw; hn\sb¨¯nð ]pcpj{]XybwtNÀ¯p {ZmhnU`mjIÄ apäphn\ Dïm¡póp. aebmf¯nð am{Xw ]pcpj{]XybtbmP\w thï, hn\sb¨¯n\pXsó Dà\b{]Imcw Dd¸p sImSp¯mðaXn FómWtñm ChnsS D]\ykn¨Xv. Fómð `qXImes¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfta CXp icnbmbn«v A\p`hs¸SpópÅp. aebmf¯nð `mhnImew t]sc¨cq]ambn«mWv, hn\sb¨cq]ambn«ñ Ccn¡póXv. hÀ¯am\¯nemIs« icnbmb Hcp hn\sb¨cq]wXsó ImWpónñ. hcpw Fóp `mhnIme¯nse BJymXw; hcpwImew CXymZnIfnð hcpw t]sc¨amWv. hcpóp Fóp hÀ¯am\mJymXw; hc FómWp \Sphn\sb¨w Fóp ]dbpó hÀ¯am\Ime¯nsâ hn\sb¨w. `mhnIme¯n\p ]dªXpt]mse ]nsóbpw thWsa¦nð hcpó Fó t]sc¨cq]t¯mSmWv BJymX¯n\v ASp¸apsïóp hnNmcn¡mhpóXv. Cu AhØIÄ¡v kam[m\sa´v? hn\sb¨wXsóbmWv BJymXambn¯ocpóXv Fó \b¯nsâ Zqjyañ CXv. aebmf¯nð Nne hyXykvX§Ä kw`hn¨n«pÅXmWv Cu hymIpeXbvs¡ñmw ImcWw. |
| `mhnIme¯nse BJymX¯nsâ AÀ°hpw cq]hpw {ZmhnU`mjIfnð s]mXpthXsó Cóhn[w Fóp JÞnXambn ]cntÑZn¡¯¡hn[¯neñ ImWpóXv. `mhn¡p ioew, D]tZiw, X¯zIY\w apXemb AÀ°§fpw Dsïóp ImWn¨phtñm. At¸mÄ hntijmÀ°hnh£sbmópansñ¦nð `mhncq]w `mhnImes¯ Ipdn¡psatóbpÅp. cq]hpw aebmf¯nð Dw, D Fóp cïphn[apïv. cïp {]Xyb§Ä¡pw AÀ°¯nepw {]tbmK¯nepw Nne t`Z§fpÅXn\mð AXpIÄ ]cymb§fñ. Fómð Có AÀ°hntij¯nð Có cq]w; aäpÅnS¯p aäXv Fsómcp \nbawsN¿póXp kpkm²yhpañ. |
| Dw Fó aebmf¯nse {]XybwXsó ]gb IÀ®mSI¯nð `mhn{]Xybambn«v (Asñ¦nð IWniambn¸dbpóXmbmð ioe `mhn{]Xybambn«v) ImWpópïv. AXn\p aebmf¯nset¸mseXsó ]pcpjt`Zhpw Cñ. Ah³, AhÄ, AXp, AhÀ tIbpIpw(=sN¿pw) Fóp {]tbmKn¡mw. Xangnepw "sNbvIp' Fó\pkzmcanñmsX D¯ssaIhN\¯nepw "sNbvIpw' Fó\pkzmct¯mSp IqSn¯só D¯a _lphN\¯nepw cq]w ImWpópïv: \m³ sNbvIp=Rm³ sN¿pw; \m¦Ä sNbvIpw=R§Ä sN¿pw. sNbvIpw ht´mw=sN¿m³ htómw Fóv Dw {]Xybm´wXsó hn\sb¨ambn«pw ]pcmX\amb sN´angnð A]qÀÆambn {]tbmKn¨pImWpópïv. AXn\mð Hcp Ime¯v Dw FóXv Xangnð `mhymJymX¯nsâbpw `mhnhn\sb¨¯nsâbpw {]Xybambncpón«psïóp sXfnbpóp. C{XbpwsImïv Xangns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \½psS \b¯n\p sXänsñómbn. aebmf¯nset¸mseXsó ]pcpjhn`mKw KWn¡s¸«n«nñmbncpóp Fsómcp A\pIqewIqSn In«pIbpw sNbvXp. IÀ®mSI¯nepw sXep¦nepw `mhn¡p hn\sb¨ta Cñ. AXpsImïv B `mjIÄ cïns\bpw]än BtemNnt¡ïXnñ. |
| D Fó A\pkzmcanñm¯ `mhn{]Xybw ]pcpjt`ZwIqSmsX aebmf¯n\p ]pdta sN´angnepw sXep¦nepw ImWpópïv. |
|
| Dw, D cïpw ioe`mhnbmWv. CXn\p ]pdta Xangnð, |
G.h. |
_.h. |
G.h. |
_.h. |
||||
| D.]p. | sNbvth³ | sNbvthmw | \St¸³ | \St¸mw | |||
| a.]p. | sNbvhmbv | sNbvhoÀ | \S¸mbv | \S¸oÀ | |||
| {] ]p.]pw | sNbvh³ | } |
sNbvhÀ | \S¸³ | } |
\S¸À | |
| {] ]p.kv{Xo | sNbvhÄ | \S¸Ä | |||||
| {] ]p.\. | { |
sNbvhXp | sNbvh | \S¸Xp | \S¸ | ||
| sN¿pw | sN¿pw | \S¡pw | \S¡pw | ||||
| Fóp ]pcpj{]Xyb§tfmSpIqsS ip²`mhnbpw Dïv. CXnð \]pwkI¯nð am{Xw ]pcpjhN\t`ZwIqSmsX sN¿pw, \S¡pw Fó ioe`mhncq]wXsó IhnIfpw {]tbmKn¡mdpïv. At¸mÄ ip²`mhn, ioe`mhn Fó t`Zw ]pwkv{XoenwK§fnte hIhbv¡mdpÅp, \]pwkI¯nenñ Fóp hcpóp. tað ImWn¨ DZmlcW¯nð sNbv AImcnXhpw \S ImcnXhpw BIpóp. AXnð [mXphpw ]pcpj{]Xybhpw Ign¨mð ImWpó `mKw apdbv¡v hv, ¸v, Fóp am{XamWv. AXn\mð ip²`mhnbpsS {]Xybw AImcnX§fnð hv Fópw ImcnX§fnð ¸v FópamsWóp \nÝbn¡mw, ], h cïpw FXnÀImes¯ (`mhnsb) Ipdn¡pó CS\neIfmsWóp \óqenepw ]dªn«pïv. Fómð hImc]Imc§Ä apdbv¡v AImcnX¯n\pw ImcnX¯n\pw hcpóhbmIbmð AXpIÄ "¡v' t]mse AwK{]Xyb§fmsWóp Iev]n¡póXn\memWv A[nIw \ymbw. ImðsUzñpw A§s\Xsó A`n{]mbs¸«n«pïv. Fómð At±lw Hcp]SnIqSn ISóv "Adnhv', "]Tn¸v' CXymZn IrXnIr¯pIfnð¯só ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¯v Dïm¡pótXbpÅp ip²`mhncq]§Ä, (Adnhv + G³ = Adnth³; ]Tn¸v + AÀ = ]Tn¸À) Fóp kn²m´n¡póp. CXnóp thïpó bpànIfpapïv. Cu ip²`mhn¡v FXncmbn«v Hcp t]sc¨anñ. Dw Fó ioe`mhncq]w XsóbmWp t]sc¨¯n\v; DZm: hcpwImew. `mhnbpsS cq]¯nepw AÀ°¯nepw A\nÝb§fpw AhyhØIfpw hcm\pÅ ImcWhpw Cu DÛhkzm`mhwXsó Bbncn¡Ww. {Inbm\mas¯ ]nSn¨v BJymXam¡nbmð AXn\v AÀ°¯nð F§s\ \nÝbhpw JÞnXXzhpw hcpw? Imew ]cntÑZn¸m³ Hcp {]Xybanñtñm. C§s\ Hs¡ Bbncn¡mw kmbv]nsâ at\m`mhw. At±lw sNbvX Xocpam\¯nð F\n¡p hfsc `àn_lpam\§fpsï¦nepw Cu kwKXnbnð At±lt¯mSp tbmPn¡m³ a\Êphcpónñ. HómaXv, {Inbm\ma§fpsS cq]w ]ehn[amIbmð ImðsUzð hnNmcn¡pónSt¯mfw eLphñ cq]\njv]¯n. cïmaXv AwK{]XybamsW¦nð ImcnX¯n\v "¡v' Añtbm ]Xnhv. "¸v' F´n\v? AXpt]mse AImcnX§Ä¡v AwKkwkv¡mcw Xmehy¯n\p bImchpw HmjvTy¯n\p hImchpw BWtñm ]Xnhv. kÀÆ{X hImcw t`ZwIqSmsX hcpóXn\p \ymbaptïm? aqómaXv, ioe`mhn¡mbncpóp Cuhn[w cq]\njv]¯n F¦nð AÀ°w A\nÀ®oXambncn¡póXp tbmPn¡pambncpóp; ip²`mhn¡v AÀ°w JÞnXamsWtñm. \memaXv, HSphnð ip²`mhn¡v FXncmb t]sc¨w Csñópw ]dªpIqSm; "sNbvh, \S¸' Fóp t]sc¨w sN´angnð A]qÀÆambns«¦nepw Dïv. Adnthm³, Ccnt¸m³ Fóp t]sc¨\ma§Ä \S¸nñtbm? aebmf¯nð {]tXyIn¨v "kÀÆÚ\mbncnt¸mcp i¦cmNmcyÀ' CXymZnIfnð "Ccnt¸mcp'(Ccn¸+Hcp) FóXp icnbmb t]sc¨wXsóbmWv. AXn\mð Fsâ Xmgvabmb A`n{]mb¯nð sNbvhp, \S¸p Fóv A\pkzmcanñm¯ Ah[mcI`mhnbnð apdbv¡v ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¯n«pÅhXsóbmWv sNbvth³, sNbvhmbv apXemb ip²`mhncq]§Ä Fóp Iev]n¡póXn\mWv A[nIw \ymbhpw kw`mhyXbpw. hcq, Ccn¸q Fóp aebmf¯nð \o«mdpÅ DImcw shdpw kwhrXwt]mse tem]n¡póXp icnbsñópw hnNmcn¸m\nñ. `qX"Xp'Imc¯nsâ ØnXnbpw Fómð Hópt]msebmWtñm. sXmgpXp+G³=sXmgptX³ Fó t]mseXsó Ccn¸p+G³=Ccnt¸³ Fópw. cïnse DImcs¯bpw aebmf¯nð Dd¸n\pthïn \o«mdpsïtó DÅp. |
| Cu hnaÀiwsImïp kn²n¨sXs´ómð þ (1)(hp, ¸p Fóv) D, (2) Dw Fóp csï®wXsóbmWp Xangnepw `mhn{]Xybw. ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ DImcw tem]n¨pt]mIpóXn\mð XangvsshbmIcWòmÀ hImc]Imc§sf am{Xw `mhnNnÓ§fmbn«p KWn¨p. \mamIs« D Fó kzcs¯ {]Xybam¡o«v hImc]Imc§sf `mhn¡p {]tXyIambpÅ CS\neIÄ Fóp Iev]n¨p Ftó t`ZapÅp. "Dw' Xangnð \]pwkI¯n\p am{Xta DÅp; AXn\p hN\t`Zw thïXm\pw. enwK]pcpjhN\t`Z¯nð sshckyapÅ aebmfw hN\t`Zanñm¯ Cu Dw{]Xybs¯ {][m\amb `mhn{]Xybambn«p kzoIcn¨p; Nne AÀ°hntij§fnð D {]Xybt¯bpw ]pcpjt`Zw IqSmsX D]tbmKn¡mdpïv; ]pcpjt`Zw hnh£n¡bmsW¦nð Xangnset¸mse BhI {]Xyb§sf D{]Xybm´¯nð¯só tNÀ¡Ww. Adnhp+G³=Adnth³; \S¸p+BÀ=\S¸À, Adnbpw+G³=Adnbpth³, \S¡pw+BÀ=\S¡phÀ Fóv Dw {]Xybm´¯ntòð ]pcpjtbmKw BZyIme¯pïmbncpóXmbn ImWpónñ. Ct¸mÄ B amXncnbnepw {]tbmKw \S¸mbn«pïv. hn\sb¨apïm¡póXmIs« BJymXcq]w cïmsemónð "B³' Fóp tNÀ¯n«mWv. Adnhp+B³=Adnhm³; Adnbpw+B³=Adnbphm³. shdpw [mXphnð\nóv Adn+B³=Adnbm³ FópwIqSn Ct¸mÄ cq]taÀs¸«n«pïv. \S¸p+B³=\S¸m³; \S¡pw+B³=\S¡phm³; \S+B³(¡v CS\netNÀóv) =\S¡m³ C§s\ cq]\njv]¯n hóncn¡pó \ne t\m¡pt¼mÄ `qX¯n\p hn]coXambn«p `mhnbnð BJymX¯nð \nómWp hn\sb¨¯nsâ Dð¸¯nsbóp k½Xnt¡ïnhcpóp. |
| Cu "B³' FóXnsâ BKaw F´mbncn¡pw? `h\µn CXns\ "hm³þ]m³' Fóp hn\sb¨{]Xybambn KWn¨n«pïv. ImðsUzñnsâ A`n{]mb¯nð CXp ]e³, IS³ CXymZnIfnð Aw Fópw AXp Fópw DÅ \]pwkssIIhN\{]Xyb¯nsâ Øm\¯p ImWpó A³ \o«nbXmsWómIpóp. AXpXsó B³ Fóp \ofmsaóXnte¡v At±lw Ccp]Xp=F«p=Ccp]s¯«p FóXn\p ]Icw "Ccp]ms\«p' Fóp XangvIhnIÄ sN¿pó {]tbmKs¯bpw e£yw ImWn¡póp. |
| hÀ¯am\Ime¯nð hn\sb¨w sXep¦nepw IÀ®mSI¯nepw am{Xta DÅp. B `mjIfnð hn\sb¨cq]¯nð\nópXsóbmWv BJymXw DïmIpóXv. F§s\ Fómð, |
| `mj | hn\sb¨w | apäphn\ |
| sXep¦v | tNkvXp | tNkvXm\p |
| IÀ®mSIw | amUp¯ | amUpt¯t\(B[p\nIw) |
| `qX`mhnIfntet¸mse Cu hÀ¯am\Ime¯nse hn\sb¨s¯ Cu `mjIÄ cïpw [mcmfambn D]tbmKn¡mdpapïv. DZm: | ||
1. |
sXep¦v : | Bb\ t`mP\ap tNkvXp B kwKXn\n KpcnwNn |
| \mtXm amSvfmUn\mUp. | ||
2. |
IÀ®mSIw: | Ah\p t`mP\ amUp¯ B kwKXnbóp Ipdnªp \ó ]p¯nc amXmUnZ\p. |
3. |
aebmfw: | Ah³ t`mP\wsNbvXpsImïv (Ccn¡th) B kwKXnsb¡pdn¨v FtómSp kwkmcn¨p. |
4. |
kwkvIrXw: | k t`mP\w IqÀh³ IaÀ°a[nIrXy ama`mjnã. |
| CXnð hÀ¯am\hn\sb¨¯nsâ {]tbmKw icnbmsWóp kwkvIrXXÀÖa t\m¡nbmð kv]ãamIpw. aebmf¯nð Cu hn\sb¨anñm¯Xn\mð hnh£nXmÀ°w hcp¯m³ "sImÄ' Fó asämcp [mXphnsâ A\p{]tbmK¯pIqsS ap³hn\sb¨wXsó D]tbmKnt¡ïnhóncn¡póp. Xangnepw CXpXsó KXn. | ||
| Xangnepw aebmf¯nepw hÀ¯am\Ime¯n\p hn\sb¨w CñmsX t]mbsX´psImïv? hntijy{Inbbv¡p ap³]p \Só {Inbsb ap³hn\sb¨hpw, ]n³]p hcm³t]mIpóXns\ ]n³hn\sb¨hpw ImWn¡póp. \Sphn\sb¨w (hÀ¯am\hn\sb¨w) At¸mÄ hntijy{InbtbmSp kaImeamb {Inbsb thWw ImWn¸m³. GIIme¯nð cïp{InbIÄ \S¡pI A]qÀÆamWv. kwkvIrX¯nse ØnXnbpw CXpt]mseXsóbmWv. ap³hn\sb¨¯nsâ Øm\¯v "àzm'hpw ]n³hn\sb¨¯nsâ Øm\¯p "Xpap' ópw Dïv; \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ Øm\s¯mópanñ. emtZi§fmb iXrim\¨pIÄ¡mIs« {ZmhnU¯nse t]sc¨¯nsâ \neXsó. "t`mP\w IpÀh³' Fóp ap³ ImWn¨ DZmlcW¯nð iXr{]Xym´w Xð¡me hntijWambn«p]tbmKn¨ t]sc¨sató DÅp. {ZmhnU§fnð hn\sb¨w hn\bv¡pw t]sc¨w t]cn\pwXsó hntijWamIWw; adn¨p ]mSnñ. Cu hn[ambncn¡mw Xangvaebmf§fnð icnbmb \Sphn\sb¨w CñmsXt]mbXv. | ||
| Fómð Xangnepw aebmf¯nepw hÀ¯am\mÀ°Iamb Hcp hn\sb¨ansñóp JÞn¨p ]dhm³ F\n¡p k½Xw hcpónñ. | ||
| Cu {KÙw tað t]mIt¸mI efnXamWv. | ||
| kpIpamcw Ccn¡bncn¡ KpWw IqSpó Hcp LrXamWv. | ||
| "hchc ama\mÀ IgpXt]mse.' | ||
| Cu DZmlcW§fnð ImWpó hn\sb¨w apäphn\bv¡p kaImeamb {Inbsb Ipdn¡pónñtbm? CXp Xangv hymIcW{]Imcw \Sphn\sb¨cq]hpamWv. Fómð CXns\Xncmbn«pw CXnð\nópÛhn¨Xmbn«pw Hcp apäphn\ ImWpónñ. At¸mÄ Hcphn[w hn\sb¨apsïóp k½Xn¨mepw AXns\Xncmb apäphn\ Cñm¯Xns\´psN¿mw? AXpw DsïópXsó Rm³ ]dbpóp. | ||
| F®m...! t£aw Xm\m? Ccpt¡³. | ||
| G³! tXta³ Ccp¡mbv? Cssñ; Imcyancp¡v. | ||
| Xangnse Cu kw`mjWw t\m¡pI. CXnð Ccpt¡³, Ccp¡mbv, Ccp¡v Fó cq]§Ä GXpIme¯nepÅhbmWv? CXpIfpsS Imew `pXhpañ, `mhnbpañ, hÀ¯am\hpañ. Ime{Xb¯n\p s]mXpth DÅtXm Asñ¦nð Imtem]m[nbnñm¯tXm Bb Hcp apäphn\bmWnXv. Cu apäphn\bpsS hn\sb¨amWv hc, t]mI, Ccn¡ Fóp ap³ImWn¨ cq]§Ä, At¸mÄ Ccp¡+G³=Ccpt¡³ Fóp hn\sb¨¯nte AImcw tem]n¸n¨v ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¯mð apäphn\bpïmIpóp. Cu amXncn apäphn\IÄ ]pwkv{XoenwK§fnð hfsc A]qÀÆamsW¦nepw \]pwkI¯nð Nnet¸mÄ Krly`mjbnð D]tbmKn¡mdpïv. CXn\v "AImenImJrmXw' Ftóm "AJÞnX ImemJrmXw' Ftóm Xangnð "\Spapäphn\' Ftóm \maIcWwsN¿mw. Cu bpàn{]Imcw \Sphn\sb¨¯ns\Xncmbn Hcp \Spapäphn\bpw In«n. hÀ¯am\Imew Asñ¦nð \nIÄImew FópÅXn\mWv hn\sb¨w Cñm¯Xv. | ||
| C\n hÀ¯am\mJymX¯nsâ Ncn{Xw Hómcmªpt\m¡pI Xsó. t]mIndm³ þ t]mIn³dm³; \S¡ndm³þ\S¡n³dm³ Fóp Xangnð Ct¸mÄ ImWpó hÀ¯am\cq]w sN´angv]m«pIfnð hfsc A]qÀÆamsWópw, inemenJnX§fnepw sN¼p]«b§fnepw HcnS¯pw Iïn«nsñópw ImðsUzð ]dbpóp. \mtSmSn_v`mjbnð "Indp' tNÀópÅ cq]§Ä [mcmfamWv. F¦nepw AXp IqSmsX "thhpIndXv' Fóp ]dtbïXn\p ]Icw "thIpXp' FómWv km[mcW¡mÀ D]tbmKn¡ ]Xnhv; AXpsImïp "Indp' tNÀó cq]w Xangnð C\nbpw KmVambn thcqón¡gnªn«nsñópw At±lw Duln¡póp. In³dpþCsâ DÛhs¯¸änbpÅ hnNmcWbnð UmÎÀ ImðsUzbnð kz´ambns«mcp Ið]\sN¿msX {Kmð, KpïÀ«v Fó cïp UmÎdòmcpsS A`n{]mb¯nð tbmPn¡póp. AhcpsS A`n{]mbw ImðsUzð A\phZn¨p ]dªn«pÅXpXsó (Dravidian Grammar 2nd Edn, p 385) Xmsg XÀÖa sNbvXp tNÀ¡mw: ""Xangn\p aqekz¯mbn«v Hcp hÀ¯am\Imecq]w Cñmbncpóp Fópw, Xangnð AXp ]pXpXmbn Dïmb Hcp A{][m\cq]amsWópw, AXnsâ \njv]¯n `mhnbnð Hcp hÀ¯am\ NnÓw tNÀ¯XmsWópw, BWv UmÎÀ {Kmensâ Bibw Fóp tXmópóp. In³dp=Iv+C³dp ("Iv' ]pcmX\amb sN´angnse `mhnNnÓamWv; C³dpþCóp=Cu Znhkw). Cu A`n{]mbwXsó KpïÀ«pw kzoIcn¡tbm kzX{´ambn Xm³ sNbvX hnNmcWIfpsS ]cnWmaambn D]\ykn¡tbm sNbvXXmbn tXmópóp.'' At¸mÄ bqtdm]y³ {ZmhnU`mjmhnÚm\nIfpsS A`n{]mbw kwkvIrX¯nð ]pcm `hXn (þ]ïp `hn¡póp)þ`hnjyXnþ(`hn¡pw) Fóp hÀ¯am\Imes¯ `mhnbm¡pó a«nð Xangv aebmf§Ä `mhnbnð hÀ¯am\mÀ°Iamb AhybwtNÀ¯p hÀ¯am\Imeapïm¡póp FómWv. Xangnse C³dp aebmf¯nð Dóp BIpóXns\¸än Hcp kwib¯n\pw hIbnñ. "]³dn', "]ón' bmIpwt]mse A\p\mknImXn{]kc¯nð "C³dp' "Cóp' BIpóp. CImc DImc§Ä¡p hyXybw [mcmfamIbmð Cóp Ffp¸¯nð Dóp Fóp amdpIbpw sN¿pw. {ZmhnU`mjIÄ¡p klPambn«pÅ (Harmonic sequence of vowels) kzcm\p kwhmZ\b¯n\p aebmf¯nð A[nIw {]Nmcansñ¦nepw AXpw ChnsS klmbn¨p Fóp hcmw. Fóñ, eoemXneIw apXemb ]gb aebmf{KÙ§fnð "t]mIn³dXp' Fópw aäpw CImcamWp ImWpóXv, DImcañ; "hcmbnóp' Fóp \ntj[cq]¯nð "Cóp' AñmsX "Dóp' Ft¸msg¦nepw D]tbmKn¨n«ptïm Fóp kwibamWv. AXpsImïp Xangnse C³dpþhnsâ DÛhtatXm AXpXsó aebmf¯nse Dóphn\pw Fóp XoÀ¨Xsó. | ||
| Xangnse "In³dp'hns\¸än bqtdm]yòmÀ sNbvXncn¡pó kn²m´w lrZbwKaamsWóXnte¡p kwibanñ. F¦nepw ChtcmSp ]qÀ®ambn tbmPn¡póXn\v Cu {KÙImc³ aSn¡póp. t]mIn³dm³ Fópw t]mIndm³ Fópw Xangnð cïpcq]apïv; AXnð t]mIndm³ Fó \nc\p\mknI cq]amWv hmbvsamgnbnð \S¸v. At¸mÄ In³dp ...Imctem]¯mð Indp Bbn Fóp kzoIcn¡Ww. Fómð A\p\mknI¯nsâ kwkÀ¤amWv, ]cnXymKañ, Xangnð ]Xnhv. AXpsImïv Indp In³dp Bbn¨abpóXn\mWp \ymbw. Ipdp Ip³dp BbXmsWópw aqcp aq³dp BbXmsWópw Fñmhcpw k½Xn¡póp. Cu kwibw ImðsUzñn\pw DïmImXncpónñ. ]t£, At±lw {Kment\mSp tbmPn¡m³thïn {]IrX¯nð A\p\mknIXymKwXsó Bbncn¡msaóp k½Xn¨pIfbpóp. C³dp (Cóp) Fó \mamhyb¯n\v {]Xyb¯nsâ ]Zhn sImSp¡póXnepw Ft´m Hcp sshckyw tXmópóp. t]sc¦nð AXns\ Iv Fóp icnbmb `mhn{]Xyb¯nsâtað ]nSn¨pshbv¡bpw thWw. AXn\ptað ]nóoSv G³, B³ apXemb ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ F´ptImamfncq]amWv In«póXv. [mXphpw ]pcpj{]Xybhpw X½nð Hcp _Ôhpanñ; t]mtI³ C³dp Fóp Øm\hyXybwsNbvXmð icnbmIpambncpóp. AXpsImïv "Indp'hnsâ DÛh¯n\p thsd hgn hñXpw DïmIptam Fóp t\m¡mw. | ||
| Xangnð Cd Fsómcp [mXphpïv; AXn\p Ime¯nsâ t]m¡v FómWÀ°w. To pass time, to proceed Fóp XanÄþCw¥ojv tImi¯nð AXn\v AÀ°w sImSp¯ncn¡póp. kwkvIrX¯nse "hrXv' Fó [mXphnsâ AÀ°amWv CXn\v. kwkvIrX¡mÀ `hXvIme¯n\v "hÀ¯am\w' Fóp kwÚ sNbvXXpt]mse XangÀ `qXIme¯n\v "Cd´Imew' Fópt]À sImSp¯ncn¡póp. Cd´Xp `qXamsW¦nð CdIn³dXp hÀ¯am\amIWatñm! AxpsImïv Xangnð hÀ¯am\Imew Ipdn¡póXn\v hÀ¯am\ImemÀ°Iamb Cd [mXphnsâ A\p{]tbmKamWv. "Iv' Ftóm "¡v' Ftóm DÅ`mKw Hcp CS\netb DÅp. Indp=Iv+Cdp BsWóp bqtdm]yòmcpw k½Xn¨n«pïsñm. UmÎÀ {Kmð `mhnNnÓamWv, "Iv' Fóp ]dbpóp. \mw AXns\ CS\ne Asñ¦nð AwK{]Xybam¡póp Ftó t`ZapÅp. ImðsUzñpw t]mIpwþt]m¡pw Fó `mhnbnepw, t]mIþt]m¡ Fó \Sphn\sb¨¯nepw Iv, ¡v apdbv¡v AIÀ½IkIÀ½It`Zw Ipdn¡m\pÅ AwK{]Xyb§fmsWóp kzoIcn¨n«pïv. C\n DZmlcn¡mw: | ||
| sNbvþsNbv+Iv+Cd+G³ = (AImcw tem]n¨v) | sNbvIntd³. |
| t]mþt]m+Iv+Cd+B³ = ,, | t]mIntd³. |
| \Sþ\S+¡v+Cd+Bbv = ,, | \S¡ndmbv. |
| CuamXncn {Inbmkamkw Asñ¦nð an{i{Inb Hc]qÀÆk{¼ZmbamsWóp i¦n¸m\panñ. sNbvXnte³ Fó \ntj[cq]w C§s\ Dïm¡póXmWsñm. sN¿thïpw, sN¿¸Spw CXymZnIfnð {]mIv{]tbmKw hn\sb¨cq]amsWtó t`ZapÅp. ChnsSbpw sNbvI, t]mI Fó hn\sb¨¯nð\nómWv Cd tNÀ¡pósXóp Ið]n¡póXn\p hntcm[anñ. Cd kzcmZnbmbXn\mð hn\sb¨¯nsâ AImcw tem]n¡póp; thïpw inYnehyÚ\mZnbmIbmð hnImcsamópw hcpónñ; ]SpI JcmZnbmIbmð B Jcw Cc«n¡póp. CsXñmw {ZmhnU`mjIfpsS hÀ®hnImc¯n\p tbmPn¨XmWv. | |
| C{Xbpw icns¸«pIgnªmð tijsañmsafpXmWv. A\p\mknIkwkÀ¤w sImïv Cf, C³d Bbn¯ocpóp. aebmf¯nð C³dp(Cóp) Fóv DImcw hcpóXn\pam{Xw amÀ¤apïm¡Ww. AXnte¡v Ah[mcI`mhnbmb D {]Xyb¯nsâ klmbw aXnbmIpw. Ah[mcI`mhn¡v `mhnIme¯nsâ kv]Àita Cñsñm; AXpsImïv AXv CdbpsS tað \ñh®w tbmPn¡pw. Dïv Fóv DÄ[mXphnsâ hÀ¯am\Ime¯nð ImWpó D Cu Ah[mcI`mhnbmsWóv KpïÀ«v apXðt]cpw k½Xn¨n«pïv. aqe`mjbmb Xangnð¯só Cd [mXphns\ Ah[mcI`mhn{]Xybw tNÀ¯v Cdp Fóm¡o«mWv A\p{]tbmKn¡pósXóp Ið]n¡póXnepw hntcm[anñ. sNbvsh³, sNbvh³ CXymZn ip²`mhncq]§fpw sNbvhp+G³=sNbvth³, sNbvhp+A³=sNbvh³ Fóv Ah[mcI`mhn{]Xybw tNÀópïmbXmbncn¡Wsaóv CXn\pap¼v \mw sNbvXn«pÅ hnaÀi\¯n\v CXv A\pIqen¡póp. sXep¦nsâ a«pw t\m¡pI þ B `mjbnð Ah[mcI`mhncq]w XsóbmWv hÀ¯am\Imew Ipdn¡m\pw D]tbmKn¡póXv. DZm: | |
| aocp {]XntcmPp Fón KÞeI t`mP\ap tNkvXmcp? | hÀ¯am\w |
| \n§Ä {]XnZnhkw F{X aWn¡p t`mP\w sN¿pw? | ,, |
| aocp tchn am CuSv tem t`mP\ap tNkvXmcm? | `mhn |
| \n§Ä \msf R§fpsS Cñ¯nð t`mP\w sN¿ptam? | ,, |
| "tNkvXpómcp' Fsómcp hÀ¯am\cq]apÅXv A\p_ÔnhÀ¯am\amWv. | |
| CsXñmw Xangv aebmf§fnse hÀ¯am\NnÓw Cd Fó [mXphmsWóp ]dbpóXn\p aXnbmb sXfnhpIfmWv. C\n thsd Hcp hÀ¯am\cq]w Cu `mjIÄ cïnepw DÅXnsâ ØnXn F§s\ Fóp t\m¡pI: | |
| XanÄþsN¿m\n³dm³, \S¡m\n³dm³. | |
| aebmfwþsN¿m\nóp, \S¡m\nóp. | |
| CXnð \n³dm³þ\nóp \nð¡pI Fó [mXphnsâ `pXImeamsWóXn\p kwibanñ. kpdnb³{InkvXyòmcpsS ssIhi¯nepÅ Xm{aimk\¯nepw aäpw "Bbn\n³d' Fó cq]w ImWpóXn\mð B Fó `mKw "BhpI' Fó kw]¯n{InbbpsS `qXcq]amsWópw sXfnbpóp. "Bbn\nð¡pI' FóXn\v "Htc a«nð¯só Ccn¡pI' Fó AÀ°whgn¡v {Inbm\p_Ôamb hÀ¯am\Ime¯nsâ {]XoXnbpïmIpóp. Cu cq]w, At¸mÄ, "BhpI', "\nð¡pI' Fóp cïp {InbIfpsS A\p{]tbmKwsImïv k¼mZn¡póXmWv. CXn\v atäXns\¡mÄ hf¨psI«pw sshcq]yhpw DÅXn\mð {]Nmcw {ItaW Ipdªpt]mbn. C§s\ Xpey\ymbhpw {]IrXamb Duls¯ Øncs¸Sp¯pIXsó sN¿póp. AXpsImïv Xangv aebmf§fnð hÀ¯am\cq]w A\p{]tbmK\njv]óamsWóv Hcp kn²m´w AhXcn¸n¡póXn\p Rm³ aSn¡pónñ. | |
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| Cu kn²m´{]Imcw {ZmhnU§fnse Imehn`mKw Xmsg ImWn¡pó bpàn{]Imcambncn¡Wwþ`qXw `mhn Imew ctï DÅp. CXp cïn\pw at²y \nð¡pó hÀ¯am\w shdpw Ið]\ am{XamWv; AXn\p t£{XKWnX¯nse _nµphns\ót]mse _p²n{Kmlyamb Hcp \ne am{Xta DÅp. `qX`mhnIsf thÀXncn¡pó AXncmWv hÀ¯am\w. temIhyhlmc¯nð, ""CXv Fsâ \new; AXv Ahsâ \new; \Sp¡pÅ hct¼m? BcptSXpañ, Asñ¦nð cïpt]cptSXpwIqsS.'' AXpt]mse hymIcW¯nepw `qX`mhnIÄ thÀXncnªp \nð¡pópïv; thÀXncn¡pó koatcJbmb hÀ¯am\w hIbnñ. \newcïnepw Irjnbnd¡pt¼mse `qX`mhnIfnð cq]amebpïm¡Ww; hc¼v cïp\ne§fnte¡pw Cd§m³ DXIpwt]mse Bhiys¸Spt¼mÄ am{Xw hÀ¯am\¯nepw cq]§Ä thWw. | |
| Ccptó³, Ccpt¡³, Ccpt¸³ | |
| Fóp aqón\pw cq]§Ä DÅXnð \Sp¡pÅ koatcJmØm\obamb hÀ¯am\w Bhiy¡pdhn\mð kwkmcn¡pó `mjbnðam{Xw A]qÀÆambn \ne\nópImWpóp; IhnXIfnð {]kàn IpdbpóXn\mð ImWpónñ. Fómð a\pjysâ PohnXImew, BïptXmdpw BhÀ¯n¡pó EXp¡Ä, HcpIme¯pw t`Zs¸Sm¯ {]IrXn X¯z§Ä CXpIsfsbñmw]än ]dbpóXn\v Hcp amÀ¤w Bhiys¸Spatñm Fópsh¨mð AXn\v {ZmhnUÀ `mhncq]§sf D]tbmKn¨phóp. AXmWv Ct¸mÄ ImWpó ioe`mhn. AXpsImïv `qXwam{Xta {ZmhnU§fnð ip²amb ImeapÅp. CXp bpàn¡p tNÀóXmWv; cq]\njv]¯nbnð ImWpó hyhØIsf CXpsImïp hymJym\n¡bpamImw. ]nóoSv kwkvIrX`mjnIfmb BcycpsS kwkÀ¤apïmbt¸mÄ Bbncn¡Ww Bcy`mjIfnð ImWpó £WnIañmsX A\p_Ônbmb Hcp hÀ¯am\Ime¯nsâ BhiyIX {ZmhnUÀ¡p t_m[s¸«Xv. At¸mÄ AhÀ IÀ½Wn{]tbmKhpw aäpwt]mse A\p{]tbmKw sImïv hÀ¯am\Imehpw Dïm¡m³ XpS§n. Ir{XnakrãnbmIbmemWv cïp cq]w ImWpóXv. AXnsemóv hf¨psI«[nIamIbmð £bn¨pt]mbn; aäXp \ne\nð¡póp. | |
| imJmNw{IaW¯mð Nmªpw Ncnªpw t]mbn«pÅ Cu hnNmcWsb, AXnð\nóp kn²n¡pó X¯zs¯ kwt£]n¨psImïv D]kwlcn¡mw. (A) {ZmhnU§fnð Hmtcm D]m[nsbbpw Ipdn¡póXn\v thsd thsd {]XybamWsñm. AXnð IrXnIfpsS hnjb¯nð AXnsâ {]IrXnbmb [mXphnð Imew Ipdn¡m\pÅ NnÓw tNÀ¯mð {]mtbW DfhmIpóXv hn\sb¨w, AXmbXp thsdmcp {Inbbnð A\zbn¨v BImw£m]qÀ¯n htcïpó Hcp IrXncq]w BWv. (B) ]qÀ®Xzcq]amb {]m[m\yw ImWn¡póXn\v aebmfsamgnsIbpÅ {ZmhnU§sfñmw ]pcpj{]Xybw tNÀ¡póp; aebmfw am{Xw ZoÀLn¸n¨v, hnhrtXm¨mcWw, ]cZznXzwsN¿mXncn¡ Fó D]mb§sfs¡mïv {]m[m\y{]XoXn k¼mZn¨n«v ]pcpj{]Xyb§sf Dt]£n¡póp. C{Xbpw kwKXnbmWv CXnð\nóp ^en¨Xv. | |
| aebmfw ]pcpj{]Xyb§sf kÀÆYm \nckn¨n«nñ; AXpIsf IhnIÄ [mcmfw D]tbmKn¨n«papïv. Nnesc¦nepw Cópw D]tbmKn¡pópapïv. AXn\mð B {]Xyb§sf FSp¯pImWnt¡ïXmhiyamWv. | |
| B\mÄXphmtbt\I¯nþ | |
| emcotcmw _lphn¦epw | |
| BJymX¯n\p ]pcpjþ | |
| {]Xyb§Ä apdbv¡nh. | |
| {]Ya]pcpj³ | a[ya]pcpj³ | D¯a]pcpj³ | ||
| GIhN\w: | B³þ]pw. BÄþkvXo. | } |
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| Xpþ\]pw. | Bbv | G³ | ||
| _lphN\w: | Bcv | Cucv | Hmw | |
| FómWv {]YamZn]pcpjòmcnð GIhN\_lphN\{]Xyb§Ä. enwKt`Zw {]Ya]pcpj\nðam{Xta DÅp. Xangnð ]ehIbmbn«v, | ||||
| {]Ya]pcpj³ | a[ya]pcpj³ | D¯a]pcpj³ | ||||
| GI | _lp | GI | _lp | GI | _lp | |
| hN\w | hN\w | hN\w | hN\w | hN\w | hN\w | |
| ]pw. | A³, B³ | AÀ | sF | CÀ | Ip, Sp, Xp | Ipw, Spw, Xpw |
| kv{Xo. | AÄ, BÄ | BÀ | Bbv | CuÀ | dp, Að | dpw, Aw, Bw |
| \]pw. | Xp, dp, Sp | A, B | C³ | an³, Dw | F³, G³ | Fw, Gw, Hmw |
| Fón{Xbpw {]Xyb§fpÅXnð {][m\s¸«hbpw aebmf`mjbnð D]tbmKn¡póhbpw BWv tað¡mWn¨ ]pcpjNnÓ§Ä. DZm: | ||||||
| a[pcicocah³ [cn¨p\nóm³ | Ir.N. |
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| [cWn`KhXo hncnôtemtI | ,, |
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| hncshmSp sNóp hW§n\nóp sNmómÄ | ,, |
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| Iïmtbm I\nshmSp NqXhr£ta \o | ,, |
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| apccn]pNcnXw kvXpXn¨p sNmómÀ | ,, |
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| sImïotcm, þ Ccptómw, þ ]pt¡mw | cm.N. |
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| ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä¡p {]Nmc¡pdhp hótXmSpIqSn AhbpsS D]tbmK¯nepw AÀ°¯nepw ]e AhyhØIfpw kw`hn¡póXn\v CSbmbn. NnseS¯v a[ytam¯a_lphN\§fpsS Øm\¯nð {]Ya_lphN\w {]tbmKn¨pImWpóp. aänS§fnð `mhnbnð ImewIqSmsX D¯a{]Xybw am{Xw tNÀ¯p {]tbmKn¡póp. a[ya³ kÀÆYm £bn¨p FópXsó ]dbmw. `qX`mhnIfnð {]Ya§fpw, D¯ssaIhN\hpw am{Xta km[mcW {KÙ§fnð D]tbmKn¡pamdpÅp. NneÀ "`mhnt¨mÀ' Fópw aäpapÅ t]sc¨\ma§fpambpÅ t`Zw a\Ênem¡msX amdn {]tbmKn¡póp. DZm: |
| \o sNbvXm³þa.`m.; \o sNmóm³þcm.N. |
| Rm³ AwKoIcn¨oSn\m³þtI.cm. |
| Rm³ tI«oSn\m³þ\f. N; \mw hmWm³þNmW. |
| Cu {]IcWw D]kwlcn¡pwap¼v aebmf¯nð ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä kwkmcn¡pó `mjbnð ImWm¯Xv Hcn¡epw D]tbmKanñmªnt«m, AtXm Hcp Ime¯v D]tbmKn¨ncpóXv Imem´c¯nð Dt]£n¨nt«m FópIqSn hnNmcWsN¿póXv hnlnXambncn¡pw. enwKhN\Nn ]pcpj{]Xyb¯n\pÅ amä§Ä am{XamIbmemWv AXpIsf {]tXyIn¨v FSp¯p]dbm¯Xv. AXpsImïv ChnsS ]pcpj{]Xybw Fóp enwKhN\§sf¡qSn A´À`hn¸n¡pópïv. Dïmbncpóp, \in¨pt]mbXv Fó cïmw]£¡mcmWv ImðsUzð apXðt]À. UmÎÀ {Kmð am{Xw at丣¯nð tNcpóp. At±lw Xsâ Xangv hymIcW¯nð ("Outlines of Tamil Grammar" p.42 as quoted by Rev. Caldwell) C§s\ ]dªncn¡póp. |
| ""Xp Fóhkm\n¡pó [mXpcq]w (DZm: sNbvXpþsNbvþAXp, sNbv [mXphnsâ hmIymÀ°w tNÀó Hcp hkvXp, Fópsh¨mð {Inb sN¿pó Hcp hkvXp) apäphn\bpsS Fñm GIhN\cq]§Ä¡pw BZnIme¯v D]tbmKn¡s¸«ncpóXmbn tXmópóp. (\m³ sNbvXp, Rm³ sNbvI; \o sNbvXp, \o sNbvIþCXymZn.) "sN¿pwþDw) FóXv (\mw sNbvXpw, \o¦Ä sNbvXpw þ CXymZn. "sNbvtX³' Fó AÀ°¯nð "sNbvXp' Fópw, "sNbvtXmw' Fó AÀ°¯nð "sN¿pw' Fópw {]tbmK§Ä ]gb Xangnð Ct¸mgpw ImWpópïv.) _lphN\¯nepw D]tbmKn¡s¸«ncpóXmbnt¯mópóp. ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä CS¡me¯p tNÀ¯Xmbncn¡Ww. sNbvXp+G³=sNbvtX³=Rm³ sNbvXp CXymZn. aebmf¯nð ]pcpj{]Xyb§Ä KZy`mjbnð C\nbpw D]tbmK¯nð hón«nñ.'' |
| kz´kn²m´w ImWn¡póXn\v {Kmð FSp¯pImWn¡pó cq]§Ä Xangnð hyXykvXhÀ¤¯nð DÄs¸«hbmsWópÅXp \nÀÆnhmZat{X. CXpIfpsS Dð]¯n Cóhn[w Fóv CtXhsc kÀÆk½Xamb XoÀ¨ Hópw hón«panñ. F¦nepw Cu {]IcW¯nsâ Bcw`¯nð \mw Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨n«pÅ \b¯nsâ kzmckyhpw {Kmensâ kn²m´s¯ ]n³Xm§póp. thsd {]IcW§fnepw Cu {KÙ¯nð {]kwKhimð Cu kwKXnsb¸än hnNmcWsNbvXn«pÅXpw Iq«nt¨À¯p t\m¡pI. |
| ]pcpjhn`mKw {ZmhnU`mjIfnð CSbv¡pïmbtX DÅp Fó ]£w ImðsUzñn\pw k½XwXsóbmWv. (1) sXep¦nð `qXIme¯nse {]Ya]pcpj\p enwK]pcpjhN\{]Xyb§Ä am{Xañ, ImehmNI{]Xybw t]mepanñ: `mhnbnepw AXpt]mseXsó, shdpw Ime{]Xybw am{Xta DÅp. (2) sXep¦nse k{¼Zmbw sN´angnepw ImWmdpïv; hntijn¨pw \ntj[cq]§fnð. hN\t`Zw \]pwkI¯nð A]qÀÆamWv. (3) {]mNo\ IÀ®mSI¯nð Ipw Fó `mhncq]w aqóp ]pcpjòmÀ¡pw Xpeyambn«v D]tbmKn¡mdpïv. Cu ImcW§fmð {ZmhnU§fnse BJymX§Ä¡v Bcw`Ime¯v cq]t`Zw Cñmbncpóp Fóp sXfnbpóp. Cu kwKXnIÄ ]pcpjt`Zs¯ {iawIqSmsX Dt]£n¡póXn\p aebmfs¯ [mcmfw klmbn¨ncn¡Ww. C§s\bmWv ImðsUzð ]dbpóXv. {ZmhnU¯nð ]pcpjt`ZanñmXncpó Imew AXv Xangv, aebmfw, sXep¦v, IÀ®mSIw apXemb kzX{´`mjIfmbn¸ncnbpóXn\v hfsc ap³]mbncn¡Ww Fó`n{]mbs¸SpI \nan¯w At±l¯n\p aebmf¯nepw ]pcpjt`Zw DïmbncpóXv tem]n¨pt]mbXmsWóv kzoIcnt¡ïnhóp Ftó DÅp. AXn{]mNo\§fmb cq]§fpw [z\nIfpw aebmf¯nð kpc£nX§fmbn \ne\nópImWpóXpsImïv ]pcpjt`Zw DÛhn¡pwap¼pXsó AXv Xangnð\nóp thÀ]ncnªp Fóp Iev]n¡póXnð F´v AkzmckyamWv At±l¯n\v DïmbncpóXv Fódnbpónñ. |
| Ime{]Xyb§fpsS BKaw |
| cq]\njv]¯nbpsSbpw AÀ°¯nsâbpw hyhØnXXzw t\m¡pt¼mÄ `qXIme¯n\p e`n¨n«pÅ {]XnjvT aäp cïpIme§Ä¡pw {ZmhnU§fnð ImWpónsñóv {]Xn]mZn¨phtñm. C, Xp Fóv cïp {]Xyb§fmWv Fñm {][m\ {ZmhnU§fnepw `qXImew Ipdn¡póXv: |
| Xangv | aebmfw | sXep¦v | IÀ®mSIw | |
| sNbvþ | sNbvtX³ | sNbvtX³ | tNknXn\n | sNbvtXw |
| Chbnð G³, G³, C\n, Gw Fó D¯a]pcpssjIhN\{]Xybw Ign¨mð Xp Fó `qXIme¡pdn kv]ãambn¡mWpóp. | ||||
| BSvþBSnt\³, | BSnt\³, | BSnXn\n, | BSnsX\p | |
| (BSn+³+G³) | (BSn+³+G³) | (BSn+Xn+\n) | (BSn+Xv+F\p) | |
| CXpIÄ C {]Xyb¯n\v DZmlcW§fmIpw. C, Xp Fó cïp {]Xyb§fpsS hn\ntbmKs¯¸änbpÅ hyhØbpw Gsd¡psd \mep`mjIfnepw XpeywXsó. kzcm´§Ä¡pw Nnñ´§Ä¡pw "Xp'; ]qÀ®hyÚ\m´§Ä¡v "C' Fóv aebmf¯n\p ]dª \nbaw Xsó Xangnepw IÀ®mSI¯nepw Að]mð]hyXymk§tfmSpIqSn¡mWpw. sXep¦nðam{Xw hntijapïv. B `mjbnð {]mtbW CImcwXsó Fñm [mXp¡fnepw `qXIme{]Xybw FómWv {]YaZrãnbnð tXmópI; Fómð "tNknXn\n' Fóv tað¡mWn¨Xpt]mepÅ ]e cq]§fnepw D¯aa[ya§fnð Xn Fóp thjamät¯msS XpImcw shfns¸Spópïv. | ||||
| CImchpw XpImchpw Ct¸mÄ kzX{´{]Xyb§fmbn«mWp \S¡póXv. Fómð sXep¦nepw IÀ®mSI¯nepw DÅ cq]§Ä t\m¡pt¼mÄ C tNÀ¡pónS¯pw Xpþsâ PoÀ®mhtijw InS¡pónñtbm Fóp tXmónt¸mIpóp. "BSnXn\n', "BSnsX\p' FónhnsS¡mWn¨ DZmlcW§fpsS LS\ "BSv+CXp+C\n', "BSv+CXp+F\p' FómsWóp hccptXm? Xangpaebmf§fnepw, AXpt]mseXsó "BSnt\³' Fó cq]w "BSv'+C\v+G³' Fóv C\v tNÀópïmbn Fóp hcmatñm. At¸mÄ XImcØm\¯v AXnsâ A\p\mknIamb \Imcambnt¸mbn Fóp am{Xta t`ZapÅp. A\p\mknI{`aw XangÀ¡pw aebmfnIÄ¡pw klPamIbmð CXn\p \ñ kam[m\hpw Dïv. Cu hI bpànIÄ t\m¡pt¼mÄ {ZmhnU§fnse `qX{]XybØm\w hln¡póXv "CXp' Fó Nps«gp¯nsâ \]pwkssIIhN\cq]w Bbncn¡msaóqln¸m³ [mcmfw hIbpïv. ChnsS¡mWn¨Xpw CXne[nIhpw sXfnhpIÄ Fñmw tiJcn¨v khnkvXcw Cu tIkphnNmcWsNbvXXnsâ tijw dhdâv ImðsUzðkmbv]hÀIÄ Hcp kmcanñm¯ t]mbnântòð hntcm[ambn«p hn[n¨pIfªp. | ||||
| Cu hn[n A¸oðsNbvXmð Agnbptam Fóp \ap¡p {ian¨p t\m¡pIXsó. B, C, D Fó Nps«gp¯pIsf ImeNnÓam¡póXn\p \ñ \ymbhpw cknIXzhpw Dïv. Fómð A§s\ sNbvIbmsW¦nð "CXp' Fó kónlnXhmNnbmb kÀÆ\maw hÀ¯am\s¯bpw "AXp' Fó ]tcm£hmNn `qXs¯bpw, "DXp' Fó A\Xn ZqckónlnXhmNn `mhnsbbpw ImWn¡bmWp thïXv. Cu \ymb¯n\p hn]coXambn«v "CXp' `qXNnÓambn«mWv \½psS hnNmcWbnð IïXv. AXn\mð Cu hmZw sNñpóXsñóv PUvPn tIkp XÅn¡fªp. `qXIme¡pdnIfnð FhnsS F¦nepw CImc¯nsâ Øm\¯v AImcw IïpIn«nbncpsó¦nð A\pIqeambn«p hn[n ]dbmambncpóp Fóv At±lw A\ptimNn¡pIIqSn sN¿pópïv. C{Xbpw A\pI¼bpÅ PUvPnbpsS XoÀ¸v \ap¡v A\pIqeam¡póXv hfsc eLphmWv. | ||||
| {ZmhnUÀ hÀ¯am\s¯ Hcp ]cnÑnóamb Imeambn«v KWn¨ncpónñ. Bcy`mjIfnð hÀ¯am\Imeap]tbmKn¡pónS¯v {ZmhnU`mjIÄ `mhnsb D]tbmKn¡póp. icnbmb hÀ¯am\mJymXw {ZmhnU§fnð CS¡me¯pïmb XmWv. Ct¸mÄ ImWpó hÀ¯am\cq]hpw IphÀókvan, I am doing Fó a«nð A\p_Ônbmb hÀ¯am\s¯bmWv Ipdn¡póXv. Cu A\p_ÔnhÀ¯am\mÀ°w Xangv aebmf§fnð Cd[mXphnsâbpw, sXep¦nð DXv[mXphnsâbpw A\p{]tbmKwsImïp km[n¡póp. sNbvIndm³. sN¿póp, tNkvXpóm\p FópZmlcW§Ä. IÀ®mSI¯nð sIbvZt]w FóXnse "Z]'þbv¡pam{Xta hyJym\w In«msXbpÅp. AXn\pw Inäð Hcphn[w D]]¯n DÛmh\w sNbvXn«pïv. AXn\mð hÀ¯am\Imew Cñmªn«mWv kónIrãhmNnbmb kÀÆ\mas¯ B Imew Ipdn¡póXn\v D]tbmKn¡mªXv. {ZmhnUcpsS Zrãnbnð `qXImesamóp am{Xta kn²hpw, ]cnÑnóhpw, {]Xy£m\p`htKmNchpw Bbn«pÅp. AXpsImïv AhÀ B Imes¯ "CXp' Fóp hyhlcn¨p ZqckónlnXamb `mhnsb "DXp'sImïv ]cmaÀin¨p. koatcJbmb hÀ¯am\s¯ "AXp' Fó ]tcm£kÀÆ\ma¯n\p hmNyam¡n¯Ån. "D' Fó Nps«gp¯v Xangv aebmf§fnse `mhnbnð "D' "Dw' Fó cq]§fnð ImWpóp. sXep¦nð tNbpXp\p(tNkvXp\p) Fóv "DXp' Xsóbpïv. tIbpIpw amUpt¯s\ apXemb IÀ®mSI cq]§fnð "D' ]e thj¯nð sXfnbpópïv. ssIbvthw Fó km[mcW IÀ®mSIcq]w Xsó sI¿pshw FóXnð\nóp kt¦mNn¨XmWv Fóp hcmw. sN¿(=sNbv+A) Fóp \mep`mjIfnepw Hópt]mse ImWpó \Sphn\sb¨{]Xybw Fó "A' ]tcm£kÀÆ\maamIpóp. \Sphn\sb¨¯nð \nóv BJymXw DïmIpónñ FópXsó Ccn¡s«. Fómð B hn\sb¨s¯ AÀ°¯n\v bmsXmcp AhtÑZhpw Cñm¯Xn\mð kzbta BJymXambp]tbmKn¡msaóp am{Xañ, \maam¡o«v AXntòð hn`ànIÄ Iq«nt¨À¡mw. \Sphn\sb¨¯nsâ CuhI sshe£Wy§sfñmw hn\sb¨{]IcW¯nð hnkvXcn¨p sImÅmw. | ||||
| Ime{]Xyb§fpsS Dð]¯n tað¡mWn¨{]ImcwXsó Bbncn¡mw Fóp kzoIcn¡pó]£w Xangnepw {]mNo\IÀ®mSI¯nepw ImWpó hyXykvX cq]§Ä¡v icnbmb D]]¯n DïmIpw. sN´angnð sNbvXpþsNbvXpw FópÅ `mhncq]w sNbpXpþsNbpXpw Fóv DImcw tem]n¨pïmbsXóp kam[m\s¸Smw. IÀ®mSI¯nse "Ipw' hyXykvXañ, icnbmb {]mNo\cq]¯nsâ \ãinãamWv Fóp kw{Klw. | ||||
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