Kerala Panineeyam

3. hn`n{]IcWw

addp ]Zfpambp kw_spdnpXn\pthn \mafn tNp {]XybmWv "hn`n' Fp t]. hn`n Gsgapv. hn`nIp ]mWn\n apXemb kwkvIrXsshbmIcWm t]cnnpfveXv {]Ya, ZznXob, XrXob, NXpn, ]an, jjvTn, k]vXan Cs\bmWv. B kwkvIrXtc\pkcnp aebmfhn`nIv {]Ya, ZznXob F {Ianep t]cmWv ap hymIcW{Kfn ImWpXv. Fm AXv {ZmhnUcoXnp Xosc tbmPnmXn\m Cu ]pkvXIn hn`nIp t] amddn Iev]nncnpp. AXn\p ImcWw Npcpn Xmsg ImWnmw.:

""AsXp {]Yabvw ZznXobbvXns\p\x
sNmtWaXnt\msSpw ZznXobbvambv hcpw;

XrXobm tlXphmbnsmmtemSqsS CXn {IamXv;
Bbnsmp NXpo N k{X ]cnIonXm.

AXn\np t]msm tlXphmbnp ]ao
CpanpapsS jjvTnXns shpsa]n

AXneXnshspw hnjbw k]vXao aXm.''

Fp _me{]t_m[\hN\{]Imcw kwkvIrXnsXncmbn aebmfnse hn`nI:

hn`n	{]Xybw		aebmf DZmlcWw		kwkvIrX
					DZmlcWw
{]Ya	i_vZkzcq]w		AXv		XXv
ZznXob	{	F	AXns\	}
	{	HmSv	AXnt\mSv	}	XXv
XrXob		tlXp	AXp tlXphmbn		tX\
		Bbn	AXmbn
		sImv	AXpsImv
		B	AXn\m
		HmSv	AXnt\mSv
		DusS	AXneqsS
NXpn		Bbnsmv	AXn\mbnsmv		Xkvssa
]an		C\nv	AXn\nv		XkvamXv
		I\nv	AXn\nv
		Ct]ms	AXnt]ms
		Im	AXns\m
		tlXphmbnv	AXp tlXphmbnv
jjvTn	{	vDv	AXn\v	}	Xky
		DsSsS	AXn\psSAXns
		Cshv	AXnshv
k]vXan		Cshv	AXnshv		Xkvan
		C	AXn
		C	AXn
		hnjbambn	AXp hnjbambn

Fo hn[amIpp. kwkvIrXn Htc cq]n\p ]e Afmbncns `mjbn Hmtcm An\pw cq]t`Zapsv Cu ]nIsImp hyamIpp. DZmlcWn\v XrXobsb FSpp t\mp. "tX\' F kwkvIrXcq]n\v,

1.	AXp tlXphmbnv	Fp tlXp	Casuality
2.	AXmbn	Fp At`Zw	Identity
3.	AXpsImv	Fp ImcWw	Instrumentality
4.	AXn\m	Fp Im	Agency
5.	AXnt\mSv	Fp kmlnXyw	Sociality
6.	AXneqsS	Fp ZzmcX	The sense of through

Cs\ Bdv A Dv. `mjbn Cu Hmtcm Asbpw ImWnpXn\v Hmtcm cq]hpw shtsd Dv. Cu kvYnXnv Cu Bdv Asfbpw tNv AXpIsmw IqSn "XrXob' Fv Hcp t]cnSpXv Fn\v? kwkvIrXn Ch Hcp cq]ns \m\mfmIbm Cu Asfmw thXncnphm amw C. AXpsImv Cu Bdv Asfbpw "XrXob' Fv Hcp t]cpsImpXs Ipdntnhp. `mjbn Aw amdpX\pkcnv cq]hpw amdp kvYnXnv CsXmw HnptNv Hcp t] CSpXp icnb. CXpsImv kwkvIrXnse Hcp hn`ncq]ns Aw `mjbn ]e cq]sfsmmWv IpdnpsXp kv]jvSambn. t\tcadnv `mjbnse Hcp cq]ns Aw kwkvIrXn ]e cq]sfsmpthWw Ipdnphm Fpw taevmWn ]nIbn\npw sXfnbpp. AXn "HmSv' AXnt\mSv F cq]w kwkvIrXn ZznXobbvpw XrXobbvpw ]Icw \nevpp. AXpt]mseXs Dv (AXn\v) FXv NXpnpw jjvTnpw FXncmbnmWpp. Atm "AXnt\mSv' F cq]s Nnetm "ZznXob' Fpw Nnetm "XrXob' Fpw ]dbWw. "AXn\v' FXv Nnetm "NXpn'; Nnetm jjvTn. CXv Fv Xocpam\nWsan kwkvIrXn XPvPa sNbvXpt\mnbm B `mjbn GXp hn`n hcptam AsXp ]dbpIbmsX thsd Hcp amhpw C.

	aebmfw	kwkvIrXw	hn`n
cma\v	]p{X Dmbn	cmaky ]pt{Xm PmXx	jjvTn
cma\v	[\w sImSpp	cmamb [\aZmXv	NXpn

Cs\ kwkvIrXns hmen Xqnbnv Fp km{amPyamWv aebmfn\p Inm\pXv? C{Xam{Xta tiapmbncppp FphcnInepw klntmambncpp; AXpsImpw \nevpn. kwkvIrXn hn`nNnlv\samw {]XybamIpp. `mjbn hn`ncq]w ]eamXncnbnemWp P\npXv. tamWn XrXobsbs FSpp t\mmw.

(1) BAh\m	}	Fp cp {]Xybw
(2) HmSv Aht\mSv
(3) F sImv Ahs\smv Fp ZznXobbpsS ta "sImv' Fpw
(4) C DusS Ah\neqsS Fp k]vXanbpsS ta "DusS' Fpw Ahybi_vZ.
(5) BbnAh\mbn Fsmcp hn\sbcq]w
(6) tlXp Ah tlXphmbn Fsmcp shdpw kamkw.

CXn {]Xybw tNpmp Hpw cpw cq]sf am{Xta hn`n Fp ]dhm \ymbapp. aqmatXp ZznXobbnepw, \mematXp k]vXanbnepw Ahybw tNpmnbXmIbm B hn`nI Xs Fp ]dtbXmWv. Asn hfsc Ipgv CShcpw. "Fsbpw \nsbpw sImv' FpnSv Fs\ hn`nsNmpw? FmwIqSn Hcp ]Zw, XrXossbIhN\w Fp Iev]ntnhcpntbm? C\n Fs, \ns F cp k\mapw Nne hntijW tNp \onbm AXpw HddZw, XrXossbIhN\w Fp ]dtbnhcpw. AXn\m "Ahs\smv' F cq]s kwkvIrX{]Imcw XrXob Fp ]dbpXv icnb. Ahs\ Fp ZznXob, AXn "sImp' F Ahybw tNcptm IcWmw P\npp Fpam{Xta Dq. "Ahs\' Fpw "sImv' Fpw shtsd ]ZfpamWv. ""Xw A\p, Xw {]Xn'' CXymZn kwkvIrX {]tbmKfpw,"by him, with him ''CXymZn Cwojpcq]fpw Fs\ thsd ]Zfmbncpp sImv Ahntijw Dfhmppthm As\ `mjbnepw "sImv', "\nv', apXembh ]pXnb Aw P\nnpp. kwkvIrXn CuhI Ahybv "I{]hN\obw' Fpw Cwojn preposition Fpw t]cpI DXpt]mse `mjbn CuhI Ahybv "KXn' Fv t] Iev]nncnpp. I{]hN\obw Ipsd \opt]mbXp sImmWv "KXn' Fv GItZiw AXns\mp kw ChnsS kzoIcnXv. "Bbn' F AmatXpw "tlXp' F BdmatXpw Bb Asf Hcp hn`ncq]w Fp ]dbpXv AXyw Abpw Fp {]YaZrjvSnbns kv]jvSamIbm hntijnp hnhcntXn.

Cs\ t\mnhcptm {]Xybsf am{Xta hn`nbmbn KWnmhq Fp t_m[sSpw. {]IrXnbn\np ]ncnp]tbmKnphm ]mSnmhsb am{Xta {]Xybw Fp ]dpIqSq. "Fsbpw \nsbpw sImv' FnSv "sImn's\ ]ncnp]tbmKnmhpXp sImv "sImv' {]Xyba. AhnsSs "F Dw, \n Dw, F' (Fpw \npsa, Asn Rm\pw \obpsa) Fp ]ncnp ]dp IqSmXn\m "F' {]XybamWv. {]Xybn\v Cu eWw kzoIcnpsImv BZyw ImWn ]nIbn t\mptm,

F, HmSv,	Av	}	B, , DssS,	C	}
F, HmSv,	Dv	}	B, , DssS,	I	}

Fv Bsdta CXn {]Xybfmbnpp Fq ImWpp. ChtbmSpIqSn {]Xybsampanm {]YasbqSn tNptm Ggp hn`n{]Xybfpsphcpp. B kvYnXnv {]YaapX k]vXanhscbp kwkvIrXhn`nkwPvRIXs t]mcmtbm Fp ]nsbpw tNmZyapv. icnXs. Fm cp `mjIfnepw hn`nIfpsS BsIpI bZrNvObm HpXs Fp hmepw Ahnjbn At\ym\yw teiw tbmPnnmsXbncnpp. kwkvIrXnse NXpnv `mjbn jjvTnbmsWpw, kwkvIrXnse ]anv icnbmbn `mjbn Hcp hn`ntb Cspw apw ZpLS hp tNcpp. kwJymaqeIfmb t]cpIfn Hns\ hnpIfbphsXs\? ]an `mjbn CmXn\m jjvTnsb ]anbmWw. Atm Bdns\ Amn Fsmcp XctSphcpw. Dt]npIbmsWn \men\pta BdmWv kwJy Fp ]dtbnbncnpp. Fpam{Xa, Aw hntp t]cpam{Xw FSpm kwkvIrX hn`nIsfs aWn{]hmfIhnI `mjmhn`nIp]Icw [mcmfw D]tbmKnp kvYnXnv henb IpgnSbmIpw. AXn\m `mjmhn`nIp kwkvIrX kwPvRIsf Dt]np ]pXnb t]cpI GsSppItb \nhmlapq. CXntep tahnhcn ImcWsfs HcnqSn kuIcyambn Hmnmthn \cnp Xmsg sImSpncnpp:

1. kwkvIrXn Hcp cq]n\v ]e Afmbncns `mjbn Aw amdpX\pkcnp cq]hpw amdpXn\m GXm\pw Nne Asftv Hcp t] hnfnpXn\p \ymban.

2. kwkvIrXn cp {]Xyb thnSp `mjbn Hcp {]XybwXs aXn; adnv, `mjbn cp thnSp kwkvIrXn HpaXn.

3. kwkvIrXn {]Xybw tNp am{Xta hn`nI Dmppp. `mjbn B Asf ImWnpXn\p {]Xyb, KXnI Fpt]cn Ahyb, kamkw Cu aqsw BhiysSpp.

4. hn`n{]XybfpsS Fw cp`mjbnepw GgpXs BsWnepw An Ah tbmPnpn.

Cu Ln Hcp kwKXnIqSn FSpp ImWntXpv. XangpsshbmIcWmcpw kwkvIrXs A\pkcnv Ggp hn`nIsf Iev]nXmsX ta hnhcn tZmjsf ]pckvIcnv ]pXnb t]cpI GsSpnbnn. Fm CXp aebmfhymIcWn ]gb k{Zmbss shpsImncnWsaXntev Hcp km[IamIpX. apt] t]mbh h ImcWhimepw Hcp Ipgnbn hoWp Fp shnv ]nt] hcphcpw B Ipgnbns hogpItbm AtXm Xv B A]ISw kw`hnmsX IcpXpItbm thXv? BcptSXmbmepw sXp ]IpXp icnb FmWv A`n{]mbw.

	X \ntinIm Im; {]Xn{KmlnI Isa; HmSv kwtbmPnIm kmn; kzmanbptinIm , hvp B {]tbmPnIbmw tlXp; DsS kw_nIm kzmXm; B[mcnIm[nIcWw C, I {]Xybambh.

\ntinI apXemb hn`nIsfbpw Hmtcmnsbpw Asbpw {]Xybsbpw apdbvv Cu ImcnIIfn ImWnncnpp;

(1) Hmas hn`nv "\ntinI' Fp t]; AXnp {]Xybw Hpan; XXs Fm i_vZkzcq]wXs hcpw. B hn`n Imhns\ Ipdnpp. \ntinI Fp t]cpsImv GsXnepw Hcp \mas \ntinpI am{Xw sNpnSpw Cu hn`nXs hcpsamIpp knmw DZm:

Imhn\v cma Imn Xmaknp, cma cmhWs\ sImp.

\ma\ntin\v ZicY F cmPmhv, knwlw Hcp arKamIpp.

(2) {]Xn{KmlnI F hn`n Ispdnpp; AXn\p {]Xybw F FpamWv.

DZm: cma IrjvWs\ ASnp, IrjvW cmas\nSnp.

(3) kwtbmPnImhn`np kmn F ImcIw Aw. HmSpv Fp {]Xybw.

DZm: inh intbmSv tNcpp.

(4) DtinIbvv kzman F ImcIw Aw;

Ftm IImcw tem]nnv shdpw Dv am{Xtam {]Xybw.

DZm: Ahv ]p{X\pmbn, Ah\v ]p{X\pmbn.

(5) {]tbmPnIbvp tlXp F ImcIw Aw; B Fp {]Xybw.

DZm: Pm\InbpsS ]pkvXIw.

(7) B[mcnIbvv A[nIcWw F ImcIw Aw; C, I Fp cp {]Xyb. Chbvv D]tbmKn Aev]w t`Zapv Ft Dp.

DZm: sabn InSpp., ]Sn \nevpp.

{]XybfpsS Fw BsIqsS GgmIbm {]YamZznXobmZn kwkvIrX kwPvRItfbpw Hcphn[w D]tbmKnmw. Fm Hmtcm hn`npw kwkvIrXnep AfpsS GXm\pw Awiw am{Xta `mjbn Dp Fv Ftmgpw Hmntnhcpw.

C\n hn`ywKfpsS kzcq]w ImWnmw:

hyRvP\mnen tNp

hn`ywKw NabvWw.

hyRvP\mfmb i_vZfn B i_vZtmSv C Fp tNm hn`n{]Xybw tNcpXn\p AwKambnocpw. DZm:

i_vZcq]w	AwKw	hn`n{]Xybw	\njv]cq]w
cmPmhv+C	= cmPmhn	+F	= cmPmhns\
cmPmhv+C	= cmPmhn	+B	= cmPmhn\m
a\v+C	= a\n	+HmSv	= a\nt\mSv
I+C	= In	+Dv	= In\v
B+C	= BWn	+sS	= BWns

Cu "C' F AwK{]Xybw kw_nI, DtinI F cp hn`nIfnepw \nXyambnpw aphbn hnIev]ambnpamWv hcpXv.
DZm:
{]Xn{KmlnI	cmPmhns\,	cmPmsh
{]tbmPnI	cmPmhn\m,	cmPmhm
kwtbmPnI	cmPmhnt\mSv,	cmPmthmSv
DtinI	cmPmhn\v
kw_nI	cmPmhns

C F CS\ne tNpXp {]IrXn{]Xybse tbmPnnm thnbmIbm C F B[mcnIbn CXp tNtnhcnIbn.

cmPmhn, a\n, In, BWn
FpXsbmWv \njv]cq].

Fm I {]Xybn\v CmKatam ZznXztam BhiyamsWp hn[npp.

AXm\n Xm tNnSmsX \nevm I tNX\fn IImcn\ncnp thWw apnSfn.

hyRvP\mfmb tNX\\mafn A{]Xybapsn AXpXs AwK{]XybkvYm\w hlnpsImpw; AmnSsmw C tNWw. AtNX\s IpdnpXmWv \masan I FXns IImcancnv  FmWw. tNX\fn  Fpw, AtNX\fn  FpamsX shdpw I Fp {]Xybw ImWpIbnsp Xcyw.

DZm: cma cma,		Kpcp Kpcphn, Ic Icbv
evan evanbn		`mcy `mcybn, ]Sn ]Sn

"C' tNX\fnemWv A[nIw D]tbmKnpXv.

Smhpw dmhpancnp
\mamn btYmNnXw.

C tNmepw Csnepw \mante SImcdImcsf DNnXw t\mn CcnWw. DZm:

Bdv Bn, Bns, Bdns
tNmdv tNmn, tNmdn, tNmdns
tXmSv tXmn, tXmns, tXmSns
\mSv \mtSmSv, \mtmSv, \mSns, \mns

mwKn I tem]m
ep Xm\ptinIpdn;
kw_nIbpa
apsS, sS Fp cpamw.

A F enwK{]Xybtam C F AwK{]Xybtam tNp ]te \maepw  Fv Ahkm\npatm; AXmWv mwKw Fp ]dXv. AXn\v DtinIbpsS "v' F Imcw tem]nnv "Dv' Fp am{XamWv {]Xybw. AXnwXs mwKfn kw_nIbpsS {]Xybamb "DsS' DImctem]m "sS' Fp am{Xambnpw Bhmw. cmaXp ]d tem]w sshIev]nIamIpp. I tem]amIt \nXyamWv. DZm;

cma+ v= cma+ Dv= cma\v, cmav. acn+ v= acn+ Dv= acn\v, acnv cma+ DsS= cma\psS, cmasS, cma (sd) acn+ DsS= acn\psS, acnsS, acn s(sd)

tapta enwKhN\
hn`nI apdbvnl

\mafn BZyw enwK{]Xybapsn AXv, ]noSv hN\{]Xybapsn AXv, HSphn hn`n{]Xybw Fo apdbvmWv cq]w NabvtXv. kwkvIrXmZymcy`mjIfnsetmse Hmtcm hN\n\pw thsd thsd hn`n{]Xyban. knYnb imJbneps `mjIfnsemw CXpXsbmWv k{Zmbw.

kwt_m[\bn G tNcp
ayw ZoLnnepw aXn.

apsNm Ggp hn`nIp ]pdta kwt_m[\ Fsmcp hn`nIqSnbpv; AXns\ \ntinIbpsS hIt`ZambnmWv kwkvIrXn KWnncnpXv. kwt_m[\w Fm t{imXmhns\ A`napJoIcnpI; B Aw Ipdnp hn`n kwt_m[\; Asn ap hn`nIp t]cn apdb\pkcnp kwt_m[nI Fmmw. AXn\v \mamn G Fp \n]mXw tNWw; \maw kzcnehkm\nm B Aykzcs \onbmepw aXn. DZm:

tXhntb! ipth! cmat\! tXho! iq! cmam!
""kt, IpnSpt IgenW hebm[oizco! hniz\mtY!'' (`mss\.)

\macq]mhen

]pnwKw

	GIhN\w	kenwK_lphN\w	AenwK_lphN\w
\n.	aI	aIm	a
{].	aIs\	aImsc	asf
kw.	aIt\mSv	aImtcmSv	atfmSv
D.	aI\v, aIv	aImv	av
{].	aI\m	aImcm	afm
kw.	aI\psS, aIs	aImcpsS	afpsS
B.	aI\n, aII	aImcn	afn
kwt_m.	aIt\!	aImtc!	atf!

kv{XoenwKw

GIhN\w	_lphN\w	GIhN\w	_lphN\w
aI	aIf	aIsf	aIfsc
aItfmSv	aIftcmSv	aIv	aIfv
aIfm	aIfcm	aIfpsS	aIfcpsS
aIfn	aIfcn	aItf!	aIftc!

\]pwkIenwKw

GIhN\w		_lphN\w
acw		ac
acs	}	acsf
acns\	}	acsf
actmSv	}	actfmSv
acnt\mSv	}	actfmSv
acn\v		acv
acm, acn\m		acfm
acns, acn\psS		acfpsS
acn, acn		acfn
acta!		actf!

Imw o_\man kzbta knamIbm IcpXnm {]tbmKnq {]Xn{KmlnIbmbXn.

AtNX\fmb PUhkvXpsfpdnp \]pwkI\mafn {]Xn{KmlnImhn`n {]tbmKnmsXXs AXns Aamb Ikw_n\p {]XoXn hpsImpw; AXn\m an Znnepw {]Xn{KmlnIsb \ntinIt]mse Hcp {]Xybhpw IqSmsX D]tbmKnm aXnbmhpw. DZm:

shw IpSnpp; ]pkvXIw hmbnpp; tNmdppp; Imcyw ]dbphp. "IcpXn' FXns Xmcyw ktNX\w Imhpw, AtNX\w Ihpambn hcpnSv IrXzw {]IrXym ktNX\[hpw, IXzw AtNX\[hpw BIbm hn`npdn IqSmsXbpw IrIp {]XoXn hcpXn\m BamXncn kvYefn In\p {]Xn{KmlnI thWsan FmIpp; \ aebmfnI Hcnepw hn`n tNmdpan. cpw AtNX\san tNXs sImmw. Fs\,

tImSmen acs apdnpp; cmakzman acw apdnpp.

""anmq IpSapSbvpw'' CXymZnIfn IpSs At]np ]q ktNX\amIbm IrIhnthIn\p amapXpsImv {]Xn{KmlnI Aknambm aXn.

Cu {]tabn\np aebmfhymIcWn At\Iw kvYefn B{ibntXmb Hcp `mjmimkv{XXzw(Asn i_vZm\pimk\clkyw) shfnsSpp. Fsm KpWhrn kw{]kmcWmZn hhnImcw, BKa{]XybmZnkwkw apXemb kIe hymIctWm]mbfpw i_vZns ktXmapJambn {]hnp As ktmNnnv Hns hyhkvYm]nm\mbn sNphbmIpp. Cu D]mbfpsS At] IqSmsX Xs hnhnXamb An\p X\ntb \nm[amb {]XoXn hcpnSv GpsIm ]pdsSpXp KuchtZmjZpjvShpw hmfpsImp a{w P]np shnapdnpwt]mse ]cnlmkImcWhpw BIpp. Cu knms Ahew_nmIpp \ntinImhn`n, GIhN\w, \ntbmPIayssaIhN\w CXymZnIp {]Xybsf I]nmXv. hntijmsX kmam\yp Nnlv\mt]bntm. Fmt]cpsSbpw apn\v ASbmfapsn Fs apn\v ASbmfanmbvIXs Hcp ASbmfambnsmpw FmbncnWw {ZmhnUcpsS bpn. "]n', "Ipdv' CXymZnIp app {]Xn{KmlnI {]tbmKnXs thWw Fpw apw Nne \nbafpXv kmlnXyimkv{Xns hnjbamIbm AXn {]thinpn; kmlnXyimkv{Xns hnjbamIbm AXn {]thinpn; kmlnXykmlyn hnkvXcnnpapv.

C\n hn`n{]Xybfn Hmtcmnsbpw BKasambncnpw Fp t\mmw:

{]Xn{KmlnI: F CXns Dhw Akv]jvSamIpp. CXp Xangn sF, aebmfn F, {]mNo\ImSIn Aw, B[p\nImSIn Ap, A, \p, sXepn \p, \n FpamIpp. {]mNo\ImSInse Aw A\p\mknItem]m A FmbXv aebmfn F Fpw, Xangn sF Fpw BbXmbncnWw Fp ImsUz Dulnpp. Aw Npsgpns o_cq]hpw AwK{]Xybhpw BIbm AXn\p {]Xn{KmlnIbmIm kzcq]tbmKyXbpsmWv kmbnns bpn. IXzw AtNX\[hpw IrXzw ktNX\[hpw BWtm.

kwtbmPnI: HSp ]gb `mjbn DS Fpw CXv HpI F IrXncq]wXs. DS HS Fp thXmbncnmw. A Hcp AwK{]Xybw hrYm tNXmbncnWw. sXepn "sXmSp' F IrXnbmWv D]tbmKnpXv. AXp sXm Fp ktmNnnpapv.

DtinI: Ip CXv Fm {ZmhnU`mjIfnepw Hp XpeyamIpp; kzcw am{Xw NnteSv F Fpw C Fpw t`Znv sI, In Fp amdppst Dp. CXns BKaw icnbmbnp Ip]nSnnn. ImsUzns ktlw "tIpw' CXymZn IrXncq]fn ImWp Ip Xs Bbncnmw FmWv. aebmfn

Imcmfmb AwKfn IImcw tem]npt]mIpp. Ip= p Fmbn Fpw hcmw; ]noSv ZznXzhpw Ifv  D Fp am{Xambpw XoXmbncnmw. Kpv ChnsSbpw "C\Xp' F Xangpkw_nImcq]n\nmWv "Cp' DhnsXp iTnpp. ImsUz sd am{Xta Xangv "AXp' FXn\np hXmbn hnNmcnppp. Kpv cnepw {`anpt]mbn. Atln\p \masf "IphI', "\phI' Fp cn\ambn ]ncntnhp. "\p' Fpw "s' Fpw BWtm cq]w Ahkm\npXv; AXpIfnse

Imcw AwKn tNXmsWp {Klnncpsn kmbnmv Cu sXp hcnIbnmbncpp. "d' bpsS icnbmb [z\n "

'FmsWpXpw CXphsc Bcpw kvYm]nnn. F\np, \n\p, X\np F k\mafn AwKw sNdpXmIbm AImctam CImctam tNpp. "C' tN \mafn AwKw \ofpXn\m I tem]npp. IImcw ]teSpw tem]nmdp hhpamWtm. tem]n\p {]Xnhn[nbmbnmWv ]q

Imcn\p ZznXzw sNpXv; ]t, Ime{Ian ZznXzhpw AXymhiyasmbn.

{]tbmPnI: B CXntbpw Dhw CsXp Xnsnn. ImsUz CXns\ "hmbvm' Fpw apap ]Zfn ImWp ammIamb Im FXn\nv hypmZnnpp. "A' F Npsgpns cq]w ZoLnXmbncnmsapw Atlw inppv. Kpns A`n{]mbn "BhpI' F {InbbpsS "BI' F IrXnIr{Zq]n\nmWv CXns Dn.

kw_nI: DSb, DsS, sS "DSa', "DSb' CXymZn cq]fn ImWp kzmanhmNIamb "DS' F IrXnbpsS t]sccq]wXs BWnXv. ""Ah\pSb ]SPvP\w N tLmcw'' CXymZnIfnsetmse IhnI Cu cq]s kzX{]Zambpw {]tbmKnmdpv. bqtdmptZiobcmb aebmfsshbmIcWm kw_nIm{]Xybw "AXv' F Npsgpn\np hXmbn hnNmcnpp Fpw, AXn\p \ymbw ImWpnspw ap]pXs kvYm]npIgnp. Xangn kw_nIbvp ]e {]XybfpXn CsXmpam{Xta aebmfw kzoIcnnpq. "C', "Av' F AwK{]Xybsfs kw_nIm{]Xybfmbn ImsUz kzoIcnppv. Fm AXn\mhiyw ImWpn. kw_nIbnepw B[mcnIbnepw AwKpXs AXmXp hn`nbpsS Aw ImWnm inbpv Fp I]nm aXnbmhpXmWv. AwK{]XybsfmwXs kw_nIm[mcnIIfpsS {]XybfmsWpw XZzn`yfn \nmWv ({]Xn{KmlnImZnhn`nI) DhnpXv Fpw apamWv bqtdm]ymcpsS t]mv.

B[mcnI: C, I  Krlw Famb "Cw' F i_vZwXsbmWv "C' {]XybambXv Fp kv]jvSamIpp. CXp Xangnepw [mcmfambn D]tbmKnpXmWv. I {]Xybw \qen ]dbp "Im' FXns {lkzamsWp bptdm]ysshbmIcWm hnNmcnpp. Xangns "I' Fsmcp {]XybapXns cq]ambncnm\mWv A[nIw kw`mhyX Fp tXmpp. I FXn\p "ew', "CSw' Fpw Aapv. B Aw aebmfnse D]tbmKn \mbn tbmPnpp.

kwt_m[\sb Hcp {]tXyI hn`nbmbnp KWntXn. "G' F \n]mXw ]e \mafnepw kwt_m[\mw Ipdnm tNmdpv. kzcm\mafn kzcw \oWw.

KXn tN hn`y
]Zw an{ihn`nbmw;
AXntem IrImZn
smt]mse hn`nI.

\map Xfnepw, {InbtbmSpw D kw_w ImpIbmWv hn`nbpsS {]hrn. B hI kw_fmWv Im, Iw apXemb ImcI. Fm kw_w ]ehIbpsXmw IpdnpXn\v hn`n{]XybsImpam{Xw km[npn. AXn\m hn`nIsf klmbnm Asn hnfm KXnIsf D]tbmKnpp. KXnbpw hn`nbpw tN hmNIhpw AXpsImp hn`np XpeywXs. AXn\m KXn tN hn`yn\p "an{ihn`n' Fpt] sImSpmw. Xangcpw ]gb aebmfsshbmIcWmcpw kwkvIrXs A\pIcnmthn KXnIsf {]tXyIw C\amn FSpmsX hn`n{]Xybfns DsSpn. {ZmhnUfn {]Xybw X\ntbbpw KXntNpw cphn[ambnmWv hn`nI DfhmIpXv. cpw thXncnm\mbnv {]Xybs am{Xw hn`n Fpw, KXn tN hn`nsb an{ihn`n Fpw ChnsS I]nncnpp:

KXntbmKn hn`nIsf \nbnm\p hn[n FsmKXnIfpsS hypn{]Imcw GXnt\Xp hn`nv BImw hcppthm AXn\v B hn`n tNpsImWw. IapsXn {]Xn{KmlnI; B[mcapsXn B[mcnI Cs\ {Iaw. GXm\pw DZmlcWsf ImWnpp;

1. DpsXmp Iqcwhsc. 2. ]p{Xt\mSpIqsS hcpp.

3. tamn\pthn X]psNpp. 4. hrn\np hogpp.

1. "hsc' FXv Xhn\sbamIbm AXn\p Imhns BImwbpv. AXpsImv "Iqcwhsc' Fp \ntinI. "sXmv' F kII{InbbpsS aphn\sbn\p Imt] hcpXn\m "Dns\ sXms'p {]Xn{KmlnI(ep]vXw).

2. "IqSpI' kmnbmhiysSpIbm kwtbmPnI.

3. "thn'p XmZyaamIbm XtZymKneptinI.

4. \nn B[mcw {][m\amIbm "hrn\nv' Fv B[mcnI.

aqew \nananXymZn
\matmSp kamkhpw.

{]Xybn\pw KXnpw ]pdsa "aqew', "\nanw' CXymZn ]ZtfmSp \masf kamknnpw hn`yw Dmmw. Cs\bpmIp cq]v "kamkhn`nI' Fp t]cp sNmw.

DZm: AXpaqew, AXp\nanw, AXnt]cn CXymZn.