chaper8

Aymbw  8

tcmK-`n-j-KvPn-Xobw hnam\w

tmI :	1 - 15	16 - 30	31 - 45	46 - 60	61 - 75	76 - 90

	91 - 105	106 - 120	121 - 135	136 - 150	151 - 164


AYmtXm tcmK `njKvPnXobw hnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n hnam\m\nse tcmK `njKvPoXobw hnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp {]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

_pnam\\x ImcyKpcpemLth I^ea\p_w tZiImeu N hnZnXzm bpnZi\m`njKv_p`qjpx imk{XtahmZnXx ]cotX.hnhn[m\n ln imkv{XmWv `njPmw {]Ncn temtIjp X{X bat\yX alZyikzn [oc]pcpjm tkhnXa_lpeam]vXP\ ]qPnXw {Xnhn[_pnlnXa]KX ]p\cptZmjamjw kp{]WoX kq{X`mjykw{Kl{Iaw kzm[mca\h]XnX i_vZavSi_vZw ]pjvIem`n[m\w {IamKXmXYa XXz hn\nb {][m\w kwKXmakwIpe {]IcWamip {]t_m[Iw eWhtmZmlcW h Xm`n{]]tZy imkv{Xw. imkv{Xwtlyhw hn[aae ChmZnXykvXtam hn[qb {]ImibXn kw.	2

_qnam\mbh kzbw Imcyns KpcpXm (CXv IjvSkmyamtWm) eLpXm (CXv Aev]]cn{iakm[yamtWm) I^ew ([m ImatammZnImtWm) A\p_w (IP\y^ew [m[w Asn ip`mip`w ChbmtWm) AXp t]mse Xs tZihpw Imehpw (Cephp C kabv CXp sNbvXm tZmjamtWm KpWamtWm apXembh) bpn]w BtemNndnnv sshZy\mIm\m{Klnph BZyw Xs Ah ]Tnm\ptinp imkv{Xs ]condnbWw. ImcWw sshZyhnZy A`yknpXn\p imkv{X At\Ihn[n temIn {]Ncnppv. AXn GXmtWm almbnpXpw bins\ DmpXpw [ocmcmb ]pcpjm ]TnpXpw A _lpeambnpXpw B]vXmcm ]qPnsSpXpw aqphn[ _pn (a_pn, ay_pn, XoW_pn) Dhpw lnXambnpXpw ]p\cpn tZmjanmXpw BjambnpXpw kq{Xw, `mjyw, kw{Kl{Iaw FnhtbmSpIqSn \Xpt]mse cNnnpXpw AXmXns Am[nImctmSpIqSnbXpw {Kmlyamb i_vZtmSpIqSnbXpw IjvSam i_vZtmSpIqSnbXpw hmpIfpsS Aw thXpt]mse a\nemm IgnbpXpw {]IcW{Ian hnjbfpsS Aw {Klnphm IgnbpXpw AXXz\nb {][m\ambnpXpw Av Xn tNbpXpw bpnbpambnpXpw Wn a\nemIpXpw eWsamXpw DZmlcWtmSpIqSnbXpambXv B imkv{Xs ]Tnnphm\mbn XncsSpWw. C{]ImcapXmb imkv{Xw \nehpw kqcys\tmse AImcs \on Fmnt\bpw {]IminnpXpamIpp.

XtXm\camNmcyw ]cotX. XZyY  ]cyhZmX{ipXw ]cnZrjvSImWw Zw ZnWw ipNnwPnXlkvXap]IcWhw kth{ntbm]]w {]IrXnw {]Xn]nap]kvIrX hnZya\lwIrXa\kpbIatIm]\w tiaw injyhkeaZv[ym]Iw m]\kaw tNXnx GhwKptWmlymNmcymx kpt{Xamthm taL Ch kkyKpssWx kpinjyamip sshZyKpssWx kw]mZbXn.	3

imkv{Xs ]condnXn\ptijw BNmcys\ ]conWw. AXv F{]Imcsamimkv{XmXXz\nbn kwibanmXncnpIbpw ZrjvSImhmbncnpIbpw ha\mZn Fm {InbIfnepw kmayapmbncnpIbpw A\pIqe kz`mhapmbncnpIbpw ipNnbpmbncnpIbpw ssI^eapmbncnpIbpw NnIkp Fm D]IcWfpw DmbncnpIbpw Fm C{nbfpw thXpt]mse DmbncnpIbpw tcmKnbpsS {]IrXnsb AdnbpIbpw tcmKnbpsS {]Xn]nsb AdnbpIbpw, ]Tn hnZysb ]cnjvcnnncnpIbpw AlmcanmXncnpIbpw tis kvt\lnpIbpw injyt\mSv hmeyapmbncnpIbpw ]TnnpXn kmayapmbncnpIbpw sNp Bsf Kpcp\mY\mbn XncsSpWw. C{]Imcap KpWtfmSp IqSnb BNmcy \hben D]bpamb EXphn s]p ag kkys Wn KpWbpamnopXp t]mse, \ injys\ Wn Hcp \ sshZy\mnopw.

Xap]krXycncm[bnjpcp]Ntcnh tZhh ]nXrh `rhm{]ax XXkvX {]kmZm Irkv\w imkv{XahKay imkv{XahKay imkv{Xky ZrVXmbm`n[m\ky kujvTth ƒ hnmt\ hN\iu `qbx {]btXXkayIv.	4

ta]d hn[nep KpWtfmSpIqSnb BNmcys ASp t]mbn Atls Bcm[nphm\m{Klnp injy Antbtmsebpw tZht\tmsebpw cmPmhns\tmsebpw ]nXmhnt\tmsebpw kzmantbtmsebpw bmsXmcphn[ {]amZhpw IqSmsX Atls tkhnWw. AXn\ptijw Kpcp{]kmZw sImv apgph imkv{Xtbpw thXpt]mse a\nemnbnv imkv{Xns ZrVXmb ]TnpdnpXn\pw Aw {KlnpXn\pw inbmbn ]dbpXn\pw XpSbmbn thXpt]mse {]bXv\nWw.

Xt{Xm]mbm\\p hymJymkymax Aymb\aym]\w XZznZy kw`mtjXy]mbmx.	5

imkv{Xw A`yknphm\p {]bXv\ns D]mbw hnhcnpXcmw. \XXpt]mse a\ncpn ]TnpI, ]TnXns\ aphv ]dpsImSppI, AXmXv imkv{Xw ]Tnhcpambn kw`mjWw \SpI ChbmWv D]mbw.

X{Xmbayb\hn[nx Ieymx IrXWx {]mXcpmtbm ]hyqjw hm IrXzmhiyIap]kv]rtiymZ Iw tZhjntKm {_WKpcp khrmNmtcyt`ym \akvIrXy ktaipNutZti kptJm]hnjv tSm a\x]pcx kc`nhmKv`nx kq{Xa\p]cn{Ima]p\cmhmtb. _pymkayK\p{]hniy AXXzw kztZmj]cnlmcmb ]ctZmj {]amWmw Ghw aynt\ ƒ]cm^vt\ cm{Xu N iizZ]cnlm ]byb\a`ymtkyZnXyymb\ hn[nx	6

A[ymb\hn[n  BtcmKyhm\mbh ]petm AXn\p aptm Fgptp iuNmZn\nXyIsfmw sNbvXp Ipfnp tZhEjntKm{_mWKpcpknKv hr BNmcymsc \akvcnp ka\ncpXpw hrnbpXpamb ev kpJambncpp a\tmSpIqSnb hmpIfm kq{Xsf {Ia{]Imcw hopw hopw BhnWw. _pnsImv AXns AXXzsf \Xpt]mse {KlnpIbpw thWw. Ah\h ]TnpXv sXv IqSmsXbpw aphcpsS sXv a\nemnbpw ]TnWw. C{]Imcw aymnepw sshIptchpw cm{Xnbnepw kabw shdpsX IfbmsX \nccw ]TnpsImncnWw. C{]ImcamWv Ayb\ hn[n.

AYm[y]\hn[nx A[ym]t\ IrX_pncmNmcy injytahmZnXx ]cotX. XZyYm  {]imamcy {]IrXnap{ZImWarPpNpapJ\mkmhwiw X\pcvXniZ PnlzahnIrX ZujvTananWw [rXnaa\lw IrXw ta[mhn\w hnX kvarXnk apZmckXzw XZznZyhrw XXzm`n\nthiahywKw ahym]t{nbw \n`rXa\p Xthiahyk\nKaXXz`mhIatIm]\w ioeiuNmNmcm\pcmKZmy{]mZntWym ]] ayb\m`nImaa hnmt\ IZit\ Nm\\yImcyaep_v[a\ekw k`qXlnssXjnWamNmcy km\ninjvSn{]XnnIcw A\pcw Ghw KpWkapZnXa[ym]yamlpx	7

Aym]\hn[n]Tnnphm\m{Klnp BNmcy BZyw injys\ ]conWw. AXv F{]ImcsamimX, t{ijvSamb kz`mhw, \oNIw sNmXncnpI, Iv, apJw, aqv Ch t\scbmbncnpI, \mhv t\cnbXpw chapXpw hrnbpXpambncnpI, ]pw HmjvTfpw hnIrXamXncnpI, aqnqSn kwkmcnmXncnpI, ss[cyapmbncnpIbpw AlmcanmXncnpIbpw sNpI, ta[mhnXzhpw Xnphm\p inbpw [mcWminbpw DmbncnpI, a\v DZmcambncnpI, sshZyIpen P\nncnpI, XXzm\n Xmev]cyapmbncnpI, Fm AwKfpw C{obfpw thXpt]mse DmbncnpI, hnenb B`mStfmpanmsX \ thjhn[m\tmSpIqSnbncnpI, ZpxJanmXncnpI, AXXzs a\nemp kz`mhambncnpI, tIm]anmXncnpI, \ioeambncnpI, _mlym`ycipnbpmbncnpI, IpemNmc A\pjvSnpI, Kpcp\mYt\mSv A\pcmKapmbncnpI, AekX CmXncnpI, ZbmZmnWyapmbncnpI, ]Tnm\p B{KlapmbncnpI, imkv{Xns Aw a\nempXnepw IZi\nepw GIm{KNn\mbncnpI, e_vZ\pw Aek\pw AmXncnpI, Fm PohnIfptSbpw lnXs B{KlnpI, BNmcys Fmhn[ D]tZitfbpw Btbbpw ]menpIbpw Kpcp`nbpmbncnpIbpw sNpI FoKpWtfmSp IqSnb injys\ ]TnnWw.

Ghw hn[ayb\mn\ap]nX amcncm[bnjpamNmcym\p`mtjX. AY DZpIbt\ ip]t {]ikvtX ƒl\n XnjylkvX{ihWmizbPm a\yXta\ \t{XW tbmKap]KtX `KhXn iin\n IeymtW IeymtW N Ictssat{X aplqtapWvUx IrtXm]hmkx kv\mXx Ijmbhkv{XkwhoXx kkant[m ƒnamPyap]e]\apZIpw`mw kpKn ^kvtXm ameymtZmaZolncWy cPXaWnapm hn{Zpaua ]cn[ow IpiemPkj]mXmw ipm kpa\mkm {KYnXm {KYnXm ta[ymw `ym Kmw LrjvSm\mZm tbm]XnjvTkz CXn. AYtkm ƒ]nXYm Ipcym.	8

BNmcys\ ip{iqjnp hnZy ]Tnphm\mbnsN ta hnhcn KpWtfmSpIqSnb hnZymntbmSv BNmcy ]dbWw Dcmb\Imev shfp ]n tPymXnmkv{X{]Imcw ip`amb Znhkw, ]qbw, Aw, Ahnw, AizXn Fo FsXnepw Hcp \{Xn \ XnYnbn \IcWn \ Daamb aplqn Xe sambSnp BZys Znhkw D]hkn Ipfnp Imjmb hkv{Xw [cnp tlman\p hndIv, An, s\v, D]te]\{Zhy, shw \nd Ipw`w, In kpK{Zhyw, ]pjv]ame, hnfv, kzw, shn, aWn, apv, ]hngw, ]phkv{Xw, tlman\v Nppw shphm\p ]emimZnIfpsS hndIv, Ipi, aecv, ISpIv, Acn, shfp ]pjv]w, \ `W]Zm, K{Zhy Ch FSppsImv Fs ASp hcnI Fv ]dbWw. A\cw hnZymn A{]Imcw sNpIbpw thWw.

Xap]nXammbkta ipNutZti{]mIv{]htW DZIv {]htW hm NXpjvInjvIpam{Xw NXpc{iw WvUnew tKmatbmZtIm]en]vXw IpimkvXow kp]hnlnXw ]cn[n`nXpniw btYmNt\mZIw` uatlmcPXaWn apmhn{Zpamew IrXw ta[y `yK ip]pjv]emP kj]mtXm]tim`nXw IrXzm X{X ]memin`o sscwKpZo`ncuZpw_cn`n am[pIn`nhm kanZv`ncnap] kam[mb {]mMvapJx ipNnc[yb\hn[na\phn[mb a[pkn`ymw {Xnkv{Xn Pplqbm Anw, Binx kw{]bpss ass{ {_mWanw [\zcnw {]Pm]Xnw Aizn\mhn{arjow kp{XImcm\`na{mbamWx ]qw kzmtlXn. injyivssN\a\zmem`X. lpXzmN {]ZnWana\p ]cn{Imta ]cn{Iay {_mWm kzkvXnhmNtb PnjPm`n ]qPtb.	9

Kpcp\mY ]d hn[nep {Zhysfmw sImphp Ignm Ahs\ kaambpw hrnbpXpamb Ingtm hStm `mKv \mepapgw NXpc{in tlman\msbmcpnb ew NmWIw tXp hrnbmn Ighncnp tlmaens \mep `mKhpw NaXhndIv apXembhsImv ]cn[nbpmn hn[n{]Imcw ]d N\w, \ndIpw`w, ]v hk{Xw, kzw, shn, aWn, apv ]hngw Ch sImecnp \ `W]Zm, kpK{Zhy, shfp ]pjv], aecv, ISpIv, DWecn, ChsImv tim`mbam\amnbnv AhnsS NaX, HmSacw, An, Ccn ChbntesXnepw Hns hndIvsImv Inp Kpcp\mY An`napJambn Ingtmv Xncnncpp ipNntbmSpIqSn thZm[yb\ hn[n{]Imcw tX\pw s\pw sImv apqv {]mhiyw Anbn tlmanWw. tlmanptm {_mW, An, [\zcn, {]Pm]Xn, Aizn\nIpamcm, C{, Ejn, kq{XImc ChcpsS BinmZmIamb a{w kzmltbmSpIqSn P]npIbpw thWw. XpSv injy\pw CXpt]mse Xs sNWw. Ans\ tlmamnsb aqv {]ZnWw shWw. AXn\ptijw {_mWtcmSv BiomZw hmn sshZymsc (Kpcp\mYs\) ]qPnWw (\akvcnWw).

AssY\an kImti {_mW kImti `njIvkImti Nm\pinjym  {_NmcnWm iva{ip[mcnWm kXzhmZn\m ƒamwkmtZ\ ta[ytkhn\m \nktcWmikv{X [mcnWm N `hnXhyw, \NtX aZzN\m InnZImcyw kymZ\y{X cmPZznjvSm {]mWlcmZzn]pemZ[aymZ\w kw{]bpmZzmƒ ]mm, ZtW\ a{][mt\\ aZ[ot\\ a{]nblnXm\phn\mN iizZv`hnXhyw ]p{Xhm khZnhtm]NcXm ƒ\phkvXthym ƒ la\p kptI\mhlntX\m\\ya\km hn\otX\mthy ImcnWm ƒ\kpbtI\ \Nm\p`y\pmtX\ {]hnNmcnXhyw, A\pmtX\ {]hnNcXm ]qw Kphtm]m\ymlctW bYmin {]bXnXhyw, I knnaXYknnw btimem` t{]Xy N kzanXm Xzbm tKm {_mWamZu IyXzm k {]mW`rXmw imimknXhyalclcpnjvTXmtNm]hniXm N km\m NmXpcmamtcmtKy {]bXn Xhyw PohnXtltXmc]n NmXptct`ym \m`nt{ZmKv[hyw a\tkm ƒ]n e ]ckv{Xntbm \m`nKa\obmkvXYm ktah]kzw, \n`rXthi ]ntZ\ `hnXhyaiuWvtU\m]mt]\m]m] klmtb\ N IvjvW ip[y [\ykXy iy lnXanXhNkmtZiImehnNmcnWm kvarXnaXm mt\mm\ D]IcW kkp \nXyw bXv\hXm, \ N IZmNn{ZmPZznjvSm\mw cmPmt\zjnWmw hm almP\ZznjvSm\mw almP\tZzjnWmw hm ƒ]yuj[a\phn[mXhyw XYm ktjmaXy hnIrXZpjvS ZpxJioemNmtcm]NmcmWmw A\]hmZ{]XnImcmWmw apapjqWmw N XssYhmkn lntXizcmWmw kv{XoWma\ymWmw hm, \N IZmNn kv{XoZ amanjamZmXhya\pmXw `{Xm ƒ Yhm ƒ ytWw, BXpcIpem\p {]hniXm Xzbm hnZntX \m\qaX{]thin\m {]thin\m kmw ]pcptjW kpkwhotX\m hmIvinckx kvarXnaXmkvXnantX\m thym thym a\km kamNmcXm _pym kayK\p {]thjvShyw, A\p{]hniy N hmMvat\m_pn{obmWn \ IzNn {]Wn[mXhym\y{XmXpcZmXptcm]ImcmmZzm ƒXpcKtXjzt\yjp hm `mth jp hm `mthjp, NmXpc Ipe{]hrtbm _ln \nmcbnXhymx {lknXw Nmbpjx {]amWamXpcky \ hbnXhyw Pm\Xm ƒ]n X{Xbt{XmNyam\mXpckym\y ky hm ƒ]yp]LmXmb kZytX,m\hXm ]nN \mXyYamt\m mt\ hnInXhyw, B]vXmZ]n ln hnIam\mZXyapZznPyt\mI.	10

AXn\ptijw injys\ Ankmnbmbpw {_mW kmnbmbpw sshZy kmnbmbpw C\n]dbp hn[n D]tZinWw. {_Nmcnbmbpw XmSn aoi hfph\mbpw kXyhmZnbmbpw amwkw `nmh\mbpw \ ]Zm `nnph\mbpw amkcyclnX\mbpw Bbp[ [ncnmh\mbpancnWw. Rm ]dbmsX Hcp Imcyhpw sNcpXv. cmPhncpambnpXpw AXyw A[ambnpXpw A\n\v ImcWambnocpXpamb Imcy Rm ]dm t]mepw sNcpXv. Fm Imcyfpw Fn AnpsImpw Fs {][m\amnsmpw Fs A[o\nepw Fs CjvSn\pkcnpw Ftmgpw {]hnWw. \o ]p{Xs\tmsebpw Zmks\tmsebpw bmNIs\tmsebpw Fs ASp XmaknWw. HukpIyanmsXbpw {itbmSpIqSnbpw GXm{KNn\mbpw hn\baph\mbpw BtemNnp {]hnph\mbpw aphcn Akqb CmsXbpancnWw. Rm ]dbmsX FhntSbpw t]mIcpXv. Rm FhnsSsbnepw Abm Xs BZyw F\npthnbp km[\ sImphcpXn\v bYmin {]bXv\nWw. I knnbpw bix{]m]vXnbpw acWmcw kzhpw \o B{Klnpsn hntijnpw tKmfptSbpw {_mWcpsSbpw kpJtbpw AXpt]mse Xs Fm PohnIfptSbpw kpJtbpw B{KlnWw. Zn\w{]Xn DWcptmgpw Ccnptmgpw Fpth Fm Ahkcfnepw tcmKnIfpsS BtcmKynmbn {]bXv\nWw. Ah\hs Pohs\ \ne\nphm thnbmbmtmepw tcmKnIsf t{ZmlncpXv. a\v sImv t]mepw ]ckv{XoKa\w sNcpXv. AXpt]mseXs Hcp hn[nep ]c[\tbpw tamjvSnpItbm AXns\n NnnpItbm sNcpXv. thj hkv{XmZnItfsImv hn\b`mhw {]ISamWw. aZy]m\w sNcpXv. ]m]w sNcpXv. ]m]nIfpambp kwkhpw ]mSn. kv\nKvip{`[bp]pWykvXbkpJlXanX `mjWw sNWw. tZiImesf Nnnph\mbncnWw. \ [mcWminbpmbncnWw. Adnhv hnphm\mbn Ftmgpw {]bXv\nWw. cmPmhn\m shdpshpw cmPmhns\ Zpjnphpw AYhm k\fm shdpshpw k\sf Zpjnphpw Hcnepw NnInsNcpXv. AXpt]mseXs Fmhn[ BNmcfpw D]Nmcfpw AXyw hnIrXhpw ZpjvShpw ZpxJioehpambn sNphpw sshZys\ \nnptm {]XnImcw sNmhpw arXypkqNIeWaphpw NnInksNcpXv. AXpt]mseXs kv{XobpsS `mthm kwcmbn amscneptam Csn Ahpw NnIn sNcpXv. `mhnttbm addv kwcIcpsStbm B IqSmsX kv{Xobn \nv [\tam GsXnepw `W ]Zmtfm HpwXs Hcnepw kzoIcncpXv. tcmKnbpsS hon {]thinptm \ntmSv hv ]dhcpsStbm tcmKnbpsS _pan{XmZnIfpsStbm IqsS AhcpsS kXtmSpIqSn \hkv{Xw [cnpw incv Aev]w Xmgvnbpw \ [mcWmintbmSpIqSnbpw nca\mbpw IqsSqsS Fmw BtemNnpw Fmw _pn]qw sNbvXpsImpw {]thinWw. Dn {]thinmepw hmMvat\m_po{nbsf tcmKnbnepw tcmKnv {]tbmP\sSp hn[nepw AmsX asmcp `mhnepw {]thinncpXv. tcmKnbpsS hnnse Imcy ]pdmtcmSpw ]dbcpXv. tcmKnv Bbpv IpdhmsWv a\nembmtmepw AhnsShv AXns\ kw_nv Hpw ]dbcpXv. Ans\ ]cm s]sv tcmKntm av hhtm \miw kw`hntpw. Imcysfmw a\nembmtmepw Xs Adnhns\ AXy[nIw Lnp ]dbcpXv. ImcWw B{]iwksImv Adnhphvt]mepw aphpw hnckX tXmpw.

\ ssNh lykvXn kpXcmambptZky ]mcw, XkvamZ {]ax iizZ`ntbmKakvan Kt, GX Ghw Imcyw, Ghw`qbx {]hrky kujvTha\kqbXm ]tct`ym ƒ]ymKabnXhyw, Irkvt\m lntemtIm _pnaXmamNmcyx i{Xpm_pnaXmw,AXm`nkany _pnaXm ƒ an{Xkym]n [\yw bibikyambpjyw ]ujvSnIw euIoIa`yp]ZnitXmhNx t{imXhya\p hn[mXhyw tNXn.	11

ta]dXpt]msebmbm FpsImv BbptZimkv{Xns Atcsphm IgnbpIbn? \nbambpw Ignbpsaw. AXpsImv bmsXmcp {]amZhpw IqSmsX \nccw ]cn{ianWw. Cu ]dXpt]msebp Imcysfmw Xs CtX{]Imcw hopw ]Tnm hcp aphpw hfsc hrnbmbpw AkqbbnmsXbpw ]dpsImSpWw. Cu ]dXpt]msebp Imcysfmw Xs CtX{]Imcw hopw ]Tnm hcp aphpw hfsc hrnbmbpw AkqbbnmsXbpw ]dpsImSpWw. ImcWw _pnlo\mv temIw apgph\pw i{Xphpw BIpp. AXpsImv _pnamm i{Xphmbmt]mepw Ahsc kao]np ]pWyImcIhpw bins\ hnnpXpw BbpjvIchpw ]pjvSnIchpw temtIm]ImcIhpamb hmpI D]tZinpXp tIpIbpw AXn\\pkcnp {]hnpIbpw thWw.

AXx ]canZwx_qbmtZhXmn ZznPmXn Kpcphr knmNmtcyjp tX \nXyw kayKznXhyw,tXjp tX kayKzam\kymbanx kKv[ckcXv\ _oPm\n bmYcnXm tZhXmx inhmbkypxXm\yYm ham\kym inhmtbXn; Ghw {_phXnNm Nmtcy injykvXtYXn {_qbm, XZytYm]tZiw N Ip[yt]ymtbx, AtXm\yYm Xz\[ym]yx A[ym]y a[ym]b lymNmtcym btYmssm[ym]\ ^ssetbmKam]vt\mXyss\ym\pssx t{ibkvIsscKpssWx injyamm\w N bp\n, CXypmh[yb\m[ym]\hn[n bYmh.	12

ta]d {]Imcsamw D]tZinXn\ptijw CXv ]dbWw. tZhX, An, {_mW, Kpcp, hr, kn, BNmcy Fnhcn Ftmgpw \Xpt]mse hnWw. Ahcn thXpt]mse hnpXmbm Cu An (kmncqt]W apn Iqnb tlmamn) Fmhn[ KckcXv\_oPfpw AXn\p ]d tZhX IeymWImcIhpamIpp. CXn\v hn]coXambn BNcnpXmbm Aip`ImcIhpamIpp. C{]Imcw ]d BNmcyt\mSv injy A{]Imcsamw sNbvXpsImmsav ]dbWw. GsXmcp injy Kpcq]tZin\pkcnp \Sppthm Ah ]Tnnphm tbmKy\msWdnbWw. CXn\p hn]coXambm Ah ]Tnnphm tbmKy\spw AdnbWw. C{]Imcw A[yb\nsbpw A[ym]\ntbpw hn[n ]dbsSpw.

A[yb\m[ym]\ hn[nh kw`mjmhn[naX Duzw hymJymkymax`njIv `njPm kl kw`mtjX. XZznZykw`mjm ln m\m`ntbmK kwljImco `hXn,sshimcZya]n Nm`n\nhbXn, hN\ina]n]m[t, bim`nZo]bXn, ]q{iptX N kt^hXx ]p\x {ihWm kwiba]IjXn {iptX Nm ktlhtXm `qtbm ƒyhkmba`n\nhbXn,A{ipXa]n N InnZw t{im{Xhnjbam]mZbXn, Kplym`naXaPmXw. X ]ckv]tcW kl Ph]nWvtU hnPnKojpcml kwLjm Xkvam XZznZykw`mjma`n {]iwkn Ipiemx.	13

A[yb\m[ym]\ hn[nt]mseXs C\nbtmv kw`mjWhn[n hnhcnpXcmw. sshZy sshZyt\mSv imkv{Xkw`mjWw \SWw. XZznZy kw`mjWamIs AdnhphnpXn\pw ktmjn\pw ImcWambnocpp. ]mWvUnXyhpw hmn\v inbpw Dmpw. Ionbpmpw. apv ]TnpItbm tIpItbm sNbvXXn Fsnepw kwibapsn hopw tIpXpsImv B kwibw Xocpw. ]TnXn kwibansnepw AXv hopw tIptm AXn\v ZrVX DmIpw. apv tIm NneXv tIpIbpw sNpw. BNmcy injys ip{iqjbn ktmjnp clkyamnh Imcy Nnetm D]tZinpw. hmZ{]XnhmZw \Sptm hnPbnm\mbn AsXSpp]tbmKnsphcpw. Atm Ans\bp clky ]Tnphm Ignbpw. AXpsImv kam XZznZy kw`mjWs {]iwknpp.

Zznhn[mXp Jep XZznZy kw`mjm `hnkmbkw`mjm hnKrlykw`mjmN.	14

XZznZy kw`mjbmIs cphn[nepv. Hv tbmPnpsImp kw`mjWw asmv IelnpsImp kw`mjWw.

X{X m\ hN\ {]XnhN\ in km\mtIm]t\\m\p]kvIrX hentZy\m\kqbtI\m\ptb\m\p\btImhntZ\ Ivtf ctaW {]nbkw`mjtW\ N klkmb kw`mjm hn[obtX. XYmhnt[\wkl kwIYb hn{k_v[ IYtb ]rtZ]nN hn{k_v[x, ]rwmkvssa hn{k_v[mb hniZmPmXw {_qbm. \ N \n{Kl`bmZp ZzntPX. \nKrlyssN\w \ lrtjy \ N ]tcjp hnIt\. \ N tamlmtZIm{Kmlo kym Nm\p hn[nXaa\phtbm. kayIv Nm\p\tb\m\p \otbX. A\p\bm]cw X{X NmhlnXx kymZnXy\ptema kw`mjmhn[nx	15

imkv{Xm\wsImpw AXns A\nbm\w sImpw ]q]hpw in kamIptm tIm]nmsXbpw {`akwibmZnItfmSp IqSmsXbpw Akqb CmsXbpw Xpeyambpw hn\btmSpIqSnbpw tiw klnpsImpw {]nbamb kw`mjWneptSbpw hmZ{]XnhmZw \SpXn\v “kmb kw`mjm” Fv ]dbpp. AtX hn[nXs hmZ{]XnhmZw \Sptm hnizkvX\msWv ]dbpw ]dbpXpw hnizmktmSpIqSnbmWv. ]dbpXns\ hnizknm\mbn hniZmtmSpIqSn ]dbpw, JWvUnpsap `bwsImv hymIpesSpX. A]c]s JWvUnnv ktmjnpXpa. A\ycn A{]iwk sNpXpa. AdnhvtISvsImv ]dXpXs hopw hopw ]dbpX. Adnbm hnjbs Adnbpsav ]dbpX. \ hn\bsSpIqSn kwkmcnpsImv Xs Xs ]tv sImphcpw. hn\btmSpIqSn kwkmcnpIbpw sNpw. CXmWv kmb kw`mj Asn A\pte] kw`mj.

AX DzanXtcW klhnKrly kw`mjmbmw Pt] t{ibkm tbmKam\x]iy, {]mtKh N P]m]mcw ]cmhcmcw ]cnjZzntijmw kayIv ]cotX, kayIv ]com ln _pnaXmw Imcy{]hrn \nhrnImeu iwkXn, Xkvam ]coma`n {]iwkn Ipiemx. ]coamWkvXpJep]cm]cmcanamRvP]I KpWm t{ibkvIcm tZmjhX ]cotX kayIv . XZyYm{ipXw hnm\w [mcWw {]Xn`m\w hN\incntXy Xm KpWm t{ibkvIcm\mlpx. Cam ]p\tZmjhXxXZyYmtIm] \ XzasshimcZyw `ocpXza[mcW Xz a\hln XXzanXn. GXm Zzbm\]nKpWm KpcpemLhXx ]cky ssNhm\ Xpetb.	16

C\n ta]dXn\v hn]coXamb KpWtfmSpIqSnbh\pambn kzbw t{ibv thWsam{Klnph hnKrlykw`mjWw (IelnpsImp kw`mjWw) sNWw. AXmbXv m\hnm\mZnItfmSpIqSn kw`mjWw sNpXn Aka\pw t{Im[nbpw hnZymhnIrX\pw Akqbmephpw A\p\bn aqJ\pw tis klnmh\pw A{]b`mjnbpambht\mSv IelnpsImv FXnhmZs \ncknp kzaXs m]nphm\mbn kwkmcnWw. C{]Imcw kw`mjWw \SpXn\papmbn BZywXs FXnInbpsS Ignhnt\bpw hntijnv kZnt\bpw \t]mse ]condnbWw. AXmbXv Ch Adnhph\mtWm A\mtWm Fpw kZv hnZz kZmtWm aqJkZmtWm Fpw BZyw ]condnbWsaw. ImcWw, Ans\ ]condnm _pnammv Ftm kwkmcnWw Ftm kmkmcnmXncnWw Fsms \nbnmhpXmWv. AXptImv kwkmcnpXn\v apv ta]d Imcy ]conpXv Gddhpw \XmsWv kam ]dbpp. ]conptmgmIs ]qm]c]fpsS hmX{]XnhmZns KpWtZmjsf \Xpt]mse ]contXmWv. AXv F{]Imcsam imkvXnm\w, imkv{Xmm\w, [mcWmin, {]Xn`, hN\in Fnh t{ibkvIcamsWv ]dbpp. ]ns tZmjambnp KpW F{]Imcsamt{Im[apmhpI, ]mWvUnXyanmXncnpI, `ocpXzapmhpI, [mcWminbnmXncnpI, {ibnmXncnpI FnhbmIpp. Cu cp KpWfpsS KpcpemLhsImv kwkmcnphtbpw Xtbpw KpWsf XmcXaysSpn t\mtXmWv.

X{X {Xnhn[x ]cx kw]ZytX{]hcx {]Xyhcx ktamhm KpWhn\nt]Xx \tXzh Imkvt\y\.	17

]c (kw`mjy]pcpj) KpWfpsS \yqnIywsImv aqphn[nemIpp. 1. t{ijT, 2. lo\, 3. ka. IpeioemZnIfneqsS Nnnm Cu aqphn[w am{XambncnpX.

]cnj Xp Jep Zznhn[m, m\hXo aqVm ]cnj, sskh Zznhn[m kXn {Xnhn[m ]p\ct\\ ImcW hn`mtK\. kplr]cnj ZpZmko\ ]cnj {]Xn\nhnjvS ]cnjtXn.	18

]cnjXv (k`) BIs cphn[nemIpp. 1. AdnhphcpsS k`, 2. aqVmcpsS k`, k` cphn[nXsbmsWnepw Cu ]dbp ImcWhn`mKsImv aqphn[nemIpp. 1. kplrk`, 2. DZmko\k`, 3. i{Xpk`, CXns\ Xs m\hXo kplrk`, PRm\hXo DZmko\k`, m\hXo i{Xpk` Fnt\bpw aqVmkplrk`, aqtVmZmko\ k`, aqVm i{Xpk` Fnnt\bpw IWmmhpXmWv.

X{X {]Xn\nhnjvSmbmw ]cnjZn m\hnPv\m\ hN\ {]XnhN\ in kmbmw aqVmbmw hm \IYn tI\Nn klPt]m hn[obtX. aqVmbmp kplr ]cnjZn thmZmko\mbmw hm m\hnm\ hN\ {]XnhN\ inctcWm]n AZo]vXbikm almP\ hnZznjvtS\m]n kl Pt]m hn[obtX. XYm hnt[\ N kl IY bXm Xzhn ZoLkq{XkssehmIy ZWvUssIx IYbnXhyw.AXnlrjvSw aplpplpcp]lkXm ]cw \ncq]bXmN ]cnjZamImssc {_phXmky hmIymhImtim \tSbx IjvSw i_vZ{_phXm hthymt\mNytX AYhm ]p\ln \ntX {]XntXn.]p\mlzbam\x {]Xnhhyx ]cnkwhktcm`mhm in kzXmhZvKpcpap]mkntXm \q\w.AYhm ]cym]vXta Xmh tX. kIrtZh ln ]cnt]nIw \nlXw \nlXamlpcnXn \ymktbmKx Ihyx IYn. Ghtah t{ibkm kl hnKrly hhyanXymlptctI. \ tXzhw Pymbkm, kl hn{Kl {]iwkn Ipiemx.	19

i{XpfptStbm AYhm aqVmcptStbm kZnhv AhtcmSv tNp m\ hnm\ hN\ in kmv GXphn[nepw FpsImpw kwkmcmmhpX. aqVkplrk`bnepw aqVDZmko\k`bnepw biv hym]nmhcpw al\sf Zpjnphcpw Bbmt]mepw m\hnm\hN\ {]XnhN\ inIqSmsX AhtcmSpIqSn kwkmcnmhpXmWv. Ans\bphtcmSv tNp kwkmcnptm h{IXbnepw ZoLkq{Xnepw ]e hmNI tNp ZoLamb hmIytmSpIqSnbpw kwkmcnWw. IqSmsX hfsc ktmjhm\mbpw IqsSqsS {]XnhmZnsb t\mnNncnpw kZns\ kwt_m[\ sNbvXpw kZns\ BsI honpwsImv kwkmcnpw Ah\v ]dbm\p Ahkcw Xnsc sImSpmsXbpancnWw. Ah IjvSi_vZsfsnepw ]pdsSphnpIbmsWn Ctm Rm \ntmSv Hpw ]dbpnsv ]dbWw. AYhm \ns {]Xn lo\amsWv ]dbWw. Asn Hcp hjhpw IqSn \o hopw Kpcp\mYs ASpt]mbn \hw ]Tnnv hm Fv shv hnfnpsImv ]dbWw. AYhm Ctm \n\v C{Xbpw aXn Fv ]dbWw. Hcp {]hiyw sImv Xs \ns aXs Rm JWvUnpp Fv ]dpsImv hfsc ktmjtmSpIqSn GXphn[nepw hmX{]XnhmZn\nv ]nhenpIbmWv sNtXv. C{]Imcw Xs \htcmSpIqSnbpw hnKrlykw`mjWw (IelnpsImp kw`mjWw) \SWsav Nne ]dbpp. Fm Xtm henbhtcmSv IelnpsImv kwkmcnpXv ]WvUnXm {]iwknpX.

{]XyhtcWXp kl kam\m`natX\ hm hnKrly P]Xm kplr ]cnjZn IYbnXhyw. AYhm ]ypZmko\ ]cnjZyh[m\ {ihW m\ hnmt\m][mcW hN\ {]XnhN\ in kmbmw IYbXm NmhlntX\ ]ckv]c kmZvKpWy tZmj_eathIvjnXhyw. kathy Nmbss{X\w t{ijvTw at\yX, \mky X{XP]w tbmPtb Z\znjvIrXatbmKw Ip. b{X tXz\ahcwat\yX X{Xssh\amipKr lmWobm.	20

AdnhphcptStbm aqUmcptStXm kplrk`bnhp Xtm sNdnbhtcmtSm kamtcmtSm hnKrly kw`mjWw sNWw. AYhm AdnhphcpsS DZmko\ k`bn hp Ah[m\{ihWm\ hnm\ [mcWmin hN\{]XnhN\ intbmSpIqSnb kw`mjWwsImv ]ckv]cw t{ijvTKpWtbpw tZmj_etbpw XncndnbWw, Ans\ Xncndnnv {]XnhmZn Xtm t{ijvT\msWv a\nembm ]ns IqSpX hmZ{]XnhmZw \ScpXv. Xtm lo\\msWv a\nembm Ahs\ DSs\ IogSWw.

X{X Jeznta {]XyhcmWmamip \n{Ktl `hyp]mbmx XZyYm{ipXlo\w alXm kq{X]mT\m`n`th. hnm\lo\w ]p\x IjvSi_vtZ\ hmtIy\.hmIy[mcWm lo\ahn ZoLkq{X kpssexhmIyZWvUssIx, {]Xn`mlo\w ]p\hNt\\mt\I hnt[\mt\ImIvYhmNn\m, hN\m inlo\atmky hmIykmbmt]tW\, AhnimcZa]{X]tW\, tIm]ambmtk\, `ocpw hn{Xmkt\\,A\hlnXw \nbat\m\Xn. GhtassXcp]mssbchcahn `mh.	21

lo\\mbhs\ Wn IogSWsan C\n ]dbp D]mb sNWw. AXv F{]Imcsamimkv{Xw Adnbmh\msWn henb kq{X]mTwsImv IogSWw. imkv{Xm\anmh\msWn Aw a\nemIm hmIytfsmv IogSWw. hmIysf [cnphm Ignbmh\msWn h{IXbp ZoLkq{X tN henb henb hmpIsImv IogSWw. {]Xn`bnmh\msWn At\Imfp At\I hmNIsImv IogSWw. hN\in Ipdh\msWn hywKymamb hmpsImv IogSWw. ]mWvUnXyanmh\msWn ebpmp hmpsImpw t{Im[nbmsWn tiapmp hmpsImpw `ocphmsWn `bapmp hmpsImpw {ibnmh\msWn \nnXamb hmpsImpw IogSWw. C{]Imcap Cu D]mbfm A[a\mb {]Xn]hmZnsb IogStXmWv.

X{XivtfIu

hnKrly IYtbZypym bp \ \nhmctb hnKrly `mjmXo{hw ln tIjmn t{Zmlamhtl \mImcyakvXn {Ipky \mhmNya]n hnZytX Ipiem\m`n\n Ielw kanXu kXmw.	22

IelnpsImp kw`mjWw bpn]qw sNWw. t{ijvTamb {]Xn]ns IelnpsImp kw`mjWw HgnhmtXn. Fm Xo{hamb hnKrly kw`mjWw Nnev t{Zmls Dmpw. t{Im[aphv ImcyanmXv ]dmt]mepw ]dbm ]mSnmXv ]dmepw HpwXsbn AXpsImv kamcmb ]WvUnXm k\fpsS kZn hp IelnpXns\ CjvSsSpn.

Ghw {]hrtXp hmtZ Ipcym. {]tKh ImcymZzmZm XmhZnZwIp btXX. kmb]cnjZmƒb\`qXam\x {]IcWamtZibnXhyw. bZzm ]cky`riZpw kym ]w ]cky hm`riw hnapJw B\tb. ]cnjZn tNm]kwlnXmbmaiIyakvam`n hqw, Gssjh tX ]cnj btYjvSw bYmtbmKyw bYm`n{]mbw hmZw hmZacymZm m]bnjy XoXypzm XqjvWoamknX.	23

hmZ{]XnhmZw \Sptm C{]Imcw sNWw. BZywXs CXv sNphm {]bXv\nWw. k` knsNphm\mbn Rm ]Tn hnjbw CXmsWv BZyw k`sb AdnbnWw. Asn ]c]n\v hmZs t\cnSphm henb {]bmkhpw henb hnapJXbpw Dsn AXpw BZyw k`sb AdnbnWw. k`bnephv RtfmSv ]dbphm Akm[yamtWm CXv Xs k`mhmknIfmb \nfpsS CjvSn\\pkcnpw tbmKyX\pkcnpw A`n{]bn\pkcnpw hmZtbpw hmZacymZtbbpw m]ntXmIpp. C{]Imcw ]dnv Hpw anmsX CcnWw.

Xt{X Zw hmZacymZm eWw `hXn. CZwhmNyanZahmNyw Ghw kXn ]cmPntXm `hXnXn. Cam\nXp ]Zm\n Jep `njvKv`n hmZ amm\m a[nKhym\n `hn. XZyYmhmtZm {Zhyw KpWmxI kmam\yw hntijx kahmbx {]Xnm m]\m {]XnjvTm]\m tlXpx ZrjvSm D]\tbm \nKa\w Dcw knmx i_vZx {]Xyw A\pam\w sFXnlyw Hu]ayw kwibx {]tbmP\w khy`nNmcw Pnmkm hyhkmbx Ahym]vXnxkw`hx AtbmPyw A\\ptbmPyw A\ptbmKx {]Xy\ptbmKx hmIytZmjx hmIy{]iwkmx Oew AtlXpxAXoXImew D]mew`x ]cnlmcx {]Xnmlm\nxA`y\pm tlXzcw Amcw \n{Klm\anXn.	24

hmZacymZbpsS eWw CXmIpp. CXv ]dbmhpXmWv CXv ]dbm ]mSnmXmWv. C{]Imcambm ]cmPbsp Fv a\nempXnv hmZacymZm Fv ]dbpp. hmZamsf a\nempXnmbn Cu ]Zsf sshZy a\nemtXpv. AXv F{]ImcsamhmZw, {Zhyw, KpWw, Iw, kmam\yw, hntijw, kahmbw, {]Xnm, m]\m {]XnjvTm]\m, tlXp, ZrjvSmw, D]\bw, \nKa\w, Dcw, knmw, i_vZw, {]Xyw, A\pam\w, sFXnlyw, Hu]ayw, kwibw, {]tbmP\w, khy`nNmcw, Pnmkm, hyhkmbw, Ahym]vXn, kw`hw, A\ptbmPyw, A\\ptbmPyw, A\ptbmKw, {]Xy\ptbmKw, hmIytZmjw, hmIy{]iwk, Oew, AtlXp, AXoXImew, D]mew`w, ]cnlmcw, {]Xnmlm\n, A`y\pm, tlXzcw, Amcw, \n{Klm\w FnhbmIpp.

X{XhmtZm\mab]cx ]tcW kl imkv{X]qIw hnKrlyIYbXn. khmtZmZznhn[x kw{KtlWPt]m hnXWvUmN. X{X]m{ioXtbm hN\w P]x, P] hn]cytbm hnXWvUm. bYm GIky]x]p\`thm ƒkvXoXn, \mkvXy]cky; XuNtlXp`nx kz kz]w m]bXx ]c]w kvYm]bXx ]c]apZv`mbXx, Gj P]x, P] hn]cytbm hnXWvUm, hnXWvUm \ma]c]t tZmtj tZmj hN\am{Xtah	25

]ckv]cw imkv{X]qIw FXnpsImv kw`mjWw \SpXn\v hmZw Fv ]dbpp. “{]amWX km[t\m]mem`x knmmhncpx ]mhbthm]]x ]{]Xn] ]cn{Ktlm hmZx” CXn \ymb Zi\w. B hmXw Npcpn Pev]w Fpw hnXWvUm Fpw cv hn[nemIpp. FXnhmZs \ncknp kzaXs m]np hmIyn\v Pev]w Fv ]dbpp. Pev]n\v ho]cnXambnp hmIyn\v hnXWvUm Fv ]dbpp. AXmbXv Xs A`n{]mbs bpn]qw m]nmsX FXnhmZs \ncknp \ncIhmZw Fw. F{]ImcsamHcph ]p\w Dsp ]dbpp. atddh Csp ]dbpp. cpt]cpw Xs Xs ]s m]npIbpw ]c]s \ntj[npIbpw sNpp. CXv Pev]w BIpp. Pev]ns hn]coXnmWv hnXWvUm Fv ]dbpXv Xs ]s m]nmsX ]c]ns tZmjsam{Xw ]dbpXv hnXWvUm BIpp.

{ZhyKpWI kmam\y hntij kahmbmx kzessWx ivtfImt\ ]qapmx.	26

{ZhyKpWIkmam\yhntijkahmb AXmXns eWtfmSpIqSn apv kq{Xm\n ]dnpv.

AY {]Xnm {]Xnm\ma kmyhN\w, bYm \nXyx ]pcpj CXn.	27

C\n {]XnbmIpp. kmyamb hmn\v {]Xnm Fv ]dbpp. ]pcpj \nXy\mWv. CXv {]XnbmIpp. CXv kmyhpamIpp.

AYm]\mm]\m\ma Xkym Gh {]Xnmbm tlXp ZrjmSmtm]\b \oKass\x m]\m;]qw ln {]Xnm, ]m m]\m, Inw ly {]XnmXw m]bnjyXn; bYm\nXyx ]pcpj CXn {]Xnm, tlXpxAIrXIXzmZnXn, ZrjvSm;AIrXIamImiw X\nXyw D]\tbmbYmNmIrXIamImiw XYm]pcpjx \nKa\wXkvamnXy CXn.	28

C\n {]Xnsb tlXp, ZrjvSmw, D]\bw, \nKa\w FnhItfsmv m]npXn\v m]\m Fv ]dbpp. BZyw {]Xn, ]noSv m]\m. FpsImv {]Xn IqSmsX m]nphm Ignbpn? F{]Imcsam]pcpj \nXy\mIpp C{]ImcamWv hmZnbpsS {]Xn tlXpBcmepw DmsXmXpsImv AXn\p ZrjvSmwBImiwt]mse AXmbXv ZrjvSmw km[aym AIrXtXz\ tlXp\m ]pcpjky\nXyXzw kv[bnXzmImti\ ZrjvSmt\ DZmlrXy CXn D]\bwBImiw Bcmepw DmsX. AXpt]mse ]pcpj\pw Bcmepw DmsX. AXpsImv ]pcpj \nXy\mIpp. F \nKa\nsepp. CXmWm hmZnbpsS m]\.

AY {]XnjvTm]\m. {]XnjvTm]\m\ma Xkym Gh {]Xnmbmx {]Xn hn]coXmm]\m. bYmA\nXyx ]pcpj CXn hn]coXm {]Xnm, tlXpssc{obIXzmZnXn. ZrjvSmtm bYm LSCXn, D]\tbm bYmLS sF{nbIx k Nm\nXykvXYm NmbanXn, \nKa\w XkvamZ\nXy CXn.	29

C\n {]XnjTm]\bmIpp. {]XnjvTm]\m Fv ]dm m]\bpsS Xs {]XnbneqsS {]XnhmZn hn]coXms m]nemIpp. F{]Imcsam hmZn ]pcpj \nXy\msWpw ]dXns\ {]XnhmZn ]pcpj A\nXy\msWv {]Xn sNpp. tlXp (ImcWw) AXv C{nb{KmlyambXpsImpw ZrjvSmwLSsat]mse, D]\bwLSw F{]Imcw C{nb{KmlyamtWm A{]Imcw ]pcpj\pw C{b{KmlyamWv. A{]Imcw ]pcpj A\nXyamWv. AXpsImv ]pcpj A\nXy\msWmWv \nKa\w. tlXzmZn \mehbhfneqsS hncp{]Xn sNbvXp m]npXnmWv {]XnjvTm]\m Fv ]dbpXv.

AY tlXpx. tlXp \mtam]e_v[nImcWw, X{]Xya\pam\ sFXnlyau]ayantXy`n t^Xp `nbZp]e`ytX X XXzw.	30

C\n tlXpAdnhns ImcWn\v tlXp Fv ]dbpp. {]Xyw, A\pam\w, sFXnlyw, D]am\w Fo tlXpfm GsXmv AdnbsSppthm AXv XXzamIpp.

[qaapXpsImv ]Xw hnam\mIpp. CXn [qaw {]XytlXphmIpp. Ch Ancmyap tcmKnbmIpp. ChnsS Ahs ]N\insb A\pam\ tlXphm Adnbpp. ]pcpj \nXy\msWv ]dbpXv Bcmepw DmsXsp sFXnlytlXphmemWv. Ahs apJw N{t\tmsebpv Fv ]dbpXv D]am\tlXphmIpp. Cu tlXpfm GsXmns\ Adnbm Ignbppthm AXn\v XXzw Fv ]dbpp.

AYZrjvSmx. ZrjvSmtm \ma k b{X aqJhnZqjmw_pnkmayw tXss\htbmhyw hbXoXn.bYmncpjvtWm {ZhapZIw ncm ]rY ho BZnXyx {]ImiI CXn bYm BZnXyx {]ImiIkvXYmkmwJyw m\w {]ImiIanXn.	31

C\n ZrjvSmw ]Tnhtbpw hnUvVnbptSbpw _pnkmaywsImv GsXmcp hs hnppthm AXn\v ZrjvSmw Fv ]dbpp. DZmlcWwAn DjvWamWv. shw {ZhamWv, `pan ncamWv BZnXy {]ImiIamWv Fv ]dbpXpt]mse, BZnXy F{]Imcw {]ImiIamtWm A{]Imcw kmwJyZi\m\w {]ImiIamWv FXpt]mse “hym]y hym]IXzm`naXhbm \nntXm ƒtm ZrjvSmx. k tZz[mkm[y ssh[y t`Zm. DZmlctW {]knt” CXn\ymbZi\w.

D]\tbm \nKa\tmw m]\m {]XnjvTm]\m hymJymbmw.	32

C\n D]\bhpw \nKa\hpw ]dbmw. Hns\ hmZnm]npIbpw {]XnhmZn AXns\ FXnp m]npIbpw sNpXnmWv D]\bsapw \nKa\sapw ]dbpXv.

hmZn D]\bneqsSbp m]\bn ]dbppF{]Imcw BImiw Bcmepw DmsXtbm A{]Imcw ]pcpj\pw Bcmepw DmsX. {]XnhmZn D]\bneqsSbp {]XnjvTm]\bn ]dbppF{]ImcamtWm LSw A{]ImcamWv ]pcpj. Atm hmZnbpsS D]\bn ]pcpj \nXy\msWpw {]XnhmZnbpsS D]\bn ]pcpj A\nXy\msWpw hcpp. Ans\ km[ys km[ywsImpw ssh[ywsImpw DZmlcW klnXw m]\bpw {]XnjvTm]\bpw \SpXn\mWv D]ibw Fv ]dbpXv. \ymb Zi\n D]\bns eWw ]dbpXn{]ImcamWv“DZmlcWmt]kvXtYXyp] kwlmtcm \ XtYXn hm km[ytkym]\bx” CXn.

\nKa\whmZnbpsS \nKa\w ]pcpj Bcmepw DmsXmXpsImv \nXy\mWv. {]XnhmZnbpsS \nKa\w ]pcpj C{nb{KmlyambXpsImv A\nXy\mWv. \nKa\ eWw \ymbZi\n“tlXz]tZim {]Xnmbmx ]p\hN\w \nKa\w” CXn.

AtYmcwDcw \ma km[ym]_ZnjvStS hm tlXu ssh[yhN\w, ss\[tym]ZnjvtS hmkm [yhN\w, bYmtlXpk[mtWm hnImcmx,ioXIky ln hymt[ tlXpkm[y hN\wlnaininc hmXkwkv]im CXn {_phXx ]tcm {_qbmtlXphn[mtWm hnImcx, bYm icocmhbhm\mw ZmlujvWytImY {]]Nt\ tlXpssh[yw lnaininchmX kwkv]im CXn; GXk hn]cybapcw.	33

tlXpsh km[yZzmcm D]tZinXn ssh[ytbpw ssh[yZzmcm D]tZinXn km[ytbpw ]dbpXn\v Dcw Fv ]dbpp. tlXp km[yamWv tcmKw Fv hmZn km[ys ]dbpp. AXmbXv ioX\nanPamb tcmKns h\hn\v lnaininchmX kwkv]i ImcWambnocpp. Cu kam\[w hmZn]dbptm {]XnhmZn ]dbpp tlXpssh[yamWv hnImcw Fv. AXmbXv icocmhbhv Npp\od, NqSv, No, apXembhbpmbm tlXpssh[yamb lnaininchmX kwkv]i {]ia\tlXphmbnocpp. CXmWv hn]coXamb Dcw.

AY knmx. knmtm\ma kbx ]cossI _lphn[w ]comb tlXp`nx km[bnXzm m]ytX \nbx. k Xp NXphn[; kX{ knmx {]XnX{ knmtm ƒ[nIcW knmtm ƒ`yp]Ka knm CXn.	34

{]amWklnXw hnjb\nbw sNphcm At\Ihn[n ]connv ImcWklnXw km[nXambnv GsXmcphnjbs \nbnp m]nppthm AXn\v knmw Fv ]dbpp. B knmw \mephn[nemIpp. 1. kX{knmw, 2. {]Xn X{knmw, 3. A[nIcWknmw, 4. A`yp]Kaknmw.

X{X kX{ knmtm \makXt{jp b {]knw kn\nZm\m\n, knhym[bx, kn knyp]mbmx km[ym\manXn.	35

AXn kX{knmw Fv ]dbpXv Fm imkv{Xfnepw {]knambnp knmsbmIpp. AXmbXv \nZm\, tcmK, km[yamb tcmKv knamb D]mb apXembh Fm BbptZ imkv{Xfnepw {]knambnpXv kX{knmw Fw.

{]XnX{knmtm\maXkvan Xkvan Xt{X {]knw, bYmA\y{XmjvSu ckmx jU{X, ]t{bmWn bYm{X\y{X jUn{nbmWn,hmXmZnIrXmx khnImcm bYm{Xm\y{X hmXmZnIrXm `pXIrXm {]knmx.	36

AXmbXv imkv{Xn AXmXv {]knambnpXn\v {]Xn X{knmw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamasddmcnSv ck FmIpp. Cu imkv{Xn ck BdmIpp. Cu X{n ]t{nbfmIpp. addv X{n Bdn{nbfmIpp. Cu X{n tcmKfpw hmXmZntZmjP\yamIpp. addv X{n tcmK hmXmZntZmjP\yhpw `qXP\yhpamWv. CXmWv {]XnX{ knmw.

A[nIcW knmtm\mabkvan A[nIctW {]kvXqbamt\ knm\y\ym\ym]n A[nIcWm\n `hn. bYm\ apx Im\p_nIw IpcptX\nx kv]rlXzmZnXn {]kvXptX knm I^etam ]pcpj t{]Xy `hmx kypx.	37

Hcp A[nIcWn ]d knmwsImv addv A[nIcWnepw ]d knmw knamIpXn\v A[nIcWknmw Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsamap\mb ]pcpj \njvXma\mbncnpI \nanw B\p_oIamb Isfmpw sNpX. Cu {]kvXmhn\nv Isfmpw sNpX. Cu {]kvXmhn\nv I^ew, tamw, ]pcpj, acWm\cw Bmhn\p Ah Chsbmw Dv. Ch AXn \nv kzbw knamIpXmWv. CXmWv A[nIcW knmw.

A`rp]Ka knmtm \maba kna]conXa\p]ZnjvSatlXpIw hm hmZImte ƒ`yp]Kn `njPx. XZyYm{Zhyw {][m\anXn IrXzmhymax, KpWmx {][m\m CXn IrXzm hymaxI{][m\anXn IrXzmhhymax, CtXyhamZnXphn[x knmx.	38

Aknhpw A]conXhpw ({]XymZnZzmcm ]consSmXpw) A\p]ZnjShpw (B]vtXm]tZiclnXhpw) AtlXpIhpw Bb Imcys sshZy hmZ kabv kzoIcnpXn\v A`yp]Ka knmw Fv ]dbpp. AXv F{]Imcsam{Zhys {][m\ambn IcpXnbnv ]dbpw. KpWsf {][m\ambn IcpXnbnv ]dbpw, Iw {][m\ambn IcpXnbnv ]dbpw CXymZn. \mephn[nep knmw C{]ImcamIpp.

AYi_vZx. i_vtZm\ma hkamav\mbx, NXpn[x, ZrjvSmm ZrjvSm kXy m\rXtXn. X{X ZrjvSmtm \ma {X`ntlXp`n tZmjmx {]mIm]am]Zyt, jUv`ncp] {Issacp]imayn, kXn t{im{XmZn kZv`mth i_vZmZn{KlWanXn. AZrjvSmx ]p\ckvXn t{]Xy`mthm ƒkvXn tam CXn. ktXym\ma bYm `qXx kymbpttZm]tZimx knknyp]mbmx km[ym\mw hym[o\mw kymcw` ^em\oXn.kXy hn]cybmm\rXx	39

htm]tZin\v i_vZw Fv ]dbpp. B i_vZw \mephn[nemIpp. 1. ZrjvSmw, 2. AZrjvSmw, 3. kXyw, 4. AkXyw. AXn ZrjvSmns (hyamb Aap i_vZns) DZmlcWw. aqv ImcW (Akmt{bmkwtbmKw, {]m]cm[w, ]cnWmaw) sImv tZmj tIm]npp. Bdv D]{Ia (_rwlWw, ewL\w, kvt\l\w, cqWw, tkzZ\w, kvXw`\w) sImv Ah ianpp. t{im{XmZn C{nbsImv i_vZmZnhnjbsf {Klnpp. Fo hmIyfpsS Aw {]XyambXpsImv AXn\v ZrjvSmw Fv ]dbpp. ]ns AZrjvSmw]p\Pw Dv, tamw Dv Fo hmIyfpsS Aw {]Xya. AXpsImv AXn\v AZrjvSmw Fv ]dbpp. kXyw Fv ]dbpXv bYmambnpXns\bmIpp. BbpttZm]tZi Dv, km[yambnp tcmKv NnInbpv, Iv ^eapv Cu hmIy bYmambnpXpsImv AXns\ kXyw Fv ]dbpp. kXyn\v hn]coXambnpXn\v A\rXw (Ifhv) Fv ]dbpp.

AY {]Xyw{]Xyw \maXZyZm\m ]t{nssb kzbap]e`ytX, X{Xm {]Xymx kpJ ZpxtJmtZzjmZbx, i_vZmZbkvXzn{nb {]Xymx.	40

C\n {]XyamIpp. Bmhn\pw C{nbfneqtSbpw kzbw Adnbphm IgnbpXn\v {]Xyw Fv ]dbpp. AXn B{]Xyw FXv kpJ ZpxJmtZzjmZnIfmIpp. i_vZmZnI C{nb {]XyhpamIpp.

AYm\pam\wA\pam\w \maXtm bpyt]xbtYmwAnw PcWiym, _ew hymbmaiym, t{im{XmZo\n i_vZmZn{KltWt\tXyhamZn.	41

bpnsb At]np Xn\v A\pam\w Fv ]dbpp. Ansb PcWinXsImpw _es hymbmainsImpw t{im{XmZn C{nbfpsS {]h\s i_vZmZnIfpsS {KlWwsImpw DulndnbpXn\v A\pam\w Fv ]dbpp.

AssYXnlywsFXnlyw \mam]vtXm]mZtimthZmZnx.	42

thZmZn B]vtXm]tZin\v sFXnlyw Fv ]dbpp.

AYu]aywHu]ayw\ma bZt\y\m\yky kmZriya[nIrXy {]Imi\w. bYmZWvtU\ ZWvtUIky, [\pjm[\pjvSw`ky, Cjzmkn\m BtcmKyZtkyXn.	43

]ckv]cw `namb ]Zmfn kmZriys ASnm\amnbnv Hnt\smv asddmns\ {]Iminnphm IgnbpXn\v D]am\w Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamZWvUItcmKns hnhcWw icocw ZWvUpt]msebmIpXmsWp]anpsImpw [\pjvSw`tcmKns hnhcWw icocw hnv t]msebmhpXmsWp]anpsImpw bYmsshZys hnhcWw Hcp hnmfnsbtmsebmsWp]anpsImpw (AXmbXv Hcp bYm hnmfn Akv{Xw Abm AXv Ipdnv sImpXpt]mse Hcp bYm sshZy NnInnm AXv Ipdnv sImpsaw.) ]dbpXnmWv D]am\w Fv ]dbpXv.

AYkwibxkwitbm \ma knKvtjztjz \nbx .bYmInaImearXypckvXn\m kvXoXn.ZrjvNSmlymbpjy etWmt]Xmm\pt]Xm XYm k{Inbmm{Inbm ]pcpjmx io{L`wKmnc Pohn\n. XZq`b`rjvSXzm kwibx InakvXn JezImearXyckvXn\mkvXoXn.	44

Aw AhyambXn \nbnm IgnbmXn\v kwibw Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsam FpsImv AImearXyp DmIpp Asn DmIpn. Bbpns eWfpmbncpmepw Bbpns eWfnmXncpmepw AXpt]mseXs NnInnmepw NnInnmXncpmepw a\pjy Wn acnpIbpw hfscmew PohnncnpIbpw sNpXmbnmWpp. CXv cpw ImWpXpsImv AImearXyp BtWm Atbm F kwibw DmIpp.

AY {]tbmP\w{]tbmP\w\ma bZamc`y Bcw`mx. bYmbZyIme arXypckvXn XtXm ƒ lam\ambpssjcp] Ncnjymay\mbpjymWn N ]cnlcnjyman, IYw amaImearXypx {]ktltXXn.	45

C\n {]tbmP\wFn\pthn Iw sNphm Bcw`nppthm AXn\p {]tbmP\w Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamAImearXyp DmIpXmsWn Rm kzbw Bbpv hnpXmb Blmchnlmc ioenpIbpw A\mbqjy `mhs ]cnlcnpIbpw sNpp. Fs AImearXyp Fns\ IogSpw. FXpt]msebmWv {]tbmP\w.

AY k hy`nNmcwkhy`nNmcw \ma bZy`nNcWw;bYm`thZnZauj[w Xkvan hym[u buInI aYhm t\Xn.	46

k hy`nNmcw FXv \ymbmZn imkv{X{]knamb Hcp tlXp tZmjamIpp. tlXzm`mkns Ap hn`mKfnsemmWv k hy`nNmcw. Hcp Imcyw \nbnp ]dbm IgnbmXv FmWXns Aw. F{]ImcsamHuj[w Cu tcmKn ]ddpXmWv. AYhm ]ddmXmWv. C{]Imcw Hcp Imcyw Xop]dbm IgnbmXnmWv khy`nNmcw Fv ]dbpXv.

AY PnPvRmkmPnmk\ma ]com; bYm ss`jP]cotmcImeap]tZytX.	47

]cov Pnmkm Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsamt`jP ]co ]noSv ]dbpw. Atm AhnsSbpmIpXv PnmkbmWv. “AYmtXm {_Pnmkm” CXymZnbn {_s {]amWfneqsS ]condnbphm\p {]IcWns {]mcw`amsWw.

AYhyhkmbx. hyhkmtbm \ma \nbx. bbmhmXnI Ghmbmw hy[ncnZtahm{X t`jP.	48

C\n hyhkmbamIpp. \nbmI _pnv hyhkmbw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamCu tcmKw hmXnIamWv AXnv Cu Huj[wXsbmWv thXv. C{]Imcw Ddnp ]dbpXn\v hyhkmbw Fv ]dbpp.

AYm {]m]vXnA{]m]vXn\ma bss{X tI\mtt\mt\m ]ckymkym\pkyknn; bYm\mbw kW kmt[ym hym[ncnXypt `hXy {]m]vXnx A]XW kmt[ym ƒbanXn, \mZ\\ Znhm t`mI Xhy anXypt `hXy {]m]vXnx\nimt`mhyanXn.	49

Hcp Imcyw ]dm AXn\nv ]dbmsXXs asddmcpImcyw knnpXn\v A{]m]vXn Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamCu tcmKw kW km[ya Fv ]dXn\nv Cu tcmKw A]XW km[yamWv Fv ]dbmsXXs a\nemIpp. Ans\ Ahym]vXnbpmIpp. AXpsImv ]I Blmcw IgncpXv Fv ]dbptm cm{Xn Blmcw IgnWw F A{]m]vXnbpmIpp. (\ymb imkv{XnCXnv “Am]n” FmWv ]dpImWpXv.)

AYkw`hxkw`thm \matbm bXx kw`hXn k Xky kw`hx bYmjSv [mXthm K`ky, hymt[clnXw lnXamtcmKytkyXn.	50

C\n kw`hwGsXmv GsXmn\nv kw`hnppthm AXv AXns kw`hw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamjSv[mXp K`ns kw`h tlXphmIpp. AlnXtkh tcmKntbpw lnXtkh BtcmKyntbpw kw`hImcWamIpp. AYhm kw`mh\tlXphmIpp. CXmWv kw`hw.

AYm\p tbmPywA\ptbmPyw \ma bZzmIyw hmIytZmjbpw bZ\ptbmPyapNytX. kmamt\ymZmlrtX jztjp hm hntij{KlWmw bZzmIyw XZ\ptbmPyw. bYmkwtim[t\ kmt[y ƒbw hym[ncnXypt Inw ha\ km[yx? In hm t{hN\ kn\yx?CXy\pbpPytX.	51

GsXmcp hmIyw hmIytZjtmSpIqSnbXmtWm AXn\v A\ptbmPyw Fv ]dbpp. AYhm km[mcW DZmlcWambn ]dbmdp Afn hntijm\mw GsXmcp hmIyw ]dbsSppthm AXn\pw A\ptbmPyw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamCu tcmKw kwtim[\ km[yamWv Fv ]dXn ha\km[yamtWm? hntcN\km[yamtWm F kwibw P\npp. CXn\v A\ptbmPyw Fv ]dbpp.

AYm\\ptbmPyw A\\ptbmPyw \ma AtXm hn]cytbW. bYm Abakm[yx.	52

C\n A\\ptbmPyw. A\ptbmPyn\v hn]coXamb eWtmSpIqSnb hmIyn\v A\\ptbmPyw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamCXv Akm[yamIpp. CXn bmsXmcp hn[nep BImwbpw CmXpsImv CXn\v A\\ptbmPyw Fv ]dbpp.

AYm\ptbmKxA\ptbmtKm \mabZznZym\mw XZznssZytch kmw Xt{ Xss{ItZti hm {]iv\x{]ivss\ItZti hm m\ hnm\hN\ ]comamZniytX; \nXyx ]pcpj CXn {]XnmtX, b ]cx tIm tlXpx? CXym l tkm X\ptbmKx.	53

Htc hnZy Adnbph At\ym\yw m\ hnm\ hN\ {]XnhN\ ]comw X{ns apgph `mKtam GXm\pw `mKtam FSpp hmZ{]XnhmZw \SpXn\v A\ptbmKw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamhmZn ]pcpj \nXy\mWv Fv ]dbptm {]XnhmZn AXn\ptijw ]pcpj \nXy\msWv ]dbphm ImcWw Fv ? C{]Imcw hnjbn\nv hyXnNenmsX At\ym\yw kwkmcnpXnmWv A\ptbmKw Fv ]dbpXv.

AY{]Xy\ptbmKx. {]Xy\ptbmtKm \mam\ptbmKkym\ptbmKx; bYmAkym\ptbmKky ]p\x tIm tl XpcnXn.	54

{]Xy\ptbmKwA\ptbmKn\v A\ptbmKw sNpXn\mWv {]Xy\ptbmKw Fv ]dbpXv. F{]ImcsamhmZn ]pcpj \nXy\msWv ]dp. {]XnhmZn AXns tlXpshmsWv A\ptbmKw sNbvXp. hmZn hopw {]XnhmZntbmSv B tlXp FmsWv ]dbmtam ? Fv Xncnp tNmZnpXn\v {]Xy\ptbmKw Fv ]dbpp.

AY hmIytZmjx. hmIytZmtjm\ma bYmJezkvant\yq\a[nIa\I a]mIw hncpw tNXn ss\Xm\n hn\m {]IrtXm ƒx {]Wmiy.	55

hmIytZmjwHcp hmIyns Aw Ipdhmtbm IqSpXemtbm AanmsXtbm {]tbmP\anmsXtbm hncpamtbm ]dbpXn\v hmIytZmjw Fv ]dbpp. Ch IqSmsX hmIyns {]IrXamb Aw \inpt]mIpXn\pw hmIytZmjw Fv ]dbpp.

X{X\yq\w. {]Xnm tlXqZmlcW D]\b \nKa\m\mw A\yXta\m]n \yq\w \yq\w `hXoXn. b Zzm _lq]ZnjvS tlXpImatI\ tlXp\m km[ytX X\yq\w.	56

{]Xn, DZmlcWw, D]\bw,. \nKa\w ChbntesXnepw Hv IpdnpXns\ \yq\w Fv ]dbpp. AXpt]mse Xs At\Iw tlXptfsmv knntXv Hcp tlXpsImvXs InpXn\pw \yq\w Fv ]dbpXmWv.

AYm[nIwA[nIw \ma \yq\hn]coXw. bZzmbqttZ `mjyamtW hmlkv]Xy aui\ka\yZzmb InnZ{]Xn kw_mapNytX. bZzm {]Xnkw_mu]n Zznc`n[obtX, X]p\cpXzmZ[nIw. X ]p\cpw Zznhn[w; A]p\cpw i_vZ]p\cp X{Xm ]p\cpw bYOm t`jPauj[w km[\anXn. i_vZ]p\cp t`jPw t`jPanXn.	57

A[nIw\yq\ hn]coXn\v A[nIw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamBbptZ hnjbn hmvlkv]Xy, Hui\k apXembh Fsnepw Akw_w ]dbpXpw AYhm DXpXsbmbmepw cp{]mhiyw ]dbpXv ]p\cpntZmjw \nanambpw A[nIw Fv ]dbpp. B ]p\cphpw cphn[nemIpp. 1. A]p\cpw, 2. i_vZ]p\cpw, AXn A]q\cpw F{]Imcsam t`jPw, Huj[w, km[\w Fo Htc Aap i_vZfn HmZyw D]tbmKnnv AhnsSXs hopw asddmns\ ]dbpXv A]p\cpnbmIpp. HtcZnn t`jPw t`jPw Fv IqsSqsS ]dbpXn\v i_vZ]p\cpw Fv ]dbpp. “i_vZmtbmx ]p\hN\w ]p\cp a{Xm\phmZm” CXn\mbbZi\w.

AYm\Iw. A\mIw \mabZzN\ac {Kmaam{Xtahkym ] hh NmtXm KrlytX.	58

GsXmcphmv Ihw, Nhw, Shw, Xhw, ]hw, Fo Av htftmse Ackaqlw am{XambncnpIbpw Asfmpw a\nemImXncnpIbpw sNppthm AXnv A\Iw Fv ]dbpp. “h{Ia\ntihncIw” CXn \ymbZi\w.

AYm]mIwA]mIw \ma bZh ]ckv]tcW NmbpPyam\mIw, bYmN{IX {Ihwih{P \nimIcm CXn.	59

{]tXyIw {]tXyIw Aap At\Iw ]Z HnptNp bmsXmchpanmsX ]dbpXn\v A]mIw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamX{IwN{Iwhwiwh{Pw\nimIc Ch Iqntp ]dbpXpt]msebpXmWp A]mIw. ]qm]ctbmKmZ{]Xn kw_m a]mIw CXn \ymbZi\w.

AYhncpw. hncpw \ma bZv ZrjvSm knm kassb hncpw. X{X ]qw ZrjvSm knmmhpu. kabx ]p\kv{Xn[m `hXn. bYmbpsshZnIkatbm bmnI katbm tamimkv{XnI kab CXn. X{XmbpsshZnI kabXpjv]mZw t`jPanXn. bmnIkabx Be`ymbPamss\x ]ih CXn. tamimkv{XnI kabx k`qtXjzlnwtkXn. X{X kz kab hn]coXapNyam\w hncpw `hXn. CXn hmIytZmjmx.	60

hncpw, ZrjvSm hncphpw knmhncphpw kab hncphpambnp hmIyn\v hncpw Fv ]dbpp. CXn ZrjvSm hncphpw knmhncphpw apv ]dbsp. ]ns kabhncpw aqphn[nemIpp. 1. BbpsshZnIkabw. 2. bmnIkabw. 3. tamimkv{XnIkabw, AXn BbpsshZnI kabw Fm NXpjv]mZw (sshZy, ]cnNmcI, {Zhyw, tcmKn) t`jPw FXmIpp. bmnI kabw Fm bmKn tlmXm\nt\bpw addpw \nbanp bPam\\m bmK]ipsh kv]insSWw FXmIpp. tamimkvXncnIkabw Fm Hcp Pohntbbpw lnwkncpXv FXmIpp. tamimkv{XnIkabw Fm Hcp Pnhntbbpw lnwkncpXv FXmIpp. AXmXns kabn\v hn]coXambnpXn\v hncpw Fv ]dbpp. “katbm \nbaIcWw” CXn. sNtp \nban\mWv kabw Fv ]dbpXv.

shwt]mse An DjvWamIpp FXv ZrjvSmhncpamIpp. Huj[w km[yamb tcmKsf iannpXn\v kaa. FXv knm hncpamIpp. ta]d aqv kabn\v hncpamb hmIyn\v kabhncpw Fv ]dbpp. AXmbXv NXpjv]mZw t`jPa Fv Bscnepw ]dbpIbmsWn AXv BbpssZnIkab (\nba) hncpamIpp. bn ]ipsh kv]incpXv Fv ]dm AXv bmnI kab (\nba) hncpamIpp. CXpt]mseXs Bscnepw FmPohnItfbpw lnwkntmv ]dbpIbmsWn AXv tamimkv{XnI \nbahncpamIpp. Ch hmIytZmjfmWv.

AYhmIy {]iwkmhmIy{]iwkm\ma bYm JezkvantXz\yq\ a\[nIa hZ\m]mIhncpZ [a[nKX ]ZmtXn b XZzmIya\\ptbmPyanXn {]ikytX,	61

hmIy{]iwkGsXmcp hmIyw \yq\amXpw A[nIamXpw AtmSpIqSnbXpw Akw_amXpw hncpamXpw ]ZmfpsS Aw hyamhpIbm A\\ptbmPyambnpXpamtWm AXv hmIy {]iwkbmIpp.

AY OewOew \ma ]cnKwam `mka\Iw hmKzkvXpam{Xtah. XZv Zznhn[w hmIvOew, kmam\yOew N.	62

h\mbn Am`mkambpw A\Iambpw hmKvPmew am{XambnpXn\v Oew Fv ]dbpp. AXv hmIvOesapw kmam\yOesapw cphn[nemIpp. “hN\hnLmtXmƒ hnIevt]m]XyOew” CXn \ymbZibw.

X{X hmIvOew \ma bYmInZv {_qbmhXtmƒbw `njKnXn. AY`njIv {_qbmmlw \hX{ GIXt{m ƒ lanXn. ]tcm]{_qbmmlw {_hoan\h X{mWn XthXn, A]nXp \hm`ykvXw tX X{anXn. `njIv {_qbm abm \hm`ykvXw X{w,At\I[m`ykvXw X{w. CXnhmIvOew.	63

AXn hmIvOew Fv ]dbpXv F{]ImcsamHcm ]dbpp Cu sshZy \hX{\mWv ]pXpXmbn imkv{Xm`ymkw sNp sshZy\mWv.) Atm sshZy ]dbpp Rm \hX{\ GIX{\mWv. (HXv imkv{Xw ]Tnh\ Hcp imkv{Xw ]Tnh\mWm.) Atm atdd B hopw ]dbpp. Xm \hm`ykvX\mWv Fv (]pXpXmbn ]Tnp BfmWv Fv). Atm sshZy hopw ]dbpp Rm \hm`ykvX\ At\Im`ykvX\mWv. Rm imkv{Xw HXv {]mhiya At\Iw {]mhiyw ]Tnph\mWv.) ChnsS \hi_vZns \qX\ms a\x]qw adpshp HXv F kwJysb Iev]npIqn ]dbp AmcnmWp hvIvOew Fv ]dbpXv. “Ahntijm`nlntXƒt hpc`n{]mbmZmc Iev]\m hmIvOew” CXn KuXax.

kmam\yOew \ma bYmhym[n {]ia\mbuj[ anXypt ]tcm {_qbm k k{]ia\mtbXnInw\p `hm\ml? kt{ZmKx kZuj[w bZn N kkmam\ym Imkx b {]ia\mb `hnjyXoXn. GX kmam\yew.	64

kmam\yOew Fv ]dbpXv F{]Imcsam Huj[wsImv tcmKw ianpp Fv Hcm ]dbptm asddmcm Fns\bmWv Xm AXv ]dbpXv? kXv (AkvXnXzapXv) kmbXns\ iannpp. Atm hmZn]dbpp tcmKw k, Huj[w k k, kmbXns\ iannpp FmWv Xm ]dbpsXn Imkw k, bw k, k XpeyamsWn Imkw FpsImv bs iannpn. CXmWm kmam\yew. “kw`htXm ƒkymXn kmam\ytbmKmZkw `qXmIev]\m kam\yew” CXn \ymbZi\w.

AY AtlXpx. AtlXp\ma {]IcWkax kwib ktam hykax CXn.	65

C\n AtlXpsh ]dbmw. AtlXp Fv ]dbpXv {]IcW kaw, kwibkaw, hykaw Cns\ aqphn[nemIpp. (CXnv tlXzm`mkw FpIqSn ]dbpXmWv.)

X{X {]IcW ktam \mam tlXpx, bYm A\yx icocmZmm \nXy CXn. ]tcm{_qbmZv bkvamZ\yx icocmZmm XkvamnXyx. icocw ly\nXyatXm hn[nWm Nmt\\ `hnXhy antXyj NmtlXpx, \ ln b Gh ]x k Gh tlXpcnXn.	66

AXn {]IcWkaw Fv ]dbp AtlXp F{]Imcsamicocn\nv `namb Bmhv \nXyamIpp Fv ]q]w ]dbptm ]c]w ]dbpp FpsImv Bmhv icocn\nv `namtWm AXpsImv Bmhv \nXyamIpp. Fm icocw A\nXyamIpp. AXn\nv Bmhns\ hn]coX [w Asn KpWw DXmbnmtWXmWv. Atm AXmXv ]w m]nphm AXmXn\v ImcWw CspXpsImv AXn\v AtlXpIw Asn tlXzm`mkw Fv ]dbpp.

kwib ktam \mamtlXpx ]p\ b Gh kwib tlXqx k Gh kwibtZtlXpx. bYmAbambptssZI tZiw Bl, Inw Xzbw NnInkIx kymthXn kwitb ]tcm{_qbm, bkvamZbambptssZI tZiaml XkvamnInktIm ƒbanXn, \ N kwib tlXpw hntijbXn, Gh NmtlXp \lnb Gh kwib tlXpx k Gh kwibtZ tlXp `hXn.	67

kwib ka tlXzm`mkwGsXmv kwibn\v ImcWamIppthm AXv Xs kwibtZn\pw ImcWamIpp. F{]ImcsamCh BbptZns GXm\p`mKw ]dbpp. Atm Ch sshZy\mtWm Atbm Fv kwibw P\npp. Atm ]c]n ]dbpp. Ch BbptZns GXm\pw `mKw ]dbpXpsImv sshZy XsbmIppkwibn\v ImcWan. CXn kwibns ImcWw Xs kwibtZn\pw ImcWambnocpp. CXmWv kwibkaw Fv ]dbp tlXzm`mkw. “b{X kamt\m[x kwibImcWw tltXzt\m]mZobtX k kwib kax khy`nNmc Gh” CXn \ymb`mjyw.

hy ktam \mamtlXtbm tlXp hymhninjvSx, bYm]tcm{_qbm Akv]iXzmZv _pnc\nXym i_vZhZnXn, A{X hyx i_vtZm_pc]nhym, XZp`bhym hninjvSXzm Zzyktam ƒ]ytlXpx.	68

hyka tlXzm`mkwhninjvSambn hnsSp tlXpsh hykatlXzm`mkw Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsam]c]w]dbpw kv]inm IgnbmXpsImv _pn A\nXyamWv i_vZsat]mse. ChnsS i_vZhpw hyamIpp. _pnbpw hyamIpp. cphyhpw hninjvSamhpI\nanw CXn\v hyktam \mamtlXpx Fv ]dbpp. “km[yZrjvSmtbmx km[ymZv hy kax” CXn KuXax.

AYmXoXImew. AXoXImew \mab ]qw hmNyw X ]m DNytX, X ImemXnXXzmZ{Kmlyw `hXoXn. ]cw hm \n{Kl{]m]vXa\nKrly ]cnKrly ]mcnXw ]mnKrlntX X XkymXoXIme Xzmn{Kl hN\ akaw `hXoXn.	69

C\n AXoXImewBZyw ]dXpXs hopw ]dbpXn\v AXoXImew Fv ]dbpp. AXv ImemXoXXzw \nanw {Klnm IgnbmsX hcpp. hmZntbm {]XnhmZntbm \n{Klm\{]m]vXambXns\ adp shmXncpnv ]mcs kzoIcnp ]noSv adpshpp. AXns ImemXoXXzw \nanw B \n{KlhN\w \n{Klnphm kaamIpX. CXn\v AXoXImew Fv ]dbpp. “ImemXybm]ZnjvSx ImemXoXx” CXn KuXax.

AtYm]mew`x D]mewt`m\ma tltXmtZmjhN\w; bYm ]qatlXthm tlXzm`mkm hymJymXx.	70

D]mew`wtlXphn\v tZmjs ]dbpXn\v D]em`w Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsamapv {]IcW kamZn AtlXpfmb tlXzm`mksf hnhcnnpv. Cu tlXzm`mkv tZmjw ]dbpXnmWv D]mew`w Fv ]dbpXv.

AY ]cnlmcx. ]cnlmtcm \ma Xsskyh tZmjhN\ky ]cnlcWw bYm\nXyam\n icoct PohenwKm\yp]e`yt, Xky Nm]Kamtm]e`yt XkvamZ\yx icocmZmm \nXytXn.	71

]cnlmcwta ]d tZmjhN\ns \ncmIcWn\v ]cnlmcw Fv ]dbpp. F{]mIcsam\nXyambncnp Bmhv icocn nXnsNptm PoheWw (kpJZpxJ CmtZzjmZn) ImWsSpp. Poh t]mbm Chsbmpw ImWpX. AXpsImv Bmhv icocn\nv `namIpp \nXyhpw BIpp. (ChnsS {]IcWka AtlXphn ]d tZmjs ]cnlcnncnpIbmWv. AXpsImv CXn\v ]cnlmcw Fv ]dbpp.)

AY {]Xnm lm\nx{]Xnmlm\n\ma km]q{]XnKrloXmw {]Xnmw ]cy\pbpx] cnXyPXn. bYm{]mIv {]Xnmw IrXzm “\nXyx]pcpjx CXn ]cy\pbpkvXzmlA\nXy” CXn.	72

{]Xnmlm\n. BZyw kzoIcn {]Xnsb ]noSv hn]coXamb ZrjvSmwsImv FXnpXnfbpXn\v {]Inmlm\n Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamhmZn BZyw ]pcpj \nXy\mWv Fv ]d {]Xnsb {]XnhmZn ]pcpj A\nXy\mWv Fv ]dp FXnhmZw \Sn XnfbpXnmWv {]Xnmlm\n Fv ]dbpXv.

BImisat]mse Bcmepw DmsXmXpsImv ]pcpj \nXy\mWv F hmZnbpsS tlXp klnXap {]Xnsb {]XnhmZn ]pcpj LSsat]mse C{nb{KmlyambXpsImv A\nXy\mWv Fv ]dp FXnptm hmZn Xs hmZs XyPnpXn\pw FXnmlm\n Fv ]dbpp.

AYm`y\pmA`y\pm \ma b CjvSm\njvSm`yp]Kax.	73

A`y\pm. hmZ{]XnhmZn CjvStbpw A\njvStbpw kzoIcnpXn\v A`y\pm Fv ]dbpp. “kz]tZmjm`yp]Kam ]c] tZmj{]kwKx” CXn \ymbZi\w.

AYtlXzcwtlXzcw \ma {]IrXntlXuhmtNy bZznIrXn tlXpaml.	74

C\n tlXzcw. {]IrXnbpsS tlXp ]dbpXn hnIrXnbpsS tlXpIqSndbpXn\v tlXzcw Fv ]dbpp. “Ahntitjmt tlXu {]Xnjnt hntijantm tlXzcw.” CXn\ymbZi\w.

AYmmcw Amcw \ma GIkvan hthy]cw bZml, bYmPzcetWmhmtNy {]tal eWaml.	75

C\n Amcw. Hv ]dbptm asddmv ]dbphXn\v Amcw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamPzceWw ]dbptm {]taleWw ]dbpXn\v Amcw Fv ]dbpp. “{]IrXmZmZ {]Xnkw_mamcw.”

AY \n{Klm\w. \n{Klm\w \ma ]cmPb{]m]vXnx, X {Xcpky hmIykymhnm\w ]cnjZn hnm\hXymw. bZzm A\\ptbmPy kym\ptbmtKm ƒ\ptbmPykyNm\\p\ptbmKx. {]Xnm lm\nc`y\pm ImemXoXhN[atlXp \yq\a[nIw hyw A\Iw ]p\cpw hncpw tlXzcatcw \n{Klm\w.	76

C\n \n{Klm\w. ]cmPb {]m]vXnv \n{Klm\w Fv ]dbpp. ]WvUnXmcpsS kZn hp hmZn aqv hmv ]dXns Aw {]XnhmZnv a\nemImsX hm AXn\pw \n{Klm\w (]cmPZb{]m]vXn) Fv ]dbpp. AYhm ]cmPbsSmsX ]cmPbsspw ]cmPbsXn ]cmPbsnspw a\nempXn\pw \n{Klm\w Fv ]dbpp. IqSmsX apv ]d {]Xnmlm\n, A`y\pm, ImemXoXhN\w, AtlXp, \yq\w, A[nIw, hyw, A\Iw, ]p\cpw, hncpw, tlXzcw, Amcw Chbpw \n{Klm\amIpp. “{]Xnmlm\nx {]Xnmcw {]Xnm hntcm[x {]Xnm kw\ymtkm tlXzc ammw \ncIahnmXma]mI a{]m]vXImew \yq\a[nIw ]p\cpa\\p `vjWam\a{]Xn`m hntt]maXm\nm ]cy\ptbmPym\ptbmtKm ƒ]knmtm tlXzm`mk \n{Klm\m\n.” CXn \ymbZi\w.

CXn hmZam ]Zm\n btYmtia`n\nnjvSm\n`hn.	77

C{]Imcw Dtin {Ian\pkcnp hmZam]Zsf hnhcnsp.

hmZkvXpJep `njPmw hamt\m htXmbptZ Gh \Xz\y{X.	78

sshZymcpsS hmZ{]XnhmZamIs BbptZ imkv{Xs kw_npXs BbncnWw. addv imkv{Xs kw_nmbncncpXv.

A{Xln hmIy{]XnhmIy hnkvXmcmx tIhemtm]]bx km[nIctWjpN. Xmx kmx kayKthmthy kwhmIyw {_qbm. \m {]IrXIaimkv{Xa]conXakm[IamIpe am]Iwhn. k tlXpaZv {_qbm, tlXpatm lyIpepjmx km Gh hmZ hn{KlmnInkntX ImcW`qXmx. {]ikvX_pnhIXzm, kmcw`knnw lymhlXy\p]lXm _pnx.	79

Fm ChnsS Fm A[nIcWfnepw hmIyfpw {]XnhmIyfpw hnkvXcnpw Fmhn[ bpntbmSpIqSnbpw hnhcnsncnpp. Cu ]dhsb Fmw \hw a\nemnbnv Fmhn[ hmpIfpw ]dbWw. Akw_hpw Aimkv{Xobhpw A]conXhpw Akm[Ihpw (tlXzm`mkw) BIpehpw (ZpJxs DmpXpw) Bb hmpI ]dbcpXv. Fmw bpnbpw kwkmcnWw. bpnbpambpw hniZambpw D hmZ{]XnhmZw _pn hnphm {]ikvXamIbm NnInkbn ^eknnv ImcWambnocpw. \ _pn Fm Ifnepw ^eknnsb Dmpw.

Cam\n Jep XmhZnl Im\nNn {]IcmWn {_ptam`njPmw m\mw m\]qIw IWmw kamcw`w {liwkn Ipiemx.	80

ChnsS IpdpIqSn m\{]IcWsf sshZymv Adnhnmbn ]dbmw. NnmZn Fmhn[ IfptSbpw kamcw`w m\]qIambncnpXns\ kam {]iwknpXmWv.

mXzmln ImcW IcW Imcymbm\n Imcy Imcy ^em\p_ tZiIme {]hrXyp]mbm kayK`n\nham\x Imcym`n \nhrmhnjvS ^em\p_w Imcya`n \nhbXy\Xn alXmbXvt\\ Im.	81

ImcWw, IcWw, Imcytbm\n, Imcyw, Imcy^ew, A\p_w, tZiw, Imew, {]hrn, D]mbw Chsb \hw a\nemnbnv Imcy{]h\w sNpXmbm Imhv Aev]{]bXv\w sImvXs B{Klnp hn[nep ^eknnsb Dmn Imcyw t\SpXmWv.

X{X ImcWw \maX, b ItcmXn, k Gh tlXpk Im.	82

Imcyn\v apv Imtcymev]mZ\n {]hrnpXn\v ImcWw Fv ]dbpp. AXvsbmWv tlXp, AXvsbmWv Imhpw. “A\\yYmkntXzkXn Imcy\nbX ]qhrn ImcWw bYmLSmZnIw {]Xn ZwvUmZnx” CXn.

IcWw ]p\kvXZv bZp]IcWmtbm]I]tX IpxImcym`n\nhru {]bXam\ky.	83

Imtcymev]mZ\n {]bXv\npXn\v Imhn\v D]IcWcq]n GsXmv kaambnocppthm AXn\v IcWw Fv ]dbpp. “hy]mchZkm[mcWw ImcWw IcWw.”

Imcytbm\nkvXp km, bm hn{InbamWm ImcyXzam]ZytX.	84

Ahmcs {]m]np Imcycq]n hcpXn\v Imcytbm\n Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcsam a[pcmZnckfp {Zhy `np ]mIw hm ckcmZn[mXpfmbn ]cnWanpp. Atm ckcmZn Imcyv tbm\n a[pcmZn ckfmIpp. C{]ImcapXn\v Imcytbm\n Fv ]dbpp.

Imcyw X bkym`n\nhrna`nkmb {]htX Im.	85

GsXmns Dev]npthpbp DtitmSpIqSn Imhv {]hnppthm AXn\v Imcyw Fv ]dbpp. F{]ImcsamshpImc AcnsImv tNmdpmpp. ChnsS Acn Imcytbm\nbpw tNmdv Imcyhpw BIpp.

Imcy^ew ]p\kvX b {]tbmP\ Imcym`n\nhrncnjytX,	86

Imhv Imcyn \npmIphm\m{Klnp ^en\v Imcy^ew Fv ]dbpp. (kz{]m]vXnpthn bw sNpp. Atm bImcyns ^ew kzamIpp.)

A\p_ Jep kx, bx Imcahiya\p_[v\mXn ImcymZpcImew Imcy\nanx ipt`mhm]yipt`m hn`mhx.	87

Imcym\cImew Imcyw \nanapmIp ip`tam Aip`tam Bb`mhw Imhns\ \nbambpw _npItbm B{ibnpItbm sNpXn\v A\p_w Fv ]dbpp.

tZikvXz[njvTm\w.	88

A[njvTm\n\v tZiw Fv ]dbpp. (tZiw FXv tcmKnbn IWvTtZiw, DZctZiw FnXymZnbpw `qanbn PmwKetZiw, B\q]tZiw km[mcWtZiw FnhbpamsWdnbWw.)

Imex ]p\x ]cnWmax	89

]cnWman\v Imew Fv ]dbpp. CXns\ kw_nv Xnss{kjWobmymbn hnhcnnpv.

{]hrnkvXpJep tNjvSm Imcymm, sskh{Inbm IbXv\x Imcy kamcw`i N.	90

Imcyn\v thnbp tNjvSv (hym]mcn\v) {]hrn Fv ]dbpp. AXn\pXs {Inb, Iw, bXv\w, Imcykamcw`w FnhIqSn ]dbpXmWv. “{]hrn hmKv_pn icocmcw`x” CXn \ymb Zi\w.

D]mbx ]p\kv{XbmWmw ImcWmZo\mw kujvTha`nhn[m\mw N kayIv Imcy Imcy^em\p_ hPym\mw tXjmw Xn ImcymWma`n\nhI CXyXkvXp]mtbmx, IrtX t\m]mbmtm ƒkvXn, \N hnZytX XZmtXz, IrXmtmc Imew^ew, ^emm\p_ CXn.	91

Imcyw, Imcy^ew, A\p_w ChsbmgnsIbp ImcWw, IcWw, Imcytbm\n FnhbpsS tabnepw kayIvnXnbnepw D Imtcymev]mZ\n\mWv D]mbw Fp ]dbpXv. Imcyw Dmbngnm D]mbns {]tbmP\w CmXmIpp. Imcyns DrjvSmZnbpw D]mba. Imcym\cw DmIpXv ^eamWv. ^em\cw A\p_hpw DmIpp. Atm Imcyw, Imcy^ew, A\p_w Ch D]mbamIpX. DZmlcWambndm ImcWw sshZy, ImcWw, Huj[w, Imcytbm\n [mXphnjaX. ChbpsS tabvpw kaytKymKn\pamWv D]mbw Fp]dbpXv.

GXihn[at{K ]coyw, XtXm ƒ\cw Imcymm {]hrncnjvSm, XkvamZv `njIv Imcyw NnIojpx {]mmcy kamcw`m ]cobm tIhew ]coy ]comw Ikamct`XIpw.	92

Imcy{]h\n\p apv Cu ]d ]nt\bpw ]condnbWw. AXn\ptijw Imcyn\mbn CjvSamb {]hrn sNWw. AXpsImv NnInbn {]thinphm\m{Klnp sshZy NnIn XpS pXn\p apmbn ]contXns\ apgph\pw ({]Xyw, A\pam\w, B]vtXm]tZiw FnhbneqsS) ]condnnv Iw (ha\mZn Imcy\njv]mZ\ hym]mcw) sNphm\mcw`nWw.

X{XtNZv `njKv A`njKv hm `njPw IntZhw Jep ]rt. ha\ hntcN\mm]\m\phmk\ [ntcmhntcN\m\n {]tbmpImta\ `njPm IXnhn[bm ]cobm IXnhn[tah ]coyw Im{X ]coyhntijx, IY ]conXhyw Inw {]tbmP\m hm]com, Iz N ha\mZo\mw {]hrnx, Iz N \nhynx, {]hrn \nhrn kwtbmtK\ N Inw ss\jvSnIw, Im\n N ha\mZo\mw t`jP {ZhymWyp]tbmKw KoXn.	93

ha\mZn NnInmIw sNm XpSptm sshZyt\m sshZy\mht\m sshZyt\mSv NneXv tNmZnphm\nSbpv. ha\w, hntcN\w, Bm]w, A\zmk\w, intcmhnNmcw Ch {]tbmKnphm\m{Klnp sshZy GsXmw hn[nep ]cobneqsS GsXmw hnjbw ]condnbWw.? ]ocndntb hnjbfpsS hntij FsmsbmWv? Fns\bmWv ]contXv? ]cosImmmWv {]tbmP\w? ha\mZnI FhnsSbmWv sNtXv? ha\mZnI FhnsS sNmXncnWw? ha\hntcN\mZnI sNm\pw sNmXncnm\pw D eW HcpanpIm Fns\ HcpdXocpam\saSppw? ha\mZnIv GsXmw Huj[fpw {ZhyfpamWv D]tbmKnpI, Fo tNmZyv sshZyt\mSv tNmZntpsaw.

k Ghw ]rjvtSmbZn tamlbnXpant {_qbmtZ\w_lphn[mln ]com XYm ]coy hn[nt`Zx, XIta\ hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcW `nbm ]cobm tI\ hm hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcW ]coky `nky t`Zm{Kw `hm ]rOvOXymJymbam\w t\Zm\ow `htXm ƒt\y\ hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcW `nbm ]cobmƒt\\ hm hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcW ]coky `nkym`nejnXaw t{imXpalat\y\ ]com hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcWmt\y\ hm hn[nt`Z {]IrXytcW ]coyw `nXzmamNmW Cm {]]qctbbanXn.	94

ta]d{]Imcw tNmZyw tNmZnhs\ tamlnnWsam{Klapsn Aht\mSv C{]Imcw ]dbWw. ]co At\I hn[nepv AXpt]mse Xs ]condntb hnjbfpw At\Ihn[nemIpp. Xm GXv hn[nt`Z {]IrXn hyXymknepsSbp `namb ]cotbbmWv AYhm GXv hn[nt`Z {]IrXn hyXymkneqsSbp `namb ]cotbbmWv AYhm GXv hn[nt`Z {]IrXn hyXymkneqsS ]condntb hnjbns `nXsbbmWv FtmSv tNmZnpXv.? ]cobpsS {]Imchpw ]condntb hnjbfpw At\Ihn[nepXpsImv Rm AXn GsXnepw Hcp ]cotbtbm ]com hnjbttbm ]dm \nv AXn asddmmWv Adnbphm\m{Kltantem? XmfpsS B{Klw k^eamIpX. Rm ]cotbbpw ]comhnjbtbpw F{X thWsanepw ]dbmw. Xm GXphn[ ]cotbbpw ]cohnjbtbpamWv B{KlnpXv.

k bZpcw {_qbm ]cotymcw hmIyw kymZytYmw {]XnhN\ hn[nathy, kayKyZn Xp {_qbm \ ssN\w tamlbnXpant, {]m]vXw Xp hN\Imew a\ytX Imaakvssa {_qbmZm]vXtah \nJnte\.	95

ta]dXn\v Ah ({]XnhmZn) GXv Dcw ]dbppthm AXns\ ]connv ap]d {]XnhN\ hn[n{]Imcw GXpcw DNnXamtWm AXv ]dbWw. {]XnhmZn icn Dcw XcnIbmsWn km kw`mj sNpIbpw Ahs\ tamlnnphm B{KlnmXncnpIbpw thWw. Dcw ]dbptmgmIs {]XnhmZn B{KlnpXn\pkcnp apgph bYmambns ]dbpIbpw thWw.

Zznhn[mJep ]com m]Xmw {]Xya\pam\w N, GXZ[n Zzbap]tZi ]comkym Ghtajm Zznhn[m ]com, {Xnhn[m h ktlm]mZti\.	96

m\nIv ]co cphn[nemIpp. Hv {]Xyw asddmv A\pam\w. Cu cpw D]tZihpw ]cobmIpp. AYhm {]Xyw, A\pam\w Fo cv ]cobpw D]tZihpw IqSn ]co aqphn[nemIpp. (CXv {Xnhn[tcmK hnm\mbmymbn ]dnpv.

Zihn[w Xp ]coyw ImcWmZnjp bZpat{KXZnl `njKmZnjp kwkmcy kwZibnjymaxClImcy {]m]vtXx ImcWw`njIv, IcWw ]p\tZjPw Imcytbm\n [mXpsshjayw, Imcyw [mXpkmayw,Imcy^ew kpJmhm]vXn, A\p_p JezmbpxtZtim`qancmXpc, Imex ]p\xkwhkcmXpcm]m]N, {]hrnx {]XnIkamcw`x, D]mbkvXp `njKmZo\mw kujvSha`nhn[m\w N kkayIv; Clm]ytkym]mbky hnjbx ]qtssWthm]mb hntitjW hymJymX CXn ImcWmZo\n Zikp`njKmZnjp kwkmcy kwZinXm\n, XssYhm\p ]qhym. GXihn[w ]coyap.	97

ImcWmZn ]vhn[nep ]coyw apv ]dnpv. AXv ChnsS (Cu BbptZimkv{Xn) sshZy BZnbn (NnInmcw`n) thXpt]mse ImtWXmWv. Cu BbptZimkv{Xn Imcy{]]vXnv ImcWw sshZy\pw IcWw Huj[hpw Imcytbm\n [mXpsshjayhpw Imcyw [mXpkmayhpw Imcy^ew kpJ{]m]vXnbpw A\p_w Bbppw tZiw `qantZihpw tcmKnbpsS icoctZihpw Imew kwhkchpw tcmKnbpsS Ahbpw {]hrn {]XnIkamcw`hpw (AXmXv tcmKn\pkcnp NnInkm kamcw`hpw) D]mbw sshZy apXembhbpsS DjXbpw A\pIqeKpWmhbpsS kaytKymKhpw BIpp. Cu D]mbhntijs kw_nv apv (D]mbx ]p\kv{XbmWmw ImcWmZo\mw CXymZnZzmcm) hnhcnnpv. Cu ]d ImcWmZn ]v ]coys BZywXs sshZy thXpt]mse IdntbXmWv. Cu ]v hn[nep ]coys hgn{Ian hnhcnsp.

Xky tbmtbm hntijm bYm N ]conXhyx, k XYm hymJymkytX.	98

ImcWmZn ]coymhntijsf GtXXv hn[n ]conWtam AXmXv hn[n hnhcnpXcmw.

ImcWw `njKnXypat{K, Xky ]com `njMv\ma k tbm t`jXn bxkq{Xm {]tbmK Ipitembky Nmbpx kYmhnZnXw bYmh. k N k [mXp kmayw NnIoj Bm\tahmZnXx ]coIvtjX. XZyYmKpWpjp KpWXx Imcym`n \nhrnw ]iy InZlaky {Imbkym`n\nt\ katm ƒkvan\thXn, Xss{XtX `njpWmx,ssbcp]]tm `njKv[mXp kmaym`n\nht\ katm `hXn. XZvbYm]cyhZmX{ipXXm ]cnZrjvS IXm Zmyw iuNw PnXlkvXXm D]IcW hm kt{tbm]]m {]IrXnXm {]Xn]m`nXm tNXnx	99

ImcWw sshZy\mIpp Fv apv ]dnpv. sshZys ]co ]dbmw. GsXmcph tcmK\nhmcWs sNppthm Ah sshZy\mIpp. GsXmcph BbptZimkv{Xns Anepw AXns {]tbmKnepw ka\mtWm, GsXmcphv Fmbvt]mgpw Bbpns hnm\w thXpt]msebpmIppthm Ah sshZy\mIpp. NnInkmImcyamb k[mXpkmayw Dmphm\m{Klnp Ans\bpXmb sshZy BZywXs kzbw ]conWw. AXv F{]Imcsam Rm Cu [mXp kmaycq]amb Imcyns kmZ\n ka\mtWm A Aka\mtWm? Fv BZyw kzbw NnnpIbpw Xmsg]dbp KpWfpmbncnpIbpw sNpXv sshZyKpWamIpp. Cu ]d KpWtfmSpIqSnb sshZy [mXpkmays DmpXn ka\mIpp. sshZyKpWw]cnipamb imkv{Xm\w, NnInkIv a\nemnbnp A\p`hw, NnInkmkmayw, _mlym`ycipn, ssIpWyw, D]IcW DmbncnpI, Fm C{nbfpw DmbncnpI, {]IrXnsb AdnbpI, {]hnsb AdnbpI FnhbmIpp. Chsb kw_np hnhcWw kq{Xm\n Zi{]mWmbX\nbmymbn Dv.

IcWw ]p\t`jPw; t`jPw \ma XZyZp]IcWtbm]I]ytX `njtPm [mXp kmaym`n\nhru {]bXam\ky hntijXtm]mbm tX`yx. Xznhn[w hy]m{ibt`ZmssZh hy]m{ibw bpnhym]m{ibwtNXn. X{X ssZh hy]m{ibw a{ujY[n aWnawKf _eyp]lmc tlma\nba {]mbntt]hmk kzkvXyb\ {]Wn]mXKa\mZn, bpnhy]m{ibw.kwtim[t\m]ia\ tNjvSm ZrjvS^emx. GXssh t`jPawK tcZmZ]n Zznhn[w {Zhy`qXa{Zhy`qX. X{Xb{hyw`qXw XZp]bm`n]vfpXw, D]mtbm\ma `bZi\hnkvam]\ hnkvamcW tm`W ljW Xk\h[_ kz]v\ kwhml\mZncaqtm `mhhntitjm btYmmx knyp]mbmivtNm]mbm`n]vfpXm CXn. bp{Zhy`qXw XZza\mZnjp tbmKapss]Xnx Xkmbm]obw ]com, CZtahw {]Irym Ghw KpWtahw {]`mhakvantZtiPmX akvanrXmthhw KrloXtahw \nlnXtahap]kvIrXa\bm am{Xbm bpakvan tcmtK Ghw hn[ky ]pcpj ssjyXmhw tZmja]Ij bXyp]iabXn hm, bZ\yZ]n ssNhw hn[w t`jPw `thmt\\ Nmt\\ hntijtW\ bpanXn.	100

ImcWw Huj[amIpp. [mXpkmays DmpXn {]bXv\np sshZy\v D]IcWambnocptXtXm AXv Huj[amIpp. AXpIfn hntijnv D]mbsfbpw Huj[w Fv ]dbpp. B Huj[w hy]m{ib t`Zw \nanw cv hn[nemIpp. AXv Hv ssZhhy]m{ibhpw asddmv bpnhy]m{ibhpw BWv. AXn ssZhhy]m{ibwa{w, P]w, Huj[n[mcWw, aWn[mcWw, awKf{Inb, _en, D]lmcw, tlmaw, \nbaw, {]mbnw, D]hmkw, kzkvXyb\w, {]Wn]mXw, Ka\w apXembh ssZh hym]m{ibt`jPamIpp. bpnhy]m{ibwha\mZn kwtim[\hpw kwia\hpw {]Xy^ew ImWp tNjvSIfpw bpn hy]m{ib Huj[fmIpp. Cu Huj[ Xs AwKt`ZwsImv cphn[nemIpp. 1. {Zhy`qXw, 2. A{Zhy`qXw. AXn A{Zhy kzcq]ambnpXns\ D]mbwsImv a\nemmhpXmWv. `bsSppI, hnkvabw DmpI, adhnbpmpI, tm`apmpI, ktmjapmpI, Bt]npI, lnwknpI, _npI, DdpI, XtemSpI apXemb Aaqfmb `mhhntijpw CXpt]msebp D]hmkmZn addv knyp]mbpw D]mbw Fv ]dbpp. CXmWv A{Zhy`qXamb t`jP ]co. {Zhy`qXw F t`jPamIs hanIfn IzmYIevmZnImbp]tbmKnpXmIpp. AXns ]co C\n ]dbpwhn[nemIpp. CXv CXns {]IrXnbmIpp. CXv KpWamIpp. CXv {]`hamIpp. CXv CtZinepw C EXphnepw DmbXmWv. CXv Chn[n FSpXmWv. CXv C hn[n kqnpshXmWv. CXv Chn[n ipnsNbvXXmWv AYhm DmnbXmWv. C{Xam{Xbn {]tbmKnm Cu tcmKn Cu hn[nep ]pcpj\v C{XtZmjw ]pdpt]mIpw. AYhm ianpw Fohn[n Huj[tfbpw ikv{XmcmZn addv hn[nep t`jPsfbpw AXmXn\pkcn hn[nep hntijtfmSp IqSnbXmtWm Fv ]condntbXmWv. C{]ImcamWv t`jP]co.

Imcytbm\n [mXpsshjayw, XkyeWw hnImcmKax, ]comXzky hnImc {]IrtXssthm \mXncnenwK hntijmthWw hnImcky Nkm[ymkm[y arZpZmcpW enwK hntijm thWanXn.	101

[mXpfpsS hnjaX Imcytbm\nbmIpp. AXns eWw hnImcw DmbvhcemIpp. AXns ]cobmIs tcmKns {]IrXnv (hmXmZntZmjv) Ipdthm A[nItam D eW ImWepw tcmKn\v km[yw, Akm[yw, arZp, ZmcpWw Fo hntij eW ImWepw BIpp.

Imcyw [mXpkmayw, XkyeWw hnImtcm]iax,]comXzky cpK]Ka\w kzchtbmKx icotcm]Nbx _ehrnc`yhlmcym`nemtjm cpNncmlmcImte ƒ`yhlrXky Nmlmcky Imte kayKvPcWw \n{Zmemt`m bYm Imew sshImcnImWmw N kz]v\m\maZi\w kptJ\ N {]Xnt_m[\w hmXaq{X]pcoj tcXkmw apn kmImssc at\m_po{nbmWmw Nmhym]ncnXn.	102

Imcyw [mXpfpsS kaXbmIpp. AXns eWw tcmKia\hpamIpp. AXns ]cobmIs thZ\ ianpI. kzchpw hhpw thXpt]mse DmbncnpI, icoc]pjvSn, _eh\hv, Almcn cpNnbpmhpI, Ign Blmcw bYmkabw thXpt]mse ZlnpI, bYmkabw DdpmhpI, sshImcnIamb kz]m\ ImWmXncnpI, kpJambn DWcpI, At[mhmbpaq{Xwaewipw Ch thXpt]mse {]hnpI, at\m_po{nbv Hcphn[nep hym]pw CmXncnpI Ch [mXpkmay Imcyns ]cobmIpp.

Imcy^ew kpJmhm]vXnx, XkyeWw at\m_po{nb icocXpjvSnx.	103

Imcy^ew kpJ{]m]vXnbmIpp. AXns eWw at\m_po{nbnsbpw icocntbpw ]cntXmjamIpp. C{]ImcamWv Imcy^ew ]contXv.

A\p_kvXp Jezmbpx, Xky eWw {]mssWx kl kwtbmKx.	104

A\p_amIs BbpmIpp. AXns eWw ]{]mWtfmSv IqSnbncnemIpp. AXmbXv {]mWhntbmKwsImv acWs Dulndnbpp. {]mWhntbmKw izmkmZnIfpsS A`mhwsImpw Dulndnbpp Fw. Bbpns ]co C{]ImcamIpp.

tZtim `qancmXpc. X{X `qan]com BXpc ]cnm\tltXm hm kym Huj[]cnm\ tltXmhm. X{X XmhZnbw Jep BXpc]cnm\tltXmx. XZv bYmAbwIkvan `qantZtiPmXx kwhrtm hym[ntXm hm, Xkvanw `qantZti a\pjymWmanZamlmcPmXanZw hnlmcPmX anZamNmcPmX taXmh _etahwhn[w kXztahwhn[w kmXvayw Ghw hnt[m tZmjx `ncnbanta hym[tbmlnXanZ alnXanZanXn. Huj[]cnm\tltXmkvXpIt]jp `qan]com hytX.	105

tZiw Fm `qantZihpw icoctZihpw BIpp. AXn `pan]co tcmKnsb Adnbphm\pw Huj[s Adnbphm\pw BIpp. AXn BXpc]cnm\map `qan]co F{]ImcsamCh GXv `qan`mKn P\np. Ah\v hnp tcmKtaXv, B `qantZin P\nphf a\pjyv Cu AlmcamIpp. Cu hnlmcamIpp, Cu BNmcamIpp,, C{Xhsc _ew Dv, a\v C{]ImcamIpp. kmyw Cu hn[nemIpp, tZmjw C{]ImcamIpp, B{Klw CXmIpp, tcmKw ChbmIpp, CXv lnXamIpp. CXv AlnXamIpp Fnh anhmdpw a\nemIpXmWv. Huj[s Adnbphm\p `qan]co Iev]m\n ]dbppv.

BXpckvXp JepImcytZix Xky]com Bbpjx{]amW m\tltXm hm `hXn. _etZmj {]amW m\ tltXm hm. X{X XmhZnbw _etZmj{]amWm\ tltXmx, tZmj{]amWm\pcqt]m ln ss`jPy{]amW hntijm _e{]amW hntijmt]tm `hXn. klkm lyXn_eauj[]coI {]bpa]_eamXpc aXn]mXtb. \Kn AXn_em\ymtb kuay hmbhobm\yuj[m\ynmc ikv{XImWn hm iIyt ƒ]_ssex tkmVpw AklymXnXoWthKnXzmn k`yx {]WlcmWnkypx. GXssh ImcWathIjamWm lo\_e amXpcanjmZIsscx arZpkpIpamc {]mssbcptcmc Kpcp`nchn{`ssac\mXybnssItm]Ncn Hujss[x, hntij\mco; Xmly\hnX arZp hnhrX hnIvfh lrZbmx {]mbx kpIpamcmx A_em]cakwkvX`ym XYm _ehXn _ehZvhym[n]cnKtX kz]_eauj[a]coI {]bpakm[Itah `hXn. XkvamZmXpcw ]cotX {]IrXnX hnIrXnX kmcX kwl\\X {]amWX kmyX kXzXmlmciIvXnX hymbmainX hbkvXtXn _e{]amW hntij{KW tltXmx.	106

BXpc\mIs [mXp kmayamIp Imcyns tZiamIpp. AXmbXv m\amIpp. AXns ]co Bbpns {]amWw Adnbphm\pw _ew, tZmjw FnhbpsS {]amWw Adnbphm\pw BIpp. AXn Cu _etZmj{]amWm\ tlXp Fn\msWp hm tZmj{]amWn\pkcnpw _ens {]amWn\pkcnpw Huj[ns {]amWw (Afhv) \nbnm\mIpp. ImcWw s]sv AXn_eapXmb Huj[w tcmKnbpsS _ew ]conmsX aqV\mb sshZy {]tbmKnm _ew IpdXmb tcmKnsb hogvnfbpw. AYhm acWn\v ImcWambnocpw. AXn_eapXmb Btbkuayhmbhobfmb Huj[fpw AnIw, mcIw, ikv{XIw Fnhbpw Zp_emv klnm IgnbpX. AhbpsS AklyXbpw AXnXovW thKXzhpw \nanw s]sv acWs DmpXpambncnpw. Cu ]d ImcWw \nanw _ew Ipd tcmKnsb hnjmZs DmmXpw arZphmbnpXpw IuXpIambnpXpw {Ian KpcpXzw hnnpw {`aanmsXbpw hym]pmmXpw Bb Huj[tfsmv NnInknWw. hntijnpw kv{XoIsf. ImcWw kv{XoI CfInsmncnpXpw arZphmbnpXpw XpdXpw `bsSpXpamb lrZbtmSpIqSnbhcpw anhmdpw kpIpamcnIfpw A_eIfpw addphsc B{ibnphcpw BIpp. AXpt]mseXs tcmKnbpsS _es ]conmsX _ehm\mbh\v _ehmb tcmKapmbXn Aev]_eapXmb Huj[w {]tbmKnpXmbm tcmK\nhmcWn\v kaamXmbnocpIbpw sNpp. AXpsImv tcmKnsb, _ens {]amWhntijsf Adnbphm\mbn {]IrXn, hnIrXn, kmcw, ZrVX, {]amWw, kmyw, a\v, Blmcin, hymbmain, hbv FnhbneqsS ]conWw.

Xt{Xam {]IrXymZo `mhm\\phymJymkymax. XZyYmcp{ItimWnX {]IrXnw ImeK`mib {]IrXnw amXpcmlmcholmc {]IrXnw alm`qX hnImc {]IrXn K`icocat]tX. GXmln tb\ tb\ tZmtjW GtI\ A[ntI\ kta\ hm A\p_yt tX\ tX\ tZmtjW it`m ƒ\p _ytX. kmkm tZmj{]IrXncqNytX ka\pjymWmw K`mZn {]hrm. Xkvam ivtfjvafmx {]IrXym tINn ]nfmx tINnZzmXfmx tINn kwkrjvSmtINn ka[mXhx tINnZv `hn. tXjmw eWm\n hymJymkymax.	107

C\n {]IrXymZn `mhsf hnhcnmw. AXv F{]ImcsamK`icocw ip{ItimWnX{]IrXntbbpw K`w [cnp Imentbpw K`mibntbpw {]IrXntbbpw amXmhns Blmchnlmc{]IrXntbbpw ]alm`qXfpsS hnImc {]IrXntbbpw At]npp. (AXmbXv icoc{]IrXn Chsb At]nmWpmIpsXw.) Fm Ch K`ns BZnbn (ip{ItimWnX kwtbmKn) GtXXv tZmjsImv Htm A[nItam kaamtbm A\p_nppthm AXmXv tZmjsImv K`s A\p_npp. Ans\ A\p_apmIpXn\pkcnp k a\pjypw AXmXv tZmj{]IrXn]dbpIbpw sNpp. AXn\m {]IrXymXs Nne I^{]IrXnmcmbpw Nne ]n{]IrXnmcmbpw Nne hmX{]IrXnmcmbpw Nne kwk{]IrXnmbpw Nne ka[mXp {]IrXnmcmbpw Xocpp. AhbpsS eWsf hnhcnpXcmw.

ivtfjvam ln kv\nKv ivfW arZpa[pckmc km{akvXnanX KpcpioX]nnemx. Xkykvt\lm ivtfjvafmx kv\nKvmwKmx, ivfvWXzm ivfvWmwKx arZpXzm ZrjvSnkpJ kpIpamcmhZmXmwKmx, am[pcym {]`qXip{Ihyhmbm]Xymx, kmcXzm kmckwlXncicocmx, km{XzmZp]NnX]cn]q kmwKmx aXzmatNjvSmlmc hnlmcmx, kvssXanXymbmZio{Lmcw` tm`hnImcm, KpcpXzm kmcm[njvTnXKXbx, ssiXym A]prjvWm kn]tkzZtZmjmx, hneXzm kpivfnjvSNkmc kn_\mx, XYmXzm {]kmi\m\\mx, {]k kv\nKv hkzcm `hn. X Ghw KpWtbmKm ivtfjvafm _ehtm hkpatm hnZymh HmPkzn\ximm Bbpjva `hn.	108

I^amIs kv\nKvambpw Wambpw arZphmbpw a[pcambpw kmcambpw km{ambpw aambpw kvXnanXambpw Kpcphmbpw ioXfambpw ]nneambpw kzambpancnpw. I^ns kv\nKvXsImv I^m[nIyap ]pcpj kv\nKvXbp icoc {]IrXnmc\mbncnpw. I^ns vWXsImv ap\pkap icoc{]IrXnmc\mbpw I^ns arZpXzwsImv ImWm sImmhph\pw kpIpamc\pw shfpp h{]kmZaph\pambncnpw. am[pcyw \nanw IqSpX hocyhpw IqSpX ssaYp\inbpw IqSpX km\fpw DmIpw. kmcKpWwsImv icocn\v Dcppw Ddpw DmIpw. km{KpWw \nanw icoc]pjvSnbpw Ahbhsfmw ]qambpw \ndncnpIbpw sNpw. I^ns aKpWw \nanw I^m[nIyap ]pcpjs icochymbmahpw Blmchnlmcfpw aambncnpw. kvssXanXyw \nanw icochmMvat\m {]hnbn Bcw` io{LXzw DmIpX. tm`hpw hnImchpw IpdncnpIbpw sNpw. KpcpXzw \nanw \Sptm ImepI `qanbn icnpw ]XnbpXmbncnpw. ioXfXzw \nanw hniv, Zmlw, NqSv, hnbv Fo tZmj Ipdncnpw. ss]neyw \nanw kn_sfmw \mbncnpw. AXpt]mse Xs I^ns kzX\nanw I^m[nIyap ]pcpjs apJw {]kambnmWmw. icocns hhpw kzchpw {]kambncnpIbpw sNpw I^m[nIyap ]pcpj C{]Imcap KpWtfmSpIqSnbncnpIbm _ehm\pw [\hm\pw hnZzm\pw HmPkznbpw im\pw ZoLmbpjvam\pw Bbncnpw.

]napjvWw XnWw {Zhw hn kaavfw ISpIw NX kujvWym ]nfm `hn DjvWmklmx, ipjvIkpIpamcmhSmXKm{Xmx, {]`qX]n]nfphyw KXneI]nUImx, p]n]mkmhx, n{]heo]enXJmenXy tZmjmx, {]mtbmarZzI]I]ne iva{iptematIimx, ssXvWymoW]cm{Iamx,XovWmbx, {]`qXmi\]m\mx, IvtfimklnjvWhx, ZiqImx, {ZhXzmnYnearZpkn_amwkmx, {]`qXkrjvS tkzZaq{X ]pcoj,hn{kXzm {]`qX]qXnI mkyincx icocK\v[mx, ISzavfXzm]ip{I hymhmbm]Xymx, X Ghw KpWtbmKm ]nfm a[y_em a[ymbptjm a[ym\ hnm\ hntm]IcWh `hn.	109

]nw DjvWambpw XovWambpw {Zhambpw BaKambpw ]pfnbpw Fcnhpw ckambpw Ccnpw. ]nns DjvWw \nanw ]nm[nIyaph\v DjvWw Akl\obambncnpw. Ahs icocw ipjvInpw kpIpamcambpw \hambpancnpw. Imp, hywKw, XneImfIw, ]nUI Fnh IqSpXembpmIpw. hnipw Zmlhpw IqSpXembpmIpw. icocn Npfnhpw \cbpw Ijnbpw Wn DmIpw. anhmdpw XmSn aoibpw tcmahpw arZphmbpw Aev]w I]ne hambpancnpw. ]nns XovWX\nanw ]cm{Iaw XovWambncnpw. PTcmnbpw XnvWambncnpw. [mcmfw XnpIbpw IpSnpIbpw sNpw. tiw klnm IgnbpX. IqsSqsS Xnph\mbncnpw. {ZhXzw\nanw kn_fpw amwkhpw inYnehpw arZphpambncnpw. hnbpw aq{Xhpw aehpw IqSpXembpmIpw. hn{kXzwsImv Iw, hmb, Xe, icocw Chbvv henb ZpKapmIpw. Fcnhpw ]pfnbpw ckambXpsImv hocyhpw ssaYp\inbpw km\fpw Ipdncnpw. ]nw C{]Imcw KpWapXmbXpsImv ]n{]IrXnmc a[y_ehm\mbpw a[ymbpph\mbpw m\w, hnm\w, [\w, D]IcW Fnh a[yaambnph\mbpancnpw.

hmXkvXp cqeLp Ne _lp io{L ioX]cpj hniZx, XkycuymZv hmXem cqm] NnXm]icncmx, {]XXcq ma`n ak Pckzcmx, PmKcqIm, eLpXzmNXvNv eLpNeKXnsNjvSmlmcmx, NeXzmZ\hnX kyn {`plt\zmjT Pnlzmincx kvI]mWo]mZx, _lpXzmZzlp {]em]IWvUm kncm{]Xm\mx io{LXzmn{L kamcw` tm` hnImcmx, Lot{Lm{XmkcmK hncmKmx, {ipX{KmlntWm ƒ] kvarXbx, ssiXymoXm klnjvWhx, {]XX ioXtIm tZz]IkvXw`mx, ]mcpjym ]cpjym ]cpj tIiiva{iptcma \J Zi\ hZ\ ]mWn]mZmwKm, sshiZymkv^pSnXmKmhbhmx, kXX kni_vZKman\ `hn; X Ghw KpWmtbmKmZznXemx {]mtbWm] _emm]mbpjm]m]XymivNm] km[\mm[\ym `hn.	110

hmXamIs cqambpw eLphmbpw Neambpw _lpio{Lambpw ioXfambpw ]cpjambpw hniZambpancnpw. hmXns cqX\nanw hmX{]IrXnmcs icocw cqambpw saenpw sNdpXmbpancnpw. kzcw IqSpX cqambpw oWambpw `nambpw aambpw XSp XSpw Pcambpancnpw. PmKcqI\mbncnpw (Ddv Ipdncnpw) eLpXzw \nanw \Shpw icoctNjvSbpw Blmchpw aambpw N]eambpancnpw. NeXzw \nanw kn, An, `q{]tZiw, XmSnsbv, Npv, \mhv, Xe, Igpv, ssIImepI Ch NenpsImncnpw. _lpXzw \nanw IqSpX kwkmcnpw. IWvUcIfpw kncIfpw ]Sp]nSnncnpIbpw sNpw. io{LKpWw \nanw Fm{]hrnIfpw WnepmhpIbpwsNpw. `btcmKsshcmKyfpw WnepmIpw. hmX{]IrXnmc tI DSs\ Imcyw [cnpIbpw Hm Ipdh\mbncnpIbpw sNpw. hmXns ioXXzw sImv ioXw klnm IgnbpX. Ftmgpw ioXP\ytcmKfpw hndbepw kvXw`\hpw DmIpw. ]mcpjyw\nanw XeapSn XmSn, aoi, tcmaw, \Jw, ]v, apJw, ssIImepI icocw Ch ]cpjambncnpw, sshiZyKpWw\nanw icocmhbhfn IodepmIpw. \Sptm Ftmgpw knIfn\nv i_vZapmIpw. hmbp C{]Imcw KpWapXmbXpsImv hmX{]IrXnmc anhmdpw _ew Ipdh\pw Bbpv Ipdh\pw km\w Ipdh\pw km[\kma{KnI Ipdh\pw [\w Ipdh\pambncnpw.

kwkn kwkrjvSeWmx; kKpWkapZnXmkvXpka[mXhx, CtXyhw {]IrXnXx ]cotX	111

cp tZmjv B[nIyaph\n cptZmjsf eWw Hcpanp ImWmhpXmWv. aqv tZmjfpw kaambnph\n Fm KpWfpw HcpanpImWpXmWv. C{]Imcw {]IrXnsb ]condnbWw.

hnIrXnXtXnhnIrXncpNytX hnImcx. X{X hnImcw tlXptZmj Zpjy {]IrXntZiIme_e hntissj enwKX ]cotX, \ lytcW tlXzm Zo\mw _ehntijw hym[n_e hntitjm]e_v[wx,bky lnhym[tZmjZqjy {]IrXn tZiIme_ekmayw `hXn al tlXpenwK_]wk hym[n _ehm `hXn XZzn]cybmm]_ex, a[y_ekvXp tZmjmZo \ma\yXa kmam\mbmtXpenwK a[y_eXzmtm]e`ytX.	112

hnIrXn]cohnImcn\v hnIrXn Fv ]dbpp. ([mXpsshjaywsImpmIp PzcmZntcmKfmWv hnImcw. hnImcns ImcWs tZmjw, Zpjyw, {]IrXn, tZiw, Imew, _ew ChbpsS hntij eWneqsS ]conWw. tlXzmZnIfpsS _ehntijs AdnbmsX tcmKns _ehntijs InpX. Fm GXv tcmKnv tZmjw, Zpjyw, {]IrXn Chbpw tZihpw Imehpw XpeyamsWnepw \nZm\n\pw eWn\pw _ew IqSpXepsnepw B tcmKw _ehm\mbncnpw. tZmjmZnIv _ew Ipdm tcmKn\pw _ew Ipdncnpw. a[y_eap tcmKamsWnemIs tZmjmZnIfntesXnepw Hns Xpey_ewsImpw tlXpeWfpsS a[y_ewsImpw a\nemIpXmWv.

kmcXtXnkmcmWyjvSu ]pcpjmWmw _eam\ hntijm\m ap]ZniytX. XZyYmXzKv c amwktatZm ƒna ip{IkXzm\n.	113

kmcZzmcm tcmKnbpsS ]co, _ens am\hntijs Adnbphm\mbn ]pcpjmv kmcw Fv hn[nembn ]dbsSpp. AXv F{]ImcsamXzv, cw, amwkw, taZv, An, a, ipw, a\v, Fn{]ImcamIpp.

X{X kv\nKv ivfW arZp{]k kqvam] Kw`oc kpIpamctemam k {]t`h N XzIv XzIv kmcmWmw; km kmcXm kpJku`mssKyizcy D]t`mK_pn hnZymtcmKy {]ljWm\ymbpm\nXzcamNjvtS.	114

XzIvkmc ]pcpjeWw. XzIv[mXp Gddhpw hnipambnp ]pcpjs Xzn\v ap\pkhpw arZpXzhpw {]kXbpw kqvaXbpw Aev]Xbpw Kw`ocXbpw tImafXzhpw AtX {]`tbmSpIqSnb tcmafpw DmIpw. XzIv C{]Imcw kmchmbm kpJw, ku`mKyw, sFizcyw, \ `WmZnItfsmp kpJm\p`hw, _pn, hnZy, BtcmKyw, ktmjw, ZoLmbpv Fnh DmIpsav hyamIpp.

ImnapJ Pnlzm\mkujvT]mWn ]mZXe\J eemS tal\w kv\nKvcw {ioa {`mPnjvWp ckmcmWmw, m kmcXm kpJapZ{KXmw ta[mw a\kznXzw kuIpamcya\Xn_eaIvtfi klnjvWpXzw Nm N jvtS.	115

ckmc]pcpj eWwcw Gddhpw hnipambncnp ]pcpjs sNhn, Iv, apJw, \mhv, aqv, Npv, DwIv, DwIm, \Jw, s\ddnSw, enwKw, Fnhbvv kv\nKvXbpw c{]kmZhpw DzeXbpw DmIpw. B kmcXzw kpJw, {IqcX, ta[, a\kznX, kpIpamcX, anXamb _ew, tikl\X, DjvWn AklnjvWpX, Fnhsb Dmpp.

iwJeemS IrImSnImnKWvU l\p{Kohm kvItmZc I hx ]mWn]mZ kbx Kpcpnc amwtkm]NnXm amwkkmcmWmw; km kmcXmamw [rXnaeueyw hnw hnZymw kpJamhamtcmKyw _eambp ZoLamNjvtS.	116

amwkkmc ]pcpjeWw. amwkkmc ]pcpjs iwJ{]tZiw, s\ddnSw, ]nIgpv, Iv, IhnSw, XmSn, Igpv, kvIw, DZcw, Iw, s\v, ssIImepIfpsS knI Fnhbvv KpcpXzhpw Inbpap amwk \ndncnpw. B amwk kmcw a, [mcW, B{KlanmbvI, [\w, hnZy, kpJw, Bhw, BtcmKyw, _ew, ZoLmbpv Chsb Dmpp.

hkzct\{X tIi tema\J ZujvT aq{X]pcotjjp hntijXm kvt\tlmtaZx kmcmWmw. km kmcXm hnssizcy kptJm]t`mK {]Zm\m\ymcvhw kpIpamtcm] NmcXmw Nm]jvtS.	117

taZx kmc]pcpjeWw. taZmc ]pcpjs hw, kzcw, Iv, tcmaw, XeapSn, \Jw, ]v, Npv, aq{Xw, aew Fnhbn hntijnpw kv\nKvX DmIpw. B taZmcw [\w, sFizcyw, kpJw, \ `WmZnItfsmp kpJm\p`hw, Zm\ioew, Bhw, arZq]Nmcw Fnhsb DmpXmbnmWmw.

]mjvWn Kp^ Pm\zcXv\n P{Xp Nn_pIincx ]qemx qemn \JZmmnkmcmx,tX atlmkmlmx {Inbmhx Ivtfiklmx kmcncicocm `hymbpjva.	118

Ankmc ]pcpjeWw. Ankmchmbnp ]pcpjs aSv, sRcnbmWn, apv, ssIapjvSn, P{Xp (AImn), XmSnsbv, incv, knI Ch qeambncnpw. FpIfpw \Jfpw ]pIfpw qeambncnpw. C{]Imcaph henb DmlnIfpw {Inbmioemcpw tis klnphcpw ZrVhpw nchpamb icocaphcpw ZoLmbpphcpw Bbncnpw.

X\zwKm _ehx kv\nKvhkzcmx qe ZoLhr kb akmcmx; tX ZnLmbptjm _ehx {ipXhnm\ hnm]Xy km\ `mP `hn.	119

akmc ]pcpjeWw. a kmchmbncnp ]pcpjs Ahbh t\cnbXmbncnpw. Ah _ehm\mbncnpw. knI XSnp \op hrmIrXnbnembncnpw. Ans\bph ZoLmbpphcpw, _lpam\nsSphcpw Bbncnpw.

kuaymx auayt{]nW oc]qtemN\m Ch {]lj_lpemx kv\nKvhrkmc ka kwlX knJcZi\mx {]k kv\nKv hkzcmx{`mPnjvWthm almnP ip{Ikmcmx. tX kv{Xo{]nbmx {]ntbm]t`mKmx _ehx kpJmtcmKy hnssizcy km\m]Xy `mP `hn.	120

ipkmc ]pcpjeWw. hocykmc]pcpj kuay\pw kuayZrjvSnbph\pw Iv ]m \ndXpt]msebph\pw enwtKmm\w IqSpXembph\pw Bbncnpw. Ahs ]pI kv\nKvXbpXpw hrmIrXnbnepw DdpXpw kaambpw CSXnnbpw A{K`mKw Iqpw Ccnpw. hhpw kzchpw \nehpw kv\nKvhpambncnpw. Imnam\mbncnpw. \nXw_w hepXmbncnpIbpw sNpw. Ah kv{XoIv {]nbaphcmbncnpw. {]bap `WmZnItfsmv kpJw A\p`hnphcpw. _ehmmcpw kpJw, sFizcyw, BtcmKyw, [\w, _lpam\w, km\w ChtbmSpIqSnbhcpw Bbncnpw.

kvarXnatm `nax IrXPvVRmx {]mx ipNtbm atlmkmlm Zm [ocmx kachn{Imtbm [n\ kvXyhnjmZmx kzhnXKXn Kw`oc_pntNjvSmx IeymWm`n\nthin\ kXzkmcm;tXjmw kz essWtch KpWm hymJymXmx	121

kXzkmc]pcpj eWw. a\v kmchmbnp ]pcpj [mcWminbph\pw `nbph\pw IrX\pw _pnam\pw ipNnbph\pw henb Dmlnbpw ka\pw [oc\pw Bbncnpw. bpn hn{Ia]qw s]mcpXph\mbncnpw. hnjmZw XyPnh\mbncnpw. Ahs KXn ncambncnpw. _pnbpw tNjvSbpw Kw`ocambncnpw. awKfImcyn Xmev]cyaph\pw Bbncnpw. kXzkmc]pcpjmcpsS kvarXymZn kzw eWfneqsSXs AhcpsS KpWsfbpw hnhcntXmIpp.

X{X kssx kmssccpt]Xmx ]pcpjm `hyXn_emx ]cakpJbpIvXmx Ivtfiklmx kmcwt`jzm\n PmX{]Xybmx IeymWm`n\nthin\x nckamlnXicocmx kpkamlnXKXbx km\p\mZkv\nKv Kw`oc alm\nkz\mx kpssJizcy hntm]t`mK km\`mtPm aPctkm ahnImcmx {]mbkvXpeyKpW hnkvXom]Xymnc Pohn\.	122

Fm [mXpfpw a\pw Gddhpw ipambnp ]pcpj AXn_ehm\pw ]cakpJtmSpIqSnbh\pw tis klnm Ignbph\pw Fm Imcyfnepw Bhnizmkaph\pw awKfImcyn Xev]c\pw \ Dd icoc{]IrXnmc\pw \ \Smc\pw ({inp\Sph\pw) Bbncnpw. Ahs kzcw {]Xn[z\ntbmSpIqSnbpw kv\nKvhpw Kw`ochpw alpw Bbncnpw. Ah kpJw, sFizcyw, [\w, D]t`mKw, _lpam\w ChtbmSpIqSnbh\mbncnpw. hmIyw kmh[m\nse _m[npIbpq. tcmK Ipdhmbncnpw. anhmdpw XpeyKpWapXpw IqSpXembpw D km\ DmIpw. ZoLmbpph\mbncnpw.

AtXm hn]coXm kvXz kmcmx.	123

Cu ]d eWv hn]coXamb eWtfmSpIqSnbh Akmc\mbncnpw. AXmbXv kmcIpdh\mbncnpsaw.

a[ym\mw ass[yx kmc hntissj KpWhntijm hymJymXm `hn. CXn kmctWyjvSu ]pcpjmWmw _e{]amW hntij m\mm\yp]ZnjvTm\n `hn.	124

a[ykmcmv ta]d kmcKpW hntij a[yambncnpsav hnhcnsSpp (AXmbXv Akmcmv Aev]_ehpw Aev]mbppw Bbncnpsapw a[ykmcmv a[y_ehpw a[ymbppw Bbncnpsapw Aw.) C{]Imcw Fphn[nep kmc]pcpjmcpsS _ens {]amW t`Zsf a\nemphm\mbn Ahsb D]tZinsp.

IYw \p icocam{X Zi\mtZh `njK{X aptlyZbap]NnXXzmZv _ehm\ba]_ex IriXzmZbw alm_ehm almicocXzmZba]icocXzmZv Zp_e CXn.Zriyt ly]icocmx IrimsstI_ehx, X{X ]n]oenIm `mchl\h knnx. AXkmcXx ]com CXyptah.	125

HcmfpsS _es kw_np icocw am{Xw IpsImv sshZy Fns\ {`anpt]mIpp Fp ]dbmw. Ch Ipdp XSnbpXpsImv _ehm\msWpw Ch Iri\mbXpsImv Aev]_ehm\msWpw Ch henb XSnb\mbXpsImv alm_ehm\msWpw Ch hfsc saenh\mbXpsImv Zp_e\msWpw a\nempp. CXv Fmw Hcpt]mse icnb. ImcWw sNdnb icocaphcpw hfsc saenhcpw Nne _ehmmcmbnmWppv. F{]Imcsam Hcpdpv Xtm F{Xtbm Ccn `mcapXns\ hlnpXp]thmsebmIpp. AXpsImv kmcZzmcmXs _es ]contXmsWv ]dbpp.

kwl\\XtXnkwl\\w kwLmXx kwtbmP\antXytIm ƒx. X{X ka kphn`mn kp_ kn kp\nhnjvS amwktimWnXw kpkwlXw icoc anXypNytX. X{X kpkwlX icocmx ]pcpjm _ehx, hn]cytbWm]_emx, {]hcmhc a[yXzm kwl\\ky a[y _em `hn.	126

kwl\\neqsSbp ]cokwl\\w, kwLmXw, kwtbmP\w Ch Htc Aap hmNIfmIpp. AnI kaambpw \Xpt]mse hn`Pnpw knI ZrVambn _npw amwkhpw chpw AXmXns m\v thXpt]mse nXnsNpIbpw sNp icocn\v kpkwlX icocw Fv ]dbpp. kpkwlX icocap ]pcpj _]ehm\mbncnpw. icocw kpkwlXamh Aev]_ehm\mbncnpw. kpkwlXhpw AkwlXhpw Am a[y icocaph a[y_ehm\mbncnpw.

{]amWXtXnicoc{]amWw ]p\bYmtkz\mwKpen {]amtWt\m]tZytX. Dtk[hnkvXmcm bmssa bYm{Iaw X{X ]mZu ]Xzmcn jSv NXpiNmwKpem\n, PwtLXzjvSmZimwKZpte tjmUjimwKpen ]nctt] Pm\p\n NXpcwKpte tjmUimwKpen ]cntt], {XnwiZwKpe ]cnthjvSmZimwKpemhqcp, jUwKpe ZoLu hrjWmhjvSmwKpe ]cnWmlu, ti^x jUwKpeZoL ]mwKpe]cnWmlw, ZzmZimwKpe]cnantXm `mKx, tjmUimwKpe hnkvXmcm ISn, ZXimwKpew hkvXnincx, ZimwKpe hnkvXmcw ZzmZimwKpeapZcw, ZimwKpe hnkvXotm ZzmZimwKpembmta ]mtiz, ZzmZimwKpehnkvXmcw kvX\mcw, ZzwKpew kvX\]cyw, NXp hnwiXywKqe hnimew ZzmZimwKptemtk[apcx, XywKpew lrZbw AjvSmwKpeukvIu, jUwKpemhwku, tjmUimwKpeu {]_mlp, ]ZimwKpeu {]]mWn, lkvXu ZzmZimwKpeu ImhjvSmwKpeu, {XnIw ZzmZimKptem tk[w,jjvSm ZimwKptemtk[w ]rjvTw, NXpcwKptemtk[m ZzmhnwiXywKpe]cnWmlm intcm[cm, ZzmZimwKpemtk[w NXphnwiXywKpe ]cnWmlam\\w, ]mwKpeamkyw, Nn_pIujvT Imn a[y\mknImeemSw NXpcwKpew, jUwKptemtk[w Zzm{XnwiZwKpe hcnWmlw incCXn ]rYtz\mw Kmhbham\apw.	127

{]amWZzmcm icoc]coAh\hs ssIhncens AfhnqSn icocns Afhns\ D]tZinpXcmw. (AwKpewFm Xpimkv{X{]knamb hncepw GItZiw HtIm Cpw BWv. ChnsS Ah\hs ssIhncen\v IWmWw Fv ]dXpsImv Ah\hs AwKpjvSm{K]Xn\v IWmtXmWv.) ImepI Dbcw \mepw hoXn Bdpw \ofw ]Xn\mepw AwKpew DmbncnWw. IWm \ofw ]Xns\pw Npddfhv ]Xn\mdpw AwKpeambncnWw. Imapv \ofw \mepw Npddfhv ]Xn\mdpw AwKpew thWw. XpS Npddfhv apXpw \ofw ]Xns\pw AwKpew thWw. hrjWw \ofw Bdpw Npddfhv Fpw AwKpew thWw. enwKw \ofw Bdpw Npddfhv Apw AwKpew thWw. tbm\n ]{pwKpew. Acsv ]Xn\mdwKpew hnkvXmcw. hkvXoincv (aq{Xmibns D]cn`mKw) ]wKpew \ofw. hbdv hnkvXmcw ]pw \ofw ]{pw AwKpew. ]miz`mKw hnkvXmcw ]pw \ofw ]{pw AwKpew. cv kvX\fptSbpw a[y`mKw ]{pKpew. kvX\NqNpIw cpKpew. s\v hnkvXmcw 24Dw Dbcw 12Dw AwKpew. lrZbw 3 AwKpew. Npaens ]nhiw Fpw AwKpew hoXw. aphiw BdwKpewhoXw. ssII Npaen\nv Xmtgmv apvhsc ]Xn\mdwKpew hoXhpw apn\v Xmtgmv ]mWnhsc ]Xn\wKpewhnXhpw ]mWn ]{wKpew hoXhpw thWw. (IpsS BsI \ofw 43 AwKpew thWsaw) Iw FwKpew. {XnIm\ns Dbcw ]{wKpew. ]pdns Dbcw ]Xns\wKpew. Igpv \mewKpew \ofhpw 22 AwKpew Npddfhpw thWw. apJw ]{vKpew Dbchpw 24 AwKpew Npddfhpw thWw. hmb Av Kpew thWw. XmSn, Npv, sNhn, Ins a[yw, aqv, s\ddnSw Ch \mewKpew hoXwthWw. incv BdwKpew Dbchpw apncwKpew Npddfhpw thWw. C{]Imcw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw icocmhbhfpsS Afhv ]dbsp.

tIhew ]p\x icocawKpen ]mWn NXpcioXnkvXZmbma hnkvXmckaw kaapNytX. X{Xmbp _etamPx kpJssaizcyw hnm\njvSmm]tc `mhm `hymbmx {]amWhXnicotc, hn]cykvXztXmlot\ ƒ[ntI hm.	128

]pcpjs BsI Dbcw 84AwKpew thWw. Iv ]cn\nm Hcp Ins hncens Addp\nv atdd Ins hncens Addwhtcbp Afhpw 84AwKpew BbncnWw. CXn\v kaicocw Fv ]dbpp. Cu ka{]amW icocn Bbpv, _ew, HmPv, kpJw, sFizcyw, [\w Chbpw addv kpJP\Ifmb `mhfpw A[o\ambncnpw. CXn\v hn]coXambn ka{]amWn\nv Dbcw IqSpItbm IpdbpItbm sNbvXm Bbpv apXembh IpdbpXmbncnpw.

Cu ]d icocns AK{]XywKfpsS Afhpw icocns BsI Afhpw FmwXs kp{ipXn kq{Xm\w 35mw Aymbn ]dXn\nv hfsc hyXymkambnmWv ImWpXv. icocns Dbcw ChnsS 84AwKpeamWv ]dXv. AXv kp{ipXn 120AwKpeamWv ]dnpXv. CXpt]mse an AhbhfpsS Afhnepw hyXymkw ImWppv.

kmyXtXn kmyw\ma XZy kmXtXyt\m]bpPyam\ap]titX. X{X tb LrXocssXeamwk ckkmymx kck kmym, tX _ehx IvtfiklmncPohn\ `hn. cqkmymx ]p\tcI ck kmymtb, tX {]mtbWm] _emmIvtfi klm A]mbptjmƒ] km[\m; hyman{ikmymkvXp tb, tXa[y_emx kmy\nantXm `hn.	129

kmyZzmcm icoc ]coGsXmv \nccw D]tbmKnptm A\pIqeambnocppthm AYhm kpJIcambnocppthm AXn\v kmyw Fv ]dbpp. AXn GsXmcph s\v, ]m, ssXew, amwkckw, j{Uk Ch kmyambnphcmtWm Ah _ehmmcpw tis klnphcpw ZoLmbpphcpw Bbncnpw. GsXmcph cq ]Zmfpw GsXnepw Hcp ckw am{Xambpw kmyambnphcmtWm Ah anhmdpw Aev]_eaphcpw tis klnm Ignbmhcpw Bbpv Ipdhcpw km[\ kma{KnI Ipdhcpw Bbncnpw. GsXmcph Cu ]d {]hckmyhpw Ahc kmyhpw an{inXambnphcmtWm Ah a[y_ehmmcpw a[ytiklmcpw a[ymbpphcpw Bbncnpw.

kXzXtXnkXzapNytXa\x, Xcocky X{Iam kwtbmKm. X{Xnhn[w _et`tZ\{]hcw a[yahcw tNXn. AX {]hca[ymhc kXzm `hn ]pcpjmx. X{X {]hckXzmx kz]mx, tX kmtcjp]ZnjvSm, kz] icocmly]n tX\nPmKp \nanmkp alXojz]n ]oUm kzhy{Km Zriyt, kXzKpWsshtijym a[y kXzm kvXzhcm\my\yp]\n[mb kwkvXw`bym \mƒm\w ]ssc hm]n kwkvX`yt, ln\kXzmkvXp\mm\m, \ N ]sscx kXz_ew {]XniIyt D]kvXw`bnXpw, almicocmly]ntX kz]m\ma]n thZ\makl Zriyt, kw\nlnX `btimItem`tamlam\mlu{Zss`chZznjvS _o`k hnIrX kwIYmkz]n N ]ip ]pcpj amwktimWnXm\n Nmthy hnjmZ sshhy aqtmamZ {`a {]]X\m\ma\yXaam]v\phyYhm acWanXn.	130

kXz Zzmcm ]coa\n\v kXzw Fv ]dbpp. B a\v BkwtbmKw \nanw icocns \SnpImc\mbnocpp. a\v _ehyXymkwsImv {]hcw, a[yaw, Ahcw Fns\ aqphn[nemIpp. AXpsImv a\pjycpw {]hckXz ]pcpj\pw, a[yakXz]pcpj AhckXz]pcpj Fns\ aqphn[nemIpp. AXn {]hckXz]pcpjm Ipdhmbncnpw Ahsc kw_np kmcw ]dXn ]dnpv. {]hckXz]pcpjm Aev]icocmcmbmt]mepw Ah \nPhpw BKphpw BbnpmIp F{Xhenb tcmKambmtmepw `bsSpX. AhcpsS kXz KpWhntijwsImv a[y kXz ]pcpj\mIs addphcpsS Imcyw Ah\h GsddSppw Ah\hs Imcyw addphsc Gev]npw XSapmpw. lo\kXz ]pcpj\mIs Ah\h Hpw sNmXncnpIbpw addph sNpXns\ XSsSppIbpw sNpw. am{Xa henb XSnbph\mbmt]mepw sNdnb thZ\tbqSn klnm Ignbmh\mbnmWpp. `bw, ZpxJw, tem`w, tamlw, Almcw Ch Ftmgpw Ahs IqsSsbpmIpw. cu{Zhpw `bm\Ihpw A{]nbhpw PqKv]vknXhpw hnIrXhpw Bb IY tImepw a\pjycptSbpw addv PohnIfptSbpw amwkhpw chpw Imepw hnjmZw, hnhX, tamlmekyw, DmZw, Xeapdd, hogvN ChbntesXnepw DmhpItbm AYhm acnpt]mhpItbm sNpw.

BlmcinXtXnBlmcinc`yhlcWiym PcWiym N ]cnym _embpjo lym lmcmbt.	131

Blmcin ]co[mcmfw XnpI, \hw ZlnpI FnhbneqsS Blmcin ]condnbWw. _ehpw Bbppw Blmcn \n`camIpp. AXmbXv [mcmfw XnpIbpw \hw ZlnpIbpw sNph\v \_ehpw ZoLmbppw Bbncnpsapw a[yambnXnpIbpw a[yambn ZlnpIbpw sNph\v _ehpw Bbppw a[yambncnpsapw Aev]w XnpIbpw Aev]w ZlnpIbpw sNph\v Aev]_ehpw Aev]mbppw Bbncnpsapw a\nemWsaw.

hymbma inXtXnhymbmainc]n I iym ]coy, Iiym ly\paobtX _e ss{Xhn[yw.	132

hymbmain]co. IinbneqsS hymbmain ]condnbWw. IinsImv {]hcw, a[yw, Ahcw Fo aqphn[ _es DulndnbWw.

hbkvXtXnIme{]amW hntijmt]nWoln icocmhm htbm ƒ`n[obtX. XZztbm bYmhm\t`tZ\ {Xnhn[w _mew a[yw PoanXn, X{X _mea]cn ]Iz[mXpaPmX hyRvP\w kpIpamc Ivtfi klakq_ew ivtfjva[mXp {]mbamtjmUihjw, hnham\ [mXpKpWw ]p\x {]mtbWm\hnX kXz am{XwiZv hjap]ZnjvSw,a[yw ]p\x kaXzmKX _ehocy ]ucpj ]cm{Ia{KlW [mcW kvacWhN\ hnm\ k[mXp KpWw _enXahnX kXzahniocyamW [mXp KpWw hn[mXp{]mbamjjvSn hjap]ZnjvSw,AXx ]cw ]cnKlobamb [mXzn{nb _ehocy]ucqj ]cm{Ia{KlW [mcWkvacW hN\ hnm\w {`iyam\ [mXpKpWw hmX[mXp{]mbw {ItaW PoapNytX BhjiXw, hjiXw Jezmbpjx {]mWakvan Imte; kn ]p\c[ntIm\hjiX Pohnt\m a\pjymx. tXjmw hnIrXnhssyx {]IrXymZn _ehntissjcmbptjm eWX {]amWap]e`y hbkkv{XnXzw hn`tP.	133

hbnqSnbp ]co Imens {]amWhntijs At]np icocns Ahv hbv Fv ]dbpp. B hbv Ahmt`ZwsImv _mew, a[yw. Pow Fo aqphn[nemIpp. AXn _memhv cv `mKapv. Hv ]Xn\mdv hbvhsc asddmv 30hbvhsc. AXn ]Xn\mdvhbv hsc [mXp]mIw thXpt]mse DmIpX. XSn aoibpw DmIpX. ]qamb _ew DmIpX. icocw I^{][m\ambncnpIbpw sNpw. CXn\ptijw apXv hbvhsc ckcmZn [mXpfpsS KpWw hnpXmIpp. Fm a\v anhmdpw AncambncnpIbpw sNpw. icocns a[yh 60hbvhscbmIpp. Cu Ahbn _ew, hocyw, ]ucpjw, ]cm{Iaw, {KlWin, [mcWmin, kvacWin, hN\in, hnm\w, ckcmZn Fm [mXppw KpWw Ch kanXnbnembncnpw. ]qamb _eapmIpw. a\v ncambncnpw. [mXpfpsS KpWw bnpX. icocw ]n{][m\ambncnpIbpw sNpw. 60hbn\ptijw ckcmZn [mXpfpw C{nbfpw _ew, hocyw, ]ucpjw, ]cm{Iaw, {KlWw, [mcWw, kvacWw, hN\w, hnm\w Ch bnpIbpw [mXpv KpWw IpdbpIbpw icocw hmX{][m\ambncnpIbpw sNpw. C{]Imcw {Ian bnpsImncnp icocn\v 100hbvhsc Pomh (hrmh) Fv ]dbpp. Cu Imev Bbpns {]amWw \qdphjamIpp. Fm a\pjy \qdphjne[nIhpw AXn Ipdpw Pohnppv. Ans\bphcpsS hnIrXnsb hnv {]IrXymZnIfpsS _ehntijtfsmpw eWtfsmpw Bbpns {]amWs a\nemnbnv aqmbn hn`PnWw. (AXmbXv {]IrXymZnIfpsS _ehntijwsImv 120hbvhsc PnhnphcpsS _memh 36hbvhtcbpw a[yh 72hbvhtcbpw Pomh 120hbv htcbpambn IWmWw. {]IrXymZnIfpsS a[y_ewsImv Bbpv 80hbmhpIbmsWn _memh 25hbpw a[ymh 50hbpw tijw Pomhbpw Bbn IWmWw. Bbpv CXnepw IpdbphcpsS hbns\ C{]Imcw aqmbn hn`PntXn.)

Ghw {]IrXymZo\mw hnIrXn hym\mw `mhm\mw {]hc a[ymhc hn`mtK\ _ehntijw hn`tPX. hnIrXn _ess{Xhnt[y\ Xp tZmj_ew {Xn\n[a\panbtX. XtXm t`jPky XoWarZpa[y hn`mtK\ {XnXzw hn`Py bYmtZmjw ss`jPyahNmctbZnXn.	134

C{]Imcw hnIrXn IqSmsX {]IrXymZn `mhfpsS _ehntijs {]hcw, a[yw, Ahcw Fo `mKfmbn hn`PnWw. hnIrXn _ess{Xhn[yw sImmIs tZmj_es aqmbn DulndnbWw. (AXmbXv tcmKn\v _ew IqSpXemsWn hmXmZntZmjv _ew IqSpXemsWpw a[yamsWn a[yamsWpw tcmKn\v _ew IpdhmsWn hmXmZntZmjpw _ew IpdhmsWpw DulndnbWsaw.) AXn\ptijw Huj[s XovWw, arZp, a[yw Fo hn`mKfneqsS aqmbn hn`Pnnv AXmXv tZmjn\pkcn Huj[w {]tbmKnWw. (AXmbXv tZmjw {]hcamsWn XovWuj[hpw a[yamsWn a[yHuj[hpw AhcamsWn arZzuj[hpw {]tbmKnWsaw.)

Bbpjx {]amWm\tltXmx ]p\cn{ntbjpPmXn kq{Xotb N eWm\yp]tZyt.	135

Bbpns {]amWs Adnbphm\mbn C{nbm\nepw imcocm\nse PmXn kq{Xobmymbnepw eW ]dbppv.

Imex ]p\x kwhkcmmXpcmhm N X{X kwhktcm Zzn[m {Xn[m tjmVm ZzmZi[m `qbivNm]yXx {]hn`PytX XImcya`nkaoy; XwXp Jep Xmh tjmVm {]hn`Py Imcyap]tZytXtlatm {Kojvtam hjmivtNXn iotXmjvW hj evWmkv{Xb EXthm `hn. tXjmatcjznXtc km[mcW eWmkv{Xb EXhx {]mhrSv icZzkm CXn, {]mhrUnXn{]Yax {]hrjvtSxImex Xkym\p_tmln hjm GhtatX kwtim [\a[nIrXy jSv hn`Pyt EXhmx.	136

ImeamIs kwhcsapw BXpcmhm Fpw cphn[nemIpp. AXn kwhkcs cv hn[ambpw aqv hn[ambpw Bdvhn[ambpw ]{v hn[ambpw hopw AXmXns Imcyw t\mn hn`PntXmIpp. (cmbn kwhkcs hn`PnXv 1Dcmb\w, 2ZnWmb\w. aqmbn hn`PnXv 1ioXw, 2DjvWw, 3hjw. Bdmbn hn`PnXv EXpt`tZ\bmIpp. ]{mbn hn`PnXv amkt`tZ\bmIpp.) kwhkcs Bdmbn hn`PnXns Imcyw ]dpXcmw. tlaw, {Kojva, hjw Fo aqv EXp ioXw, DjvWw, hjw Fo aqv eWtfmSpIqSnb aqv EXpfmIpp. CXns at[y km[mcW eWtfmSpIqSnb aqv EXp Dv. 1{]mhrSv, 2icXv, 3hkw. hkn\v app EXphn\v {]hrSv Fv ]dbpp. {]mhrSn\ptijw hjImew hcpp. kwtim[\ Imcys eyw hpIv C{]Imcw Bdv EXpsf hn`Pnncnpp. (AXmbXv 1{]hrSv, 2hjw, 3icXv, 4tlaw, 5hkw, 6{Kojvaw. addv Imcyv thnbp EXp 1. hjw, 2. icXv, 3. tlaw, 4. inincw, 5. hkw, 6. {Kojvaw Fn{]ImcamIpp.)

X{X km[mcW etWjp EXpjp ha\mZo\mw {]hrn aiotXmjvWhjXzm kpJXam `hyhnI]Im icocuj[m\mw, CXtc ]p\cXy iotXmjvW hjXzmZv ZpxJXam `hn hnI]Im icocuj[m\mw.	137

Bdv EXpfnhv km[mcWeWtfmSpIqSnbXmb ({]mhrSv, icXv, hkw) EXpfn ha\mZn kwtim[\ {]hrn sNtXmIpp. addp (hjw, tlaw, {Kojvaw) EXpfn kwtim[\{InbI sNm ]mSpX. km[mcW eWtfmSpIqSnb EXp iotXmjvWhjns Aev]X\nanw icocn\v kpJIcambnpXpw Huj[v hyXymkapmImXpw BIpp. addp (hjtla{Kojva) EXp iotXmjvWhj IqSpXepmhpI\nanw icocn\v ZpxJIcambnpXpw Huj[v `mhmcapmpXpw Bbncnpw.

X{X tlat lyXnam{X iotXm]lX Xzmcoca kptJm]]w `hXyXn ioXhmXm[vamXaXn ZmcpWo`qXam_ tZmjw N, t`jPw ]p\x kwtim[\mapjvW kz`mhw iotXm]lXXzm ahocyXzam]ZytX Xkvamtbmx kwtbmtK kwtim[\atbmKmtbm]]ZytX, icoca]n NhmtXm]{Zhmb; {Kojvta ]p\`rtimjvtWm] lXXzmcocakptJm]]w `hXypjvW hmXmX]m[vamX aXninYneaXy {]hneo\ tZmjw, t`jPw ]p\x kwtim[\mapjvW kz`mhapjvWm\pKa\moW XcXzam]ZytX. XkvamSbmx kwtbmtK kwtim[\aXntbmKmtbm]]ZytX, icoca]n ]n]mtkm]{Zhmb; hjmkp Xp taLPmemhtX KqVmN{Xmtc [mcmIptehnbXn `pau]P]Se kwhrXmbmaXytm]Ivfn icotcjp `qtXjp hnjXkz`mthjp N tIhtejzuj[{Kmtajp tXmb tXmbZm\pKXamcpX kwkmZv Kpcp{]hro\n ha\mZo\n `hn, Kpcpkapm\m\n N icocmWn, XkvamZza\mZo\mw \nhrn hn[obmX hjmtjp EXpjp \ tNZmXybnIv Iw BXybntI ]p\x ImWn ImaarXpw hnI]y Ir{Xna KptWm][mt\\ bYpKpW hn]cotX\ ss`jPyw kwtbmK kwkvImc {]amW hnIt]t\m]]mZy {]amW hocykaw IrIzm XXx {]tbmPtbZpta\ bXvt\\mhlnXx.	138

tlaEXphn AXy[nIw ioXwsImv ]oUnXamhpI\nanw icocn\v kpJw DmIpX. AXyw ioXfamb hmbp \ndncnpIbmsWn AXnZmcpWambncnpIbpw hmXmZntZmj icocn XSp\nevpIbpw sNpw. kwtim[\mw D]tbmKnp Huj[fmIs DjvWkz`mhapXmIpp. AXv ioXwsImp BLmXw \nanw ahncyapXmbnocpp. AXpsImv icocns AkpJhpw Huj[ns ahocyhpw \nanw kwtim[\w AtbmKambnocpp. icochpw hmtXm]{ZhapXmbnocpp.

{KojvaEXphn AXyw NqSvsImv ]oUnXamhpI\nanw icocn\v kpJapmIpX. AXyw NqSpXmb ImddvsImpw shbnevsImpw \ndncnbm icocw IqSpX inYneamhpIbpw icocn tZmj IqSpX {Zho`qXambncnpIbpw sNpp. kwtim[\mbp]tbmKnp Huj[w DjvWkz`mhapXmIpp. AXv NqSns kwtbmKw sImv IqSpX XovWXbpXmbnocpp. AXpsImv A{]Imcap icocntbpw Huj[nsbpw kwtbmKn kwtim[\w AXntbmKambnocpXmWv. icochpw Zmlns D]{Zhn\v ImcWambnocpXmWv.

hjEXphnemIs BImiw taLmhrXambncnbm kqcyN{mtcbpw \{Xtfbpw ImWm IgnbmXmhpIbpw hmbpaWvUew Pe[mcsImv hym]vXambncnpIbpw `qanbn sNfnbpw shhpw \ndncnpIbpw sNpXpsImv PohnIfpsS icocw AXyw nambnocpIbpw shhpw taLhpw \ndncnbm AhbpsS kwkwsImv Fmhn[ Huj[fpsS kz`mhw \jvSambnocpIbpw sNpp. AXpsImv kwtim[\w ITn\ambnocpp. icochpw tcmKImcWn\v KpcpXzapXmbnocpIbpw sNpp. AXpsImv tla{KojvahjEXpfn ASnbncNnIn sNt tcmKambmt]mepw ha\mZn tim[\{InbI sNcpsXv hn[nncnpp. Fm ASnbncambn tim[\{Inb sNtXmbn hm AXmXv EXpv hn]coXamb KpWsf Ir{Xnaambpmnbpw (AXmbXv DjvWImev [mcmKrlnepw ioXImev Ddbnepw hjImev AXn\\pkcnpw tcmKnsb XmaknnpsImpw) Huj[ns kwtbmKw, kwkvImcw, {]amWw Ch EXphn]coXn\pkcnp hyXymksSpnbpw Huj[ns Afhpw hocyhpw EXphn]coXn\v kaamnbpw sshZy icnbmb {]bXv\neqsS AXmXv ExXp\pkcnhn[nep tim[\{Inb {]tbmKnWw.

BXpcmhmkz]nXp ImcymImcyw {]XnImemIme kwm. XZyYmAkymamhmbmaky t`j Pky Imtem ƒ Imex ]p\ctkyXn, GXZ]n ln `hXyhm hntitjW, XkvamZmXpcmhmkz]nln ImeImemkwm. Xky ]comaplpplp cmXpcky kmhm hntijmthWw bYmhZv t`jP{]tbmKmw, \ lyXn]XnXImea{]m]vXImew hm t`jPap]bpPyam\w buKnIw `hXn;Imtem ln ss`jPy {]tbmK ]cym]vXna`n\nbXn.	139

tcmKnbpsS AhbnemIs Imcynembmepw AImcynembmepw Hmtcmnepw Imew AImew Fo kwmhntijw Dv. AXv F{]ImcsamPzcw apXemb tcmKns Bamhbn AXn\v Cn Huj[fpsS Imea Cn Huj[fpsS ImeamWv Fn{]ImcamIpp. Fm CXpw Ahmhntijn \n`camIpp. AXmbXv GtXXhbn GtXXuj[w sImSpWw apXembh. AXpsImv tcmKnbpsS Ahbnepw Imew AImew F kwmhntijw Dv. AXns ]co C{]ImcamIpp. hn[n{]Imcw tcmKnv Huj[w sImSpphm\mbn tcmKnbpsS Fm Ahmhntijtfbpw IqsSqsS t\mn a\nemWw. ImcWw Huj[w sImSptp Imen\v aptm Imew IgnXn\ptimjtam Huj[w sImSppXmbm AXpsImv {]tbmP\w DmIpX. ImeamIs Huj[{]tbmKns ^eknnsb DmpXmWv.

{]hrnkvXp {]XnI kamcw`; XkyeWw`njKmXpcuj[ ]cnNmcImWmw {InbmkamtbmKx.	140

NnInbpsS kamcw`n\v {]hrn Fv ]dbpp. AXns eWw C{]ImcamIpp. sshZy, tcmKn, Huj[w, ]cnNmcI Fnh thXpt]mse tNnp {]h\amIpp.

D]mbkvXp `njKmZo\mw kujvTha`nk\ [m\ kayIv. XkyeWw `njKmZo\mw btYmKpW kZv`n tZiIme{]amWkmy{InbmZn`n.knnImcssWxkayKp]]mZnXkyuj[kymhNmcWanXn.	141

D]mbw Fm sshZymZn NXpjv]mZfpsS thXpt]msebp {]ikvXXbpw tZiImemZnItf At]np Xev]cXbpw BIpp. AXns eWw C{]ImcamIpp. `njKmZn NXpjv]mZ JpUvVmINXpjv]mZm[ymbn ]d KpWkarntbmSpIqSnbpmbncnpIbpw tZiw, Imew, {]amWw, kmyw, {]hrn apXembh ^eknnv ImcWambncnpIbpw thXpt]mse BtemNnp Huj[w {]tbmKnpIbpw sNpXv D]mbamIpp.

GhtatX Zi]coyhntijmx ]rYIv ]rYIv ]conXhym `hn. ]combmkvXpJep {]tbmP\w {]Xn]nm\w. {]Xn]n \ma bkvXp hnImtcm bYm{]Xn]hykvXky XYm\pjvTm\m\w.	142

C{]Imcw Cu ]v ]condntbXmb hntij {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]constSXmIpp. ]cosImp {]tbmP\amIs {]Xn]nm\amIpp. GXv tcmKw F{]Imcw AdnbsSppthm B tcmKn\v AXn\\pkcnhn[nep D]{IamZnIsf sNphm\p Adnhn\v {]Xn]n Fv ]dbpp.

b{X Jep ha\mZo\mw {]hrnb{X N \nhrnkvXZzmkXx knnjp DcImeap]tZytX kw. {]hrn \nhrn eW kwtbmtK Jep KpcpemLhw kw{][mcy kayK[yhtkyZ\yXc \njvTmbmw. kn ln hym[bx imkvt{XjpkKm]hmssZcp]{Iaw {]Xn \nnjvSmx. XkvamZv Kpcp emLhw kw{][mcy kayK[yhmkyZnXypw.	143

ha\mZn kwtim[\ {InbI FhnsS {]tbmKnWw FhnsS {]tbmKnmXncnWw FpXv Fmw hnkvXcnp knnm\n ]dbppv. Hcp tcmKnbn ha\mZnIfpsS {]hrn eWhpw \nhrneWhpw an{inXambnm AhnsS tcmKns KpcpemLhs \Xpt]mse t\mnbnv {]hrntbm \nhrntbm GXmWv thsXv DdpXocpam\nWw. (AXmbXv Hcp tcmKnbn Hcp tcmKn\v ha\mZnI kzoImcyhpw asddmcp tcmKn\v ha\mZnI \njnhpambnm AhnsS cntbpw KpcpemLhs t\mnbnv KpcpXzn\pkcn ha\mZnI XpItbm sImpItbm sNWsaw) ImcWw imkv{Xfn tcmKp AXmXv NnInkmhn[nI kzoIcnXmbpw \ntj[nXmbpw \ntinspImWmw. AXpsImv tcmKw an{inXambnmWptm AXns KpcpemLhs \Xpt]mse Nnnnv GXmWv sNtXv GXmWv sNmXncntXv F Hcp \nnXamb Xocpam\nseWw.

bm\n Xp Jep ha\mZnjp t`jP{ZhymWyp]tbmKw Kn Xm\y\phymJymkyt; XZyYm^ePoaqX tIzmIp [mamh IpSPZ IrXth[\^em\n; ^ePoaqXItIzmIp[mamh ]pjv]]{XmWn; BcKz[ hrI aZ\ kzmZpII ]mTm ]mSem imMjvSm aqmk]vX] \ ame ]nNpa ]tSme kpjhnKpUqNn Nn{XImtkm ah iXmhco Zzo]n in{KpaqeIjmssb, a[pI a[qItImhnZmc I_pZmc \o] \nNpf _nw_oiW]pjv]o {]XyIv]pjv]o kZm]pjv]o Ijmssb GemltcWp{]nbwKp ]rYzoIm IpkvXpw_pcp XKc\fw {lot_c Xmentkmioc Ijmssb CpImWvtUzn phmenImZ`t]mSKfImewIrXIjmssb kkpa\m kua\kymb\o lcn{ZmZmcp lcn{Zm hroc ]p\hm almklmp{Z klmIjmssb, imevaeo imevaeI `{Z]ss cm]ypt]mZntImmf [\z\cmPmZt\m]Nn{XmtKm]n irwKmSnIm Ijmssb, ]neo ]neoaqeNhy Nn{XI irwKthc kj] ^mWnX oc mcehtWmZssI, bYmem`w btYjvSw hm]yp]kwkvIrXy hn{Inbm ]qmhtel kvt\l Ijmbamwkck bhmKq bqjImw_fnI otcm]t[bm tamSIm A\ymw `y{]Imcm\\phn[mb bYmlw ha\mlmb ZZymZzn[nhZza\w. CXn I] kw{Ktlm ha\ {ZhymWmw. I]kvtXzjmw hnkvXtctWmnIme ap]tZytX.	144

ha\mZnIfn GsXmw Huj[{Zhy D]tbmKneptm Ahsb Fmw hnhcnpp. AXv F{]Imcsamaemcbv, tZhXmfn, Ib]pcw, ISemSn, ISIme, Xpfmocw ChbpsS ^efpw aemcbv, tZhXmfn, Ibv]pcw, ISemSn, ISIme, Xpfmocw ChbpsS Cebpw ]pjv]fpw ha\mw D]tbmKnWw. (aemcbv, tZhXmfn, Ibv]pcw, ISemSn, ChbpsS ^e]{X]pjv]fpw ISIme, Xpfmocw ChbpsS ^ew am{Xambpw ha\nmbn D]tbmKnWw. sIm, ISIme, aemcbvm, hXIv, (sRcnn) ]mSngv, ]mXncn, In, s]cppdp, Ggneme, Dv, thv, ]tSmew, ]pmn, NnddarXv, tXmacmbn, sImSpthcn, IImcnp, apcnthcv, ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw tX, Ccn, shfpamcw, Nph amcw, ISv, hn, tImh, iW]pjv]n, kZm]pjv]n, ISemSn, ChbpsS Ijmbw sImpw Gecn, AtcWpIw, Rmgqhv, Nntddew, sImmecn, XIcw, PSmamn, Ccpthcn, Xmeok]{Xw, cmaw ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw Cp, ImWvtUjp, Cp_menI Fo aqpXcw Icnv, Z`, thgpv, s]mmhocw ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw, ]nIqhv, ]nIsamv, a, aca, sXgpXma, Nph sXgpXma, Impgpv, Imp]bdv, ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw, Cehn]i, tcmlnXIw, {]kcmWn, Ac, hjfoc, \dphcn, [\z\w, cPmZ\w, Hmcnethcv, \mdn, irwKmSnIm ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw, Xnen ImpXnenthcv, ImpapfInthcv, sImSpthcn, Npv, ISpIv, \onc, ]m, mcw Dv ChbpsS shwsImpw Ch InmhptStmfw FSppw Bhiyn\pkcnv kwkvIcnpw hn{Inb, Nqw, Ahtelw, s\v, Ijmbw, amwkckw, In, [m\ybqjw, Imw_fnI, ]mjmbw, tamZIw Chtbmbpw addv hn[nep `W]Zmtfbpw Dmn OnntXmb tcmKnv AXmXm\pkcnhn[n sImSpp hn[n{]Imcw OnnWw. CXv ha\{ZhyfpsS Iev]ns NpcpamIpp. Cu ha\Iev]s hnkvXcnp Iev]m\n hnhcnppv.

hntcN\ {ZhymWnXpiymam{XnhrXpcwKpe XnezI almhr k]vXem iwJn\oSo {Zho\mw ocaqeXzI ]{X ]pjv]^em\nbYmtbmKw ssXkvssXx oc hnIvfn]vXm hnIvfn]vssXx aqeXzIv]{X]pjv]^sse APKmPirwKo ocnWo \oen\o IvfoXI Ijmssb, {]IotcymZIocym akqchnZfmInI hnUwK Khmo Ijmssb, ]oep ]nbmf arZzoImImivacy ]cqjI _Zc ZmUnamaeI lcnXIo hn`nXI hroc]p\hm hnZmcnKmZn Ijmssb, ko[pkpcmkuhocI XptjmZI ssatcb taZIaZncm a[pa[qeI [m\ymavf Iqeh _ZcJpc Ip ko[p`n,k Z[nZ[naWvtUmZiznZv`n, tKmalnjyPmho\mwNoc ocaqss{X bYmem`w btYjvSw hm ]yp] kwkvIrXy hn{Inbm Nqmkh tel kvt\l Ijmb amwkckbqj Imw_fnI bhmKqotcm]t[bm tamZIm\\ymw `y{]Imcm hnhn[mw tbmKm\\phn[mb bYmlw hntcN\mlmb ZZymZv hntcN\anXn I]kw{Kltlm hntcN\{ZhymWmw. I]kvtXzjm, hnkvXtcW bYmhZpcImeap]tZytX.	145

hntcN\{Zhy\mevtmsm, {XntIm]sm, BhWv, In, In, k]vXfm, iwJp]pjv]w, \mKZn, \ohmfw ChbpsS ]m, thcv, sXmen, Ce, Imb, ]pjv]w Ch Xmsg]dbp AXmXv Ijmbn ocapeXzv ]{X]pjv] AXmXn\v tbmPnp hn[n FSpp tNp hn{InbmZnIsf \nnp hntcN\ml\p sImSpp hntcNnnWsaw. BSv\mdnthf, Aappcw, ISirwKn, \neme, Aacn, Ccna[pcw, ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw, Bhn, Dv, {XntImp, Inme, hogmecn, Impshcn ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw DImb, apcacmb, apncn, IapZnImb, anddo, epcp, Ddpamgw, s\n, ISp, Xm\n, shfp sXgpXma, Nph sXgpXma, hnZmcnKmZn ]Kv acppI AYhm Ziaqew, ChbpsS IjmbwsImpw ko[paZyw, kpcmaZyw, kuhncaZyw, tX, a[qeIw, shpImSo, henb epcp, sNdnbepcp, Cugw, Ip (HcpXcw e) ChsImpw ssXcv, ssXcns shw, tamcv ChsImpw, ]ip, Fcpa, tImemSv, sNcnbmSv ChbpsS ]m, aq{Xw FnhsImpw Ch InmhptStmfw FSppw Bhiyn\pkcnp kwkvIcnpw hn{Inb, Nqw, telw, s\v, Ijmbw, amwkckw, [m\ybqjw, Imw_fnI In, ]mjmbw, tamZIw Chtbbpw addv hn[nep `W]Zmtfbpw Dmn hntcNnntXmb tcmKnv AXmXm\pkcn hn[n sImSpp hn[n{]Imcw hntcNnnWw. CXv hntcN\{Zhy Iev]ns NpcpamIpp. Cu hntcN\Iev]s hnkvXcnp Iev]m\n hnhcnppv.

Bm]t\jp Xp `qbnjvT I]m\n{ZhymWn bm\n bm\n tbmKa]bmn tXjp tXjzhmtcjzmXpcmWmw Xm\n{ZhymWn \matXm hnkvXtctWm]Zniyam\m\y ]cnkwtJybm\n kyqcXn_lpXzm, CjvSm\Xn kwt] hnkvXtcm]tZikvXt{ CjvSw N ssIhew m\w, Xkvam{Zkh Ghw Xm\y\phymJymkyt.	146

IjmbhkvXnIfn At\Iw {ZhyIev] tcmKnIfpsS AhmhyXymkn\pkcnp AXmXpIfn {]tbmKntXmbpv. B {Zhysf t]scSpp hnkvXcnp ]dbpIbmsWn At\Iw DXpsImv FnIWmm IgnbmXmIpp. imkv{Xn A[nIw NpcpmsXbpw A[nIw hnkvXcnmsXbpw ]dbpXmWnjvSw. Fm apgph AdnbpXpw CjvSamWv. AXpsImv ckZzmcm Ahsb D]tZinpXcmw. (ckZzmcm D]tZinpXmbm GdpIbpw IpdbpIbpw sNmsX Bm]\hkvXnbpsS apgph hnhchpw {Klnmsaw.)

ckkwk kahmb hnI] hnkvXtcm tlyjma]cnkwtJybmx, kathXm\mw ckm\mawimwi _ehnI]mXn _lpXzm. XkvamZv {ZhymWmw ss]ItZiapZmlcWmw ctkjz\phn`Py csskssIItXz\ ckssIhtey\ N \maeWmw jUmm]\kvIm cktX ƒ\p hn`Py hymJymkyt. jUv hn[amm]\taIckanXymNmX `njPkvXZv Zp`Xaw kwkrjvSck `qbnjSvXzmZv {ZhymWmw. Xkvam a[pcmWn a[pc {]mbmWn a[pchn]mIm\n a[pc{]`mh {]mbmWy]n N a[pckvIt a[pcmtWyh IrtXzm]mZyt. XtYXcmWn {ZhymWy]n XZyYOmPohIj`Iu Poho hocmXmaeIn ImwImfo ocImtImfo A`ocpapZvK]oamj]o ime]o ]riv\n]otaZm almtaZm ISirwKo irwKmSnIm Oncplm O{XmXnO{X {imhWn alm{imhWo kltZhm hniztZhm ipIvfm ocipIvfm _emXn_em hnZmcn ochnZmco almklmp{Z kljyKm AizKm ]bkym hroc ]p\hm _rlXo IImcn ssIcWvU tamcS izZwjv{Sm kwljm iXmhco iX]pjv]m a[qI]pjv]o bjvSoa[ a[qenImx,arZzoIm Jqc]cqjImKp]vXm ]pjvIc_oP IticpIcmPIticpI cmPmZ\ IXIImivacy ioX ]mtIymZ\]mIo XmeJqcakvXtIznp _menImZ` IpiImi imenKpt{SI icaqe cmP]Ijyt{]mmx, ZzmcZm `mcZzmPo h\{X]pjy`ocp]{Xolwk]mZo ImI\mknIm IpenwKmn ocho It]mXho tKm]ho a[pho tkmahotNXn. Gjmtahw hn[mmt\yjmw a[pch ]cnkwJymXm\mauj[ {ZhymWw. tOZym\n JWvU itZbnXzm t`Zym\nNmWptim t`ZbnXzm {]mfy ]m\otb\ kp {]mfnXmbmw meymw kamhm]y ]bkmtmZtI\m`ymknNy km[tbZv Zhym kXXahL`b. XZp]bpw `qbnjvSaw`kn KXctkjzujt[jp ]bkn Nm\p]ZKvtmeoa]lrXy ]cn{kpXw ]qXw]bx kptJmjvWw LrXssXehkm a ehW^mWntXm]lnXw hkvXnw hmXhnImcntW hn[nt hn[nhZv ZZym. kpioXp a[pkn`ymw D]kwkvIrXy ]nhnImcntW ZZym. CXn a[pckvIx.	147

Fm Cu Bm]\{ZhyfpsS ckns kwk kahmbhnIev] hnkvXcnpIbmsWn AkwJyambncnpw. ImcWw kwbpckfpsS Awimwi_e hyXymk hfsc IqSpX Dv. (AXmbXv an{ickfpsS lo\w, lo\Xcw, lo\Xaw, a[yw, a[yXcw, a[yXaw, A[nIw, A[nIXcw, A[nIXaw apXemb Awimwi_e hyXymk hfsc IqSpXepsw.) AXpsImv Bm]\{ZhyfpsS GXm\pw `mKw thXpt]msebp DZmlcWmw Bdv ckfnembn hn`Pnnv Hmtcm ckfneqsSbpw t]cns\ At]npw eWs At]npw Bdv Bm]\ kvIfmbn (Hcp henb hrns Bdv henb imJI Ft]mse) AXmXv ckn\pkcnp hn`Pnnv hnhcnpp. (1a[pckvIw, 2ehWkvIw, 3AkvIw, 4ISpkvIw, 5XnkvIw, 6IjmbkvIw.) Cu Bdvhn[nep Bm]\w Hmtcm cksfsmv sNbvXpIqsS Fv sshZym ]dtpw. AXv {ZhyfpsS kwkrjvS ck`qbnjSw \nanambpw GIck{Zhyw Gddhpw Zp`ambXpsImpw F{Xbpw ITn\amIpp. AXpsImv a[pcw, a[pc{][m\w, hn]mIn a[pcw, a[pc{]`mhw ChtbmSpIqSnbXmb {Zhysfsbmw a[pcambns IWmnbnv Cu a[pckvIn Bm]\n\mbn D]tZinsSpp. A{]Imcw ehWmZn addv Av cktfmSpIqSnb {Zhytfbpw IWmtXmWv. AXn a[pckvIwPohIw, CShIw, AS]Xnb, ]mapXpv, Iogms\n; ImtImfn, ocImtImfn, iXhmcn, Imp]bdv, Impgpv, Hmcne, aqhne, taZ, almtaZ, ISirwKn, irwKmSIw, NnddarXv, IqWv sNdpXpw hepXpw, {imhWn, alm{imhWn, kltZhm, hniztZhm, ]mapXpnIngv cn\w, Ipdptmn cn\w, hnZmcn, nchnZmcn, almklm, p{Zklm, hrZmcp, Aappcw, AS]Xnb(J]pjv]n), shfp sXgpXma, Nph sXgpXma, hhgpZn\, IImcnp, BhWv, s]cppdp, sRcnn, _mIw, iXmhcn, NXpIp, Ccnqhv, Ccna[pcw, a[penIm(Ccpa[pcw hIt`Zw) apncn, Cugw, Nnddov \mbnpcW, Xmacpcp, Ibnap, henbIbnap, acacmb, tXddmpcp, IanZpImb, ioX]mIn, HmZ\]mIn, XmeakvXIw, JpcakvXIw, Icnv, Cp_menI (hbpnthcv) Z`, Ipi, Icphncnv, hcns\nthcv, Gcw]pn, Gthcv, Agnnthcv, hhrnthcv apdptmn, ZzmcZm (]mcimIw), Imp]cpnthcv, h\{X]kn, (Nn`S), A`ocp]{Xn (iXmhcot`Zw) sNdppSn, Imsmn, IenKmn, ochn (ochnZmcnt`Zw) It]mXhn (sNdnb Gecn), \mdn, a[phn, (Ccna[pct`Zw), tkmaeX Chtbbpw CXpt]mse a[pchns]Sp addv Huj[{ZhytfbpwsImn \pdpth sImn\pdpnbpw ]nfthsb hfsc sNdpXmbn ]nfpw \ ipPen IgnIpsbSpnv \hwIgpInhrnbmnb Hcp ]m{Xnenp AXn]IpXn shw tN ]m{Zhyns Fncn tNp \nccw InepsImnfn ]mIw sNWw. `qcn`mKw IpdpIn Huj[ckw Ijmbnendnbm (\mensemmbm) ASpn\nndnhp Ijmbs XpWnsIn AcnsSpWw. AXn s\v, F, hk, a, Cpv, \onin Ch bYmhn[n tNp tbmPnnp hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hmXhnImcn hn[n{]Imcw anXamb NqSn hkvXn sNWw. ]nhnImcn Ijmbw \hw XWpm tX\pw s\pwtNp hkvXn sNWw. CXmWv a[pckvIw.

B{am{amXI eIpN Ica hrmavfmavfthXk Iphe_ZcZmUna amXpfpwK IcocImaeI XnnSnI ioXI ZissTcmhXI tImim{a [\zm\m\mw ^em\n,]{XmWn NmivaI NmtMcoWmw NXpn[m\m AavfnIm\mw Zzmbm tImetbmpaipj ItbmZztbm ipjvImavfnItbm{KmaymcWytbmx. Bkh{ZhymWn N kpcmkuhocI XptjmZI ssatcb taZIaZncm a[pip ko[pZ[n aWvtUmZiznm\ymavfmZo\nN. Gjmtahw hn[m\mmt\yjmaavf h]cnkwJymXm\mw Huj[{ZhymWmw tOZym\n JWvUix tOZbnXzm t`Zym\nNmWptimt`ZbnXzm {Zsshyx nXm\nAhknNykm [bntXzm]kwkvIrXy bYmh ssXehkma[p aehW^mWntXm]lnXw kptJmjvWw hkvXnw hmXhnImcntW hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZymZv CXyavfkvIx	148

AkvIam, Ag, Abn\n, s]cpwmhv, Aev]a[pcap acpfn, ]pfnhnmb, henb epcp, sNdnb epcp, Ddpamgw, amXfn\mc, Icocw, s\n, \oXIw, ioXIw, acpfn, sNdp\mc, \mc, tImim{aw, [\z\w Fo ^efpw AivaIntbpw ]pfnbmcentbpw \mephn[w ]pfnIfptSbpw cphn[w ebpsSbpw DWnbXpw DWmXpw \mS]pfnbptSbpw ImS]pfnbptSbpw DWnbXpamb CeIfpw, kpcm, kuhocw, AcnSn, ssatcbw, taZIw, aZncm, a[pipw, ko[p, ssXcns sXfn, tamcv, shpImSn Fo Bkh{Zhyfpw CXpt]mse Ahn s]Sp addv Huj[{Zhytfbpw \pdpth \pdpnbpw ]nfth ]nfpw kpcmkuhncmZnIfn tNp Ijmbw sh \mensemmbm ]ngncnp AXn, hn[n{]Imcw ssXehkma[paehW^mWnX tNp tbmPnnp hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hmXhnImcn hn[n{]Imcw anXamb NqSn hkvXn sNWw. CXmWv AkvIw.

sskh kuheImehnU]mIy Iq]y_mepssIe aueI kmap{ZcuaIuZv`n Zujc]mtSbI ]mwipPmt\yhw {]ImcmWn Nm\ym\n ehWh]cnkwJymXm\n GXm\yavtfm]lnXm\ypjvtWmZtIm]lnXm\nhm kvt\lhn kptJmjvWw hkvXnw hmXhnImcntWm hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZym. CXnehW kvI.	149

Cpv, kuheDv, Imcpv, hnfbpv, ]mIyehWw, Iq]yehWw, _mepIw, sFew, aueIw kmap{Zw, tcmaIw, HuZv`nZw, Dujcw, ]mtSbIw, ]mwipPw Fo DpIfpw (Ch anXpw AXmXv tZitcnt\mSv tNnp t]cmIpp.) CXpt]mse ehWhns]Sp addv ehWfpw ta]d Afntem NqSp shntem Ien AXn hn[n{]Imcw ssXemZnI tNp tbmPnnp anXamb NqSn hmXhnImcn hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hn[{]mImcw hkvXn sNWw. CXmWv ehWkvIw.

]neo ]neoaqelkvXn ]neo NhyNn{XI irwKthc acn]mPtamZm{ZI hnUwIpkvXpw_ycp]o eptXPkznt\yemIpjvT`mXImn lnwKp{ZpInenaaqeI kj]mWmw, eip\IcRvP in{Kp in{KpIJc]pjv] `qkvXrW kpapJ kpckmI ImWvPoc ImeameI ]mkhI ^WnXv[ mcaq{X]nm\m. Ghw hn[m\mmt\yjmw ISpI h ]cnkwJybmXm\mauj[{ZhymWmw tOZym\n JWvUix tOZbntXzm]kwkvIrXy bYmh a[pssXe ehtWm]lnXw kptJmjvWw hkvXnw ivtfjva hnImcntW hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZymZv CXn ISpIkvx	150

Xnen, ImpXnenthcv, Annen, ImpapfInthcv, sImSpthcnngv, Npv, IpcpapfIv, AbtamZIw, Cn, hngmecn, sImmecn, ]oep (Imnpcp), sNdppbcn, Gecn, sImw, `mXImn, Imbw, tZhXmcw, apn, ISpIv Chbpw shfppn, Dv, apcn, ]p\apcn, ISemSn, ]qXWv, kpapJw, kpckw, BIw, ImWvUocw, Imeamew, ]mkw, hIw, ^WnIw (kpapJw apX ^WnIwhscbpXv Xpfkot`ZfmWv.) mcw, aq{Xw, ]nw Chbpw CXpt]mse ISphns] addv {Zhyfpw apdntXv apdnpw ]nftXv ]nfpw tKmaq{Xn Ijmbw shp ]ngncnp AXn hn[n{]Imcw a[pssXeehWfpw tNp tbmPnnp I^hoImcn anXamb NqSn hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hn[n{]Imcw hkvXn sNWw. CXmWv ISpIkvIw.

N\\fZ IrXame\ame \nw_Xpw_pcp IpSP lcn{Zm Zmcplcn{ZmapkvX aqm IncmX XnI ISptcmlnWo {XmbamWm IcocmWmw, IchoctIhpIITnI hrja[p]o ItmSI hmmIpIi ImIamNoImcthImtImSpw_cnIm kpjhyXnhnjm]tSmeIqWI ]mTmKpVqNo th{Xm{K thXk hnIX _Ipf tkmah k]vX]kpat\m ƒmh KpPhNm XIcmKpcp {lot_ tcmiocmWmw. Ghw hn[m\mmt\yjmw Xnh ]cnkwJymXm\m auj[{ZhymWmw tOZym\nN JWvUix tOZbnXzmt`Zym\nNmWptim t`ZbnXzm {]mfy ]m\otb\m`yknNy km[bntXzm kwkvIrXy bYmh a[pssXeehtWm]lnXw kptJmjvWw hkvXnw ivtfjva hnImcntW hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZym. ioXp a[pkn`ymap]kwkrPy ]nhnImcntW hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZym. CXn XnkvIx.	151

N\w, PSmamn, sIm, Dv, thv, sIman, ISIme, a, aca, ap, s]cppdp, ]pcnp, ISptcmlnWn, {_n, Icocw Chbpw Ichncw, tIhpIw, sXgpXma, BStemSIw, NnddarXv, Ipcp]mh, hgpZn\, InIw, Icnmfn, ]mhbv, Imn, ]pmn, AXnhSbw, Imp]tSmew, ]tSmew, ]mSngv, Nqc, Iqv, hn, sshbXIv, Fcnn, tXmacmbn (hnJZncw) Ggneme, ]nIw, Fcnv, ImtImInecn, hbv, XcIw AIn, Ccpthcn, cmaw Chbpw CXpt]msebp Xnhns] addv Huj[{Zhyfpw XdntXv Xdnpw IotdXv Iodnbpw IgpIn hrnbmn ipPen Ijmbw shp AcnsSpp hn[n{]Imcw a[pssXe ehW tNp tbmPnnp I^tcmKnbn anXamb NqSn hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hn[n{]Imcw hkvXnsNWw. Cu Ijmbw Xs \hw XWpm tX\pw s\pw tNp tbmPnnp ]ntcmKnbn hkvXnhn[n Adnbp sshZy hn[n{]Imcw hkvXnsNWw. CXmWv XnkvI.

{]nbwKz\m{amyw _jvTIo ISzwK tem{tamNck kawKm[mXIo ]pjv]]m ]tIkc Pw_zm{a]vf hSI]oXt\mZpw_cmiz `mXImyivaI incoj inwi]mtkmah XnpIm\mw, ]nbmf_ZcJZnc k]vX]mizmIky\mp\mk\mcn tassZehmepI]cnthehIZw_a IoPnwKn\o Imi IticpImcmP IticpImI^ehwi ]ImtimIm\mw, ime[hk `qmk\Jc ]pjv]m iao amNo IhcI XhpwKmPImizIk ^qI hn`oXI Ip`nI ]pjvIc_oP hnkarWmf XpeJc XcpWo\mw, Ghw hn[m\mm\yjmw Ijmbh]cnkwJymXm\mauj[{ZhymWmw tOZym\n N JWvUix tOZbnXzm t`Zym\n NmWptim t`ZbnXzm {]mfy ]m\otb\m`ymknNy km[bntXzm ]kwkvIrXy bYmh a[pssXe ehtWm]lnXw kptJmjvWw hkvXnw ivtfjva hnImcntW hn[ntm hn[nhZv ZZym. ioXp a[pkn`ymap]kwkrPy ]nhnImcntW hn[nh ZZym. CXn Ijmb kvIx.	152

Rmgqhv, sImSnqhthcv, abn, ]mSngv, ]mXncn, ]mtmddn, Cehn]i,. ]Sp, XmXncnqhv, Xmac, Xmacbn, Rmh]gw, amgw, Imev, Bev, Cn, An, Acbmev, tNpcpcnv, apfwmiv, s\t\nhmI, Ccq, tXmhcmbn, (shfpIcnmen) ]\nn Chbpw apcacw, e, Icnmen, Ggneme, s]cpacpXv, sXmSpImc, \oacpXv, th, ]qmdn, GemhmepIw, Ibnap, IpapZv, apf, ]XpapIw, AtimIw, Chbpw ]bn, Ra, ]bn, ]qXWv, th, BSp\mdnthf, hnaX, amNnIw, hcIv, ]p, kmet`Zw, acpXv, kv^qw XnpIt`Zw) Xm\n, ]Xncn, Xmacpcp, Xmacngv, Xmachf, ]\, C\, sNdnb \mKZn Chbpw CtX hn[nep Ijmbhns]Sp addv Huj[{Zhyfpw Xdnth Xdnpw Iotdh sNdpXmbnodnbpw IgpInhrnbmn hn[n{]Imcw Ijmbw shsSpp hn[n{]Imcw a[pssXe ehW tNp kpJamb NqSn I^hnImcn hn[n{]Imcw hkvXn sNWw. Cu Ijmbw \hw XWpm tX\pw s\pw tNp ]nhnImcn hkvXn sNWw. C{]ImcamWv IjmbkvIw.

X{XivtfmImx

jUzm]cnkwJymXm b GtX ckt`ZXx Bm]\a`nt{]XyXm hnZym km buInIm	153

Bm]\ hkvXnsb eyamnsmv ckt`ZZzmcm Bdv hfnepw {]tbmKnpXv em`IcambncnpsadnbWw.

ktim ln {]WnlnXmx ktcmtKjpPm\Xm km tcmKm \nbnsb`y Bm]\wlnXw.	154

Fm Cu ]dbs Fm hfpw FsXmw tcmKw Bm]\tbmKyamsWv sshZy a\nempthm B tcmKfnsemw AXmXn\pkcn hn[n {]tbmKnm B tcmKsfsbmw iannpXmIpp.

tbjmw tbjmw {]imyw tb tb \ ]cnIonXmx {Zhyhm hnImcmWmw tXjmw tX ]cntIm]\mx	155

GtXXv tcmKfpsS ia\n\mbn GtXXv h ]dbsSmXncppthm B tcmKsf B ]dbsSm hsImp hkvXn{Inb tIm]nnpXmbncnpw.

CtXytX jUmm]\kvIm ctk\m\phn`Py hymJymXm `hn.	156

C{]Imcw CuBdv Bm]\kvI ckn\pkcnp hn`Pnnv hnhcnsp.

tXt`ym `njKv_pnam ]cnkwJymXa]n bZyZv {ZhyabuKnIw at\yX XZ]Ijmb, bZym\pa]x buKnIw hm at\yX XZym, ha]n httWm] kwkrtPmtZI tatI\mt\tI\ hmbpnw {]amWnIrXy. {]NcWanh `npIky_oPanh IjIky kq{Xw _pnaXma]a]y\] m\mb `hXn. XkvamZv_pnaXmaqlmt]ml hnXmx, a_ptkvXp btYmm\pKa\taht{ibx, btYmw ln amm\pK `njIv kwkm[bXn Imcya\Xn alXzm A\Xn{^kzXzmZpZm lcWtkyXn.	157

a[pcmZn Bdv hfnembn ]d {Zhyfmbmt]mepw _pnam\mb sshZy GtXXv tcmKn\v A\p]tbmKambn a\nemppthm B {Zhys AXn\nv \ow sNWw. ChnsS ]dbmXncpXmbmt]mepw D]tbmKamsWv a\nembm tNpIbpw thWw. hambmepw bpn]qw BtemNnnv Hcp htmSv Hcp htam At\Iw htfm tNpIbpw sNmw. `nmcs {]NcWwt]msebpw IjIs hnv t]msebpw _pnammv Aev]m\apmbm _lpm\n\v ImcWambnocpp. AXpsImv Dulmt]mln\pw hnXn\pw _pnammv A[nImcapv. a_pnIv imkv{Xn F{]Imcw ]dpthm A{]ImcwXs A\pIcnpXmWv t{ibkvIcw. imkv{Xn ]dXn\pkcnp am{Xw NnInnp sshZy\v Imcykm[yw hfsc IqSpX DmIpX. hfsc Ipdpt]mIpXpa.

AXx ]ca\phmkp {ZhymWy\p hymJymkyt. Xm\phmk\p kvt\l Gh. kvt\lkvXpZznhn[x, mhcmtIm PwKamI. X{X mhc kvt\l kvssXeassXew N. Xzbw ssXetah IrtXzm]tZytX kssXe {]m[m\ym. PwKamIkvXp hkm am kncnXn. tXjmw ssXehkma knjm bYm]qw t{ijvTw, hmX ivtfjva hnImtcjz\phmk\otbjp, btYmcw ]nhnImcnjp, kw Gh hm ktjz]n N tbmKambmn kwkvImc hn[nhntijmZnXn.	158

C\n A\phmkp {Zhysf hnhcnpp. B A\phmk\amIs kvt\lw (kvt\lhkvXn) XsbmIpp. kvt\lamIs mhcmambpw PmwKamIambpw cphn[nemIpp. AXn mhcmI kvt\lw ssXew (Xnen \nsSppXv) B ssXew (Xnen\nmsX kj]mZnIfn \nsSppXv) Fnns\ cphn[nemIpp. B cv ssXen\pw ssXew FvXsbmWv ]dbpsXnepw Fm ssXenepwshv XnessXew {]m[m\yapXmIpp. PwKamIamb kvt\lw hk, a, s\v Fo \mep kvt\lfnh A\phmk\tbmKyamb hmXI^hnImcfn kvt\lhkvXn sNphm bYm]qw (s\tm abpw atbm hkbpw hktbm ssXehpw) t{ijTambXmIpp. ]nhnImcn btYmcw AXmbXv ssXetm hkbpw hktbm abpw atbm s\pw t{ijTambXmIpp. AXmXv tZmj\pkcn hn[nep Huj[ tNp kwkvIcnm Fm kvt\lfpw Fm tcmKfnepw {]tbmKnmhpXmWv.

intcmhntcN\ {ZhymWn ]p\c]mam ]neoacnNhnUwK in{Kp incojIpkvXpw_pcp hnezmPtamZm hmmIo ]rYzossIemltcWpIm ^em\nN, kpck kpapJIptTcIKWvUocI ImeameI ]mk hI^WnIlcn{Zm irwKthcIaqeIeip\ Xmcn kj]{XmWn Nw AmfIpjvT \mKZo hNm]mam tizXm tPymXnjvaXo Khmo KWvUocmhmIv ]pjv]ohrnImfo hbxmXn hnjm aqem\n N, lcn{ZmirwKthcaqeIip\Imx,temt{ aZ\ k]vX] \nw_m ]pjv]mWnN, tZhZmKpcp kcf iIo PnwKn\yk\ ^nwKp\ncymkm, tXPkzn\n hcmwtKwKpZo tim`mRvP\ _rlXo IImcnImXzKnXn. intcmhntcN\ k]vXhn[w ^e]{XaqeI]pjv] \ncymk XzKm{ibt`Zm. ehWISpXn IjmbmWn tN{ntbm]imbm\n XJm]cmWv\pm\y]n {ZhymWn bYmtbmK hnlnXm\n intcmhntcN\map]Znin CXn.	159

intcmhntcN\{ZhyISemSn, Xnen, IpcpapfIv, hngmecn, apcnmpcp, s\t\nhmIpcp, sImmecn, Iqhfmb, AbtamZIw, hgphZn\n, Nnddmew, Gecn, AtcWpIw Fo ^efpw kpapJkpckIptTcIKWvUncIImeame]mkhI^WnIw (Ch Xpfkot`ZfmIpp.), a, Cn, apn, shpn, XmcnhgpZn\, ISpIv ChbpsS CeIfpw Fcnv, shfp Fcnv, sImw, \mKZn, hbv, ISemSn, shfpISemSn, sNdpp, Impshcn, NXpcn, NXpI, tXS, apn, AXnhnSbw ChbpsS thcpIfpw a, Cn, apn, shfppn ChbpsS IngpIfpw ]mtmddn, aemc, Ggneme, thv, Fcnv ChbpsS ]pjv]fpw tZhXmcw, AIn Ncfw, sNdpp, CehwKw, HmS, apcn, hhgpZn\, IImcnp ChbpsS sXmenIfpambn ^ew, ]{Xw aqew, Ingv, ]pjv]w, Id, sXmen Fo B{ibt`Zw \nanw intcmhntcN\w Ggvhn[nemIpp. IqSmsX tbmKm\pkmtcW {]tbmKnp C{nbv kpJIcamb ehWISpXn Ijmb {Zhyfpw ChnsS ]dbmXncpmepw AXpt]msebp addv {ZhyfpsS intcmhntcN\mw (\kyn\mbn) D]tbmKnmhpXmWv.

X{XivtftImx

eWmNmcy injymWmw ]comImcWb At[ybm[ym]\hn[nx kw`mjm hn[ntch N	160
jUq\m\n N ]miZvhmZ am]Zm\n N ]Zm\n ZiNm\ym\n ImcWmZo\n XXzXx	161
kw{]iv\ ]comtZ\htIm ha\mZnjp `njKvPn Xotb tcmKmWm a[ymtb kw{]IonXx.	162

imkv{X]comImcWw, BNmcy]comImcWw, injy]comImcWw, A[yb\hn[n, A[ym]\hn[n, kw`mjmhn[n, 44hmZamfpsS ]Z, ImcWmZn addv ]v ]Z, ha\mZnIfn ]comZn 9tNmZy, Chsbmw Cu tcmK`njKvPnXobmymbn hnhcnsncnpp.

_lphn[ anZapaPmXw _lphn[hmIy hnNn{XaImw _lphn[ ip`i_vZ knnbpm _lphn[ hmZ\njqZ\w]tcjmw	163

CamwaXnw __phn[ tlXpkw{ibmw hnPnhm ]caXhmZkqZ\ow \neobtX ]chN\mh at\ \iIytX ]chNss\anXpw.	164

At\Iw hmIytfsmv hnNn{Xhpw At\Iw Atfsmv tim`mbam\ambnpXpw At\Iw i_vZknItfmSpIqSnbXpw {]XnhmZnbpsS At\Iw hn[nep hmZsf JWvUnpXpamb At\Iw hnjbsf CXn hnhcnnpv. {]XnhmZnsb JWvUnphm\p At\Iw ImcWtfmSpIqSnb Cu hn[nep _pntbmSpIqSnbhs\ {]XnhmZnbpsS hmZwsImv IogSm IgnbpX. Ah {]XnhmZnbpsS hmNIa\n ebnpt]mIpX. {]XnhmZnv hmvsImv Ahs\ anphm\pw IgnbpX.

t`mjm`n\mwXp `mhm\mw ktjmtahmlXp\m am\m kakvXam\m\n \ncpm\n hn`mKix.	165

tlXpklnXw tZmjmZnIfpsS Fmhn[ `mhfptSbpw Fmhn[ am\tfbpw (Afhnt\bpw) {]tXyIw {]tXyIambpw CXpsImv hnam\ns \ncpntbbpw hnhcnsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtX Xt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX tcmK`njKvPnXobw hnam\w \mamjvStamƒymbx.

kam]vXanZw hnam\m\w.

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