chaper7

Aymbw  7

hym[n-X-cq-]obw hnam\w

tmI :

1 - 11

12 - 22

23 - 34


AYmtXm hym[nXcq]obw hnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n hnam\m\nse hym[nXncq]obw hnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp {]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

ClJep Zzu ]pcpju hym[nXcq]u`hXx, Kpcphym[nXm eLphym[nX. X{X Kpcphym[nX GIxkXz_eicoc kw]Zpt]XXzmLphym[nX Ch ZriytX. eLphym[ntXm ƒ]cx kXzmZo\ma]Xzm Kpcphym[nX Ch ZriytX, XtbmcIpiemx tIhew Npssjh cq]w ZrjvSzmhyhkytm hym[nKpcp emLth hn{]Xn]ZytX.	2

Cu imkv{Xn tcmKnbmbnp ]pcpj cp hn[nemIpp. 1. KpcptcmKn, 2. eLptcmKn. AXn henb tcmKnbmb Hcph a\v, _ew, icocw Ch thXpt]msebp KpWbpambm eLptcmKnsbtmse ImWpp. eLptcmKnbmb asmcp a\v, _ew, icocw Ch KpWw IpdXmbm Kpcp tcmKntbtmse ImWpp. kmayanm sshZy Ch cntbpw cq]w tIhew Iv sImv am{Xw Inv Xocpam\npXmbm tcmKns KpcpemLhn hyXyXbpmIpp. AXmbXv KpcptcmKs KpcptcmKambpw eLptcmKs eLptcmKambpw ImWm IgnbmsX hcpp Fw.

\ln m\mhbth\ Irkvt\ttbhnm\ap]ZytX. hn{]Xn]mkvXp Jep tcmKmt\tNm]{IabpnPvRmt\Nm]n hn{]Xn]ZytX. tX bZm Kpcphym[nXw eLphym[nXw cq]amkmZbn XZmXa]tZmjwaXzm kwtim[\Imte ƒkvssa arZp kwtim[\w {]btm `qb Ghmky tZmjm\pZobn, bZmXp cLphym[nXwKpcphym[nXcq]amkmZn, Xw almtZmjw aXzm kwtim[\Imte Xkvssa XoWw kwtim[\w {]btm tZmjm\Xn\nlrssXyhiiocaky oWyn, Ghahbth\ mXky Irkvt\tbw m\anXn a\yam\mx ]ckvJen, hnSnXthZnXhymkvXp `njPx kYm bYmkw`hw ]coyw ]coym[ymhkytm \IzNnZ]n hn{]X]Zyt btYjvSaa`n\nhbntNXn.	3

Adnhns Hcp Awiw sImv AdntbXmb apgph hnjbnepw AdnhpmIpX. tcmKs a\nempXn sXnmcWbpmbemIs NnIn \nbnpXnepw \nbambpw sXv ]pw. Ans\ sXncnph Ftm Kpcp tcmKnsb eLptcmKnbmsWv [cnppthm Atm AXns\ Aev]tZmjamsWv a\nemnbnv tim[\ sNt kabv Ah\v arZptim[\sNbvXv hpw Ahs tZmjs hnnpp. Ftm eLptcmKnsb KpcptcmKnbmsWv a\nemppthm Atm Ahs\ IqSpX tZmjaph\msWv a\nemnbnv tim[\ sNt kabv Ah\v XoWamb tim[\sNbvXp tZmjs AXnbmbn ]pdtv Ifp Ahs icocs oWnnpp. C{]Imcw AdntbXns GXm\pw `mKw am{Xw Adnp apgph Adnsv a\nemp sshZy NnInkm hjbn Ghpw NeXzaph\mbnocpp. GsXmcp sshZy Adntb hnjbs ]qambdnbpIbpw ]condntb Fm hnjbtfbpw Fm {]Imcnepw thXpt]mse ]condnbpIbpw sNbvXp Imcys a\nemppthm Ahv Hcp hnjbnepw sXv ]pX. Ah B{KlnpXn\pkcnv tamK\nhrncq] {]tbmP\s ]qnbmpIbpw sNpw.

`hnNm{X

kXzmZo\mw hnIt]\ hym[o\mw cq]amXptc ZrjvSzmhn{]Xn]Zyt _memhym[n_em _te	4
tX t`jPatbmtK\ Ipym\ tamlnXmx hym[nXm\mw hn\mib timb altX ƒ]nhm	5
{]mkvXp kammb ]cnyanlkY \ kvJen {]tbmtKjp t`jPm\mw IZmN\	6

A\mb sshZy tcmKnbn a\v apXembhbpsS hyXymkoeqsS tcmKfpsS cq]wInv tcmKfpsS _em_ew \nbnpXmbm sXv ]pXmWv. Am\wsImv tamlnXcmb Ah sXmb hn[n {]tbmKn Huj[w tcmKnIv acWtam AYhm henb titam DmpXmWv. _pnam\mIs ]condntbXmb Fmhnjbtfbpw Fmhn[nepw ]condnnv Huj[ {]tbmKnpXmbm Hcnepw sXv ]pX. (hym[n_ew t\mn Huj[w {]tbmKnpXmbm Hcnepw A_w ]pXsw)

CXnhym[nXcq]m[nImtc {ipXzm hym[nXcq] kwJym{Kkw`hw hym[nXcqtlXp hn{]Xn]u ImcWw km]hmZw kw{]Xn]nImcW A\]hmZw tKhamt{Xbanthtim ƒXx]cw k{InaoWmw]pcpjkwbmWmw kapm\ m\kwm\ h\ma {]`mh NnInkX hntijm ]{]tm]kwKrly]mZu	7

C{]Imcw Cu hym[nX cq]m[nImcn hym[nXcq]kwJy, hym[nX cq]tlXp, hn{]Xn]n ({]amZw ktlw, AYhm AkayIm\w) bpsS ImcWw, AXns \ntmjX Ch tInv AXn\ptijw Anthi Bt{Xb`Khms ]mZfn \akvIcnnv ]pcpjs\ B{ibnpmIp Fmhn[ IranIfptSbpw \nZm\w, m\w, eWw, hw, t]cv, {]`mhw, NnIn ChbpsS hntijsf D]tZinpXcWsav ]dp.

AYmkvssa t{]mhmN `Khm\mt{Xbx  ClJeznthi! hnwiXnhn[x {Inabx ]qapnjvSm \m\mhnt[\ {]h`mtK\m\y{X kltP`yx, tX ]p\x {]IXn`nZyam\mXphn[m `hn XZyYm  ]pcnjPmx tjvaPmx timWnXPmx aePmtXn	8

A\cw Bt{Xb`Khm Anthi\v D]tZinp sImSpp  Anthi! Cu imkv{XnemIs \m\m hn`mKnembn klPIranIsfmgnp IranI Ccp]Xv hn[nemsWv apv kq{Xm\n ]dpv. AhbmIs D]nImcWneqsS hn`PnpXmbm \mev hn[nemIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam 1. ]pcojPw, 2. I^Pw, 3. cPw, 4. aePw Fn{]ImcamIpp.

X{Xatem _mlym`yc X{X _mtlyate PmXm aemPm hymPvatl tXjmw kapm\mw arPm m\w tIiiva{iptema]va hmkmwkn. kwm\aWhkvXnemIrXtbm _lp]mZm hkvXp ipxIrjvW \mam\nssNjmwbqImx ]n]nenIm {]`mhxIWvUp P\\w tImT]nVIm`n\n NnInknXp Jmezjma]IjWw atem]Lmt\m ae ImcWm `mhm\ma\p]tkh\anXn	9

AXpIfnse aew _mlyaesapw B`ycaesapw cphn[nemIpp. AXpIfn hv _mlyaenepmIp IranItfbpw aePw Fv ]dbpp AXpIfpsS \nZm\w icocipnbnmbvIbmIpp. m\w, XeapSn, aoi, icocnse tcmaw, It]mfbnse tcmaw, hkv{Xw ChbmIpp. BIrXn hfsc sNdpXpw Fn aWnt]msebpw At\Iw ImepIfpXpw BIpp. \ndamIs shfppw Idppw Bbncnpw. CXpIfpsS t]cv bqIm Fpw ]n]oenIm Fpw BIpp. {]`mhw sNmdnnepmepw hnWcpw Ipcpfpw Dmepw BIpp. NnInkbmIs ]nSnp ]pdpIfbepw icocaes \innepw atemev]mZIc{Zhy ioenmXncnepw BIpp.

ChnsS bqIm ]n]oenIm Fpw ]dp ImWpXv cphn[nep t]\mbncnpw. Hv XebnepmIp Idp t]\pw atXv KplyImZIfnepmIp Bdv Imep HcpXcw shfp t]\pw Bbncnpw.

timWnXPm\mw XpJep IpjvssTx kam\w kapm\w, m\w chmlnt\ym [a\yx kwm\wAWthm hrmm]mZm, kpvaXzmsstI `hyZriymx hx Xm{ax \mam\ntIimZm temamZm temaZzo]mx kuckm HuZpw_cm PpamXt Xn, {]`mhxtIiiva{ip\Jtema]vam][zwtkm{hWKXm\mw N ljIWvUp tXmZ kwkWm\yXnhrm\mw N XzIvkncmkv\mbp amwkXcpWmn `WanXn, NnInknXat]yjmw IpjvTxkam\w XZpcImeap]tZymax	10

cP\yamb IranIfptSXmIs \nZm\w IpjvTtfmSv XpeyamIpp. m\w cs hlnp [a\nIfmIpp. BIrXn hfsc kqvahpw hrnepw ImepIfnmXpw BIpp. kqvaXzw \nanw ImWm IgnbmXmsWv Nne ]dbpp. hw sNns (Nph) hamIpp. t]cpI  tIimZ, temamZ, temaZzo], kuc, HuZpw_c, PpamXm FmIpp. {]`mhwXeapSn, aoi, \Jw, icocnse tcmaw It]mfbnse tcmaw Chsb \innepw {hWnembm tcmamw, sNmdnn, Ipnt\mhv, Cgbn Ch {hWnepmpIbpw AXnbmbn hnm sXmen, knc, kv\mbp, amwkw, sNdnb AnI Cesb XnpIbpw sNpw. Chbvp NnInbmIs IpjvTXpeyhpamIpp. AXv IpjvTNnInkbn D]tZinp Xcmw.

tjvaPx ocKpUXne akym\q]amwk]njvSm]cam Ipkpw`kvt\lmPo ]Xnnkohncpmkmy t`mP\ kapm\mx tXjmamamibx m\w {]`hkvXp tX {]h\m\mkvXqzmat[m hm hkyp`btXm hm, kwm\h hntijmkvXptizXmx ]rYp{_kwm\mx tINn tINn hr]cnWmlmKWvUp ]ZmIrXb tizXmkvXm{amh`kmx tINnSWthm ZoLmkvXzmIrXnbx tizXm, tXjmw {Xnhn[m\mw ivtfjva\nanm\mw IraoWmw \mam\n AmZmxDZcmZmx lrZbmZmx Npcthm Z`]pjv]mx kuKnIm almKpZmtXn, {]`mthm lrmkmkyw{khWatcmNIhn]mIu Pztcmaqm Prw`m hYpcm\mtlm ƒwKaivOnx Imiyw ]mcpjyanXn.	11

I^P\yamb IranIfpsS \nZm\w ]m, ic, Fv, ayw, B\q]PohnIfpsS amwkw, ]njvSmw , ]camw (]mbkw), Ipbns ChbpsS D]tbmKhpw APot`mP\hpw \mdnbXpw NobmbXpw lnXhpw AlnXhpamb ]eXpw IqSntXpw hncpambnpXpw kmyamXpamb Blmcns D]tbmKhpw BIpp. Cu IranIfpsS m\w BamibamIpp. {]`mhamIs Ah hnm icocns Duz`mKtm At[m`mKtm AYhm cv `mKpw hym]nemIpp. BIrXnbpw hhntijhpamIs NneXv shfppw XSnpw Akv{Xns ap\t]msebpancnpw. NneXv hfsc kqvaambpw ZoLmIrXnbnepw \qevt]msebpw shfppancnpw. Cu aqv hn[nep I^P\yamb IranIfpsS t]cpI A{mZ, DZcmZ, lrZbmZ, Npcp, Z`]pjv], kuKnI almKpZ, FmIpp. {]`mhamIs s\v Ienv, hmbn\nv shw HgpIpI, AcpNn, Anamyw, Pzcw, tamlmekyw, tImphmbnSpI, Xp, hbdv hov, \pdpnt\mhv, On, IriXicocn\v ]cp]cpv DmemIpp.

]pcnjPmkvXpey kapm\mx tjvassP, tXjmw m\w ]Izmibx {]ham\mkvXzt[m hnkn, bky ]p\cmamibm`napJmx kypkvXt\cw XtkymZvKmc\nizmkmx ]pcojKn\x kyqw kwm\hhntijmkvXp kqvahr]cnWmlmx tizXm ZoLm DmwipI kmimx tINn,tINn ]p\xqehr]cnWmlmx iymh\oelcnX]oXmx tXjmw\mam\nItIcpIm atIcpIm teenlmx kiqeImx kukpcmZmtXn, {]`mhx  ]pcnjt`Zx Imiyw ]mcpjyw temaljm`n\nh\wN,X GhmkyKpZapJw ]cnXpZtx IWvUqw tNm]P\btm KpZapJw ]cymktX, X Gh PmXljm KpZ\njv{IaWaXnthew Ipn, CtXyjtjvaPm\mw ]pcojPm\mw N IraoWmw kapm\mZn htijx.	12

]pcojP\yambIranIfpsS \nZm\amIs I^P\yamb IranIfptSXn\v XpeyamIpp. AXpIfpsS m\w ]IzmibamIpp. Ah hnmemIs KpZnIqSn ]pdtv t]mIpw. GsXmcph\v Cu IranI Bamibntev ISppthm AXn\ptijw Ahs Gn\pw \nizmkn\pw ]pcojns KapmIpXmIpp. AhbpsS BIrXnbpw hntijhpamIs NneXv kqvaambpw hrmIrXnbnepw shfppw ZoLambpw shfptcmans hkv{Xwt]msebpw Ccnpw. NneXmIs XSnpw hrmIrXnbnepw Icphmfn\ndtam \oetbm ]tbm atbm Bbncnpw. AXpIfpsS t]cpI ItIcpI, atIcpI, teenl, kipeI, kukpcmZ FmIpp. {]`mhamIs aes CfpI, icocs oWnnpI, icocn\v ]cp]cppw tcmamhpw DmpI FnhbmIpp. AhXs KpZapJv Ipnt\mhpw sNmdnnepw Dmn KpZapJv Xs \nevpIbpw sNpp. Ah Xs hnm (ljapmbm) KpZnIqSn IqSqsS ]pdtv hcpp. CXv I^P\yambpw ]pcojP\yambpw DmIp IranIfpsS \nZm\mZn hntij BIpp.

NnInknXp Jtezjmw kamtkm\m]Zniy ]mZzkvXtcW D]tZymax X{X kIraoWma]IjWtahmZnXx Imcyw, AXx {]IrXnhnLmXx A\cw \nZmt\mm\mw `mhm\ma\ptkh\anXn.	13

Cu IranIfpsS NnXnsb Npcpn ChnsS ]dnv ]noSv hnkvXcnp ]dp Xcmw. Fmhn[ IranItfbpw BZyw Xs ]pdtv IfbpIbmWv thXv. AXn\v tijw IranI DmImXncnphm\p Blmcs ioenWw.

X{Xm]IjWw  lktX\m`nKrly hnartiym]IcWhXm hm]y]\b\w A\p]IcWhXm hm. m\KXm\mw XpIraoWmw t`jtP\m]IjWw \ymbhXxXXphn[w XZyYmintcmhntcN\w ha\w hntcN\amm]\ anXy]IjWhn[n.	14

AXn A]IjWw Fm D]IcWw (b{w) sImtm D]IcWw CmsXtbm ssIsImv ]nSn p ]pdtv IfbemIpp (CXv ]pdv h IranIsf FSppIfbphms\ D]IcnpIbpp). AXmXns m\v (Bamibntem ]Izmibntem) nXnsNp IranIsf Huj[{]tbmKwsImv ]pdtv IfbWw. AXv \mev hn[nemIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam  1. intcmhntcN\w, 2. ha\w, 3. hntcN\w, 4. IjmbhkvXn C{]ImcamWv A]IjWhn[n.

{]IrXn hnLmXkvtXzjmw  ISpXnIjmbmtcmjvWm\mw {ZhymWmap]tbmtKm bmZ\yZ]n Inn tjva]pcoj {]Xy\oI`qXw XkymZnXn {]IrXn hnLmXx.	15

Cu IranIfpsS {]IrXnhnLmXamIs ISp Xn IjmbmcDjvW{ZhyfpsS D]tbmKamIpp. IqSmsX I^]pcojv hn]coXamb atsXnepw {Zhyaptm AXpw {]IrXn hnLmXamIpp.

A\cw knZmt\mm\mw `mhm\ma\p]tkh\anXn bZpw \nZm\hn[u Xkyh\w XYmhn[{]mbmKmWmm]tcjmw {ZhymWmw. CXnevWXx NnInknXa\phymJymXtaXtZh]p\hnkvXmctWm]tZytX.	16

{]IrXnhnLmXm\cw IranI DmIpXn\v \nZm\ambn ]d `mhsf ioenmXncnWw. GtXXv IranIv GtXXv \nZm\w ]dbspthm AXns\ hnpIbpw AXpt]mse Xs IranI DmIpXn\v ImcWamb atsXmw {Zhyfptm Ahtbbpw hnpIbpw thWw. CXv eWZzmcm D kwt] NnInkbmIpp. CXv Xs hnkvXcnp]tZinp Xcmw.

AssY\w IrantImjvT\t{K j{Um{Xmx k]vXcm{Xw hm kvt\ltkzZm`ymw D]]mZytizm`ptX G\w kwtim[\w ]mbbnXmkvaoXn ocZ[nKpUXneakym\q]amwk ]njvSm]cam Ipkpwkvt\l kw{]bpsst`mssPyx kmbw {]mXtm]]mZtb, kapZocWm {InaoWmwtImjvTm`nkcWm `njIv. AYhypjvSmbmw cmXymw kptJmjnXw kp{]Po `p hnmbmm]\ ha\hntcNss\kvXmZ^tcthm]]mZ\obtkym km ]coy hntijm ]coy kayIv.	17

hnkvXcnp NnIn IrantImjvTtcmKnsb BZyw Bdv Znhktam Ggv Znhtam kvt\l]m\hpw tkzZ{Inbbpw sNbvXnv ]ntZnhkw Ahs\ tim[\uj[w IpSnnp tim[\{Inb sNWw. IranIsf t{]cnnphm\pw Apanpambn \nevp IranIsf tImjvTntemIjnphm\pambn cmhnsebpw sshIptchpw Ah\v sshZy ]m, ssXcv, ic, ayw, B\q]amwkw, ]njvSmw, ]mbkw Ipkpw`kvt\lw Ch \hw Xnm sImSpWw. AXn\ptijw cm{Xn \hw Ddnbnptm Fpw Ign Blmcw \hw Zlnnptm Fpw t\mnbnv ]I IjmbhkvXntbm ha\hntcN\tam bpnt]mse sNWw. ]condntb Fm hntijtfbpw \hw ]condnnv thWw Bm]\mZnI sNphm.

AYmltcXn{_qbm aqeIkj]eip\ Icin{Kpa[p in{KpJc]pjv]m`qkvXrW kpanJkpckIptTcIKWvUocImeame ]mkhI ^WnPvIm\n kmWyYhmbem`wXm\ymlrXm\ym`nkaoyJWvUiivtOZbnXzm {]mfy ]m\otb\ kp{]mfnXmbmw meyw kamhm]y tKmaqt{XWmtmZtI\m`njnNy km[mtb kXXw AhLb Zhym. XkvanioXo `qtX Xq]bp`qbnjvtS ƒkn KXctkjzujt[jp menahXmcp kp]cn]qXw Ijmbw kptJmjvWw aZ\^e]nen hnUwKIssXtem]lnXw kznImehWnXa`ymknNyhkvXu hn[nhZmm]tbtZ\w XYmmeIpSPmVInIpjvTssIScyIjmtbW hm, XYmin{ip ]oepIpkvXpw_pcp ISpImkj]IjmtbW, XYm ae IirwKthcZmcplcn{Zm]nNp aIjmtbW aZ\^emZn kwtbmKtbmZntX\ {Xncm{Xw k]vXcm{Xw hm m]tb. {]XymKtX N ]nta hkvXu {]XymizkvXw XZlmcthmZbtXm `mKlcw kwtbmi[\w ]mbtbbpym. Xkymhn[ncp]tZytX  aZ\^e]neo IjmbkymmRvPeo amt{XW {XnhrXmImam{XamtemUyA\p]mXpakvssa {]bt XZky tZmjap`btXm \nlcn km[p. Gh tahIt]mm\n ha\hntcN\m\n {]XnkwkrPy]mbtbtZ\w _pym k hntijm\thyamtWm `njIv.	18

C\n IjmhkvXnbneqsS Iransb ]pdtv Iftbhn[w ]dpXcmw. apn, ISpIv, shfppn, Dv, apcn, ]p\apcn, AbtamZIw, ]qXWpv, apJkpckItTcKWvUocImeame]mkhI^WnPvQI (kpapJmZnIsfmw Xpfkot`ZfmIpp) Chsbmw InmhptmStmfw tiJcnp \hw ]cntim[npt\mn hrnbmn IjvWw IjvWamn apdnnv shw sImv \hw IgpInbXn\ptijw \hw IgpIn hrnbmnb Hcp ]m{Xnenp AXn ]IpXn shw tNp tKmaq{Xw Hgnp ]mIw sNWw. (aqeImZnHuj[fpsS FncnbmWv AtmItKmaq{Xw tNtXv.) ]mIw sNptm acns Inev sImv \nmsX CfnsmncnWw. Ijmbw XWppIbpw hkvXnp]bpambhn[n (\mensemmbn Fnsemtm) IpdpIpIbpw Huj[ckw IjmbnendpIbpw sNbvsXp Im ASpn \nv Cdn hp XpWnsIn \hw AcnWw. AXn\ptijw kptJmjvWamb B Ijmbn aemc, Xnen, hngmecn Ch AcXpw Fbpw Xphnemchpw Cpp s]mSnXpw tNptbmPnnp hkvXnb{n \ndp hn[n{]Imcw hkvXn sNWw. A{]Imcw Nph Fcnv, shfp Fcnv, ISImebcn, Xphccnv, sImw, IapZn thcv ChbpsS Ijmbw sImtm apcn, DaIcw, sImmcn, ISptcmlnWn, ISpIv, ChbpsS Ijmbw Itm aemcbv Acp tNv aqpZnhktam Ggv Znhktam hkvXn sNWw. Ahkm\Znhkw sNbvX hkvXn{Zhyw ]pdphp Ignm tcmKnsb Bizknnnv Av ]I Xs OnpXpw hbdnfIpXpamb Huj[s bpnt]mse IpSnnWw. AXns hn[n D]tZinp Xcmw  cv ]ew aemcbvm AcnbpsS Ijmbn aqv Igv {XtImIp AcptNp tcmKnv IpSnm sImSpWw. AXv Ahs tZmjs cv `mKn IqSnbpw (Onpw AXnkcnpw) ]pdtv Ifbphm aXnbmIpXmWv. C{]Imcw Xs Iev]m\n ]d ha\hntcN\uj[ Iqntnpw IpSnnmhpXmWv. Fm Chsbmw {]tbmKnptm sshZy tcmKnsb Fmhn[nepw ]conp a\nemn AXmXn\pkcnhn[n _pn]qw {]tbmKntXmWv.

AssY\w kayKzncnw hnmbm]cmt ssiJcnI IjmtbW _mlym`ymcmY ktmZImm Imctb iiz. XZ`mth ISpXnjImbmWmauj[m\mw IzmssY aq{Xmsschm ]cntjNtb ]cnjnss\w \nhmX amKmca\p{]thiy ]neo]neoaqehyNn{XI irwKthsscx klknt\ bhmKzmZo\m {ItatWm]Ntc hnte]ymx{IamKXss\a\phmktbZznUwK ssXtess\Imcw Zznkv{Xnhm.	19

A\cw ha\hntcN\ns kaytKymKw hsv a\nembm Ahs\ anXamb NqSp ISemSn Ijmbw sImv sshIpwtcw IpfnnWw. _mlyambpw B`ycambpw GsXmw hn[n shw BhiyamtWm AhnsSsbmw Cu Ijmbw sImv Xs Ftmgpw D]tbmKnWw. ISemSnIjmbw InmsXhm ISpXnIjmbckap Huj[fpsS Ijmbw sImtm tKmaq{Xn Nhmcw IenbXpsImtm IpfnnWw. IpfnnXn\ptijw Ahs\ Imv Xm apdnbn {]thinnnv Xnen, ImpXnenthcv, ImapfIn thcv, sImSpthcnngv, Npv Ch tNpmnb In apXembhsImv {Ian D]NcnWw (t]bmZn{Iaw ineonWsaw) t]bmZn{Iaw ioenp shw Ipd In IpSnt cq]nembm Ahs\ hnUwKssXew sImv Hcp Znhkw CShntm kv\lhkvXn sNWw.

bZn]p\ckymXn {]hrm iojmZm Irao a\ytX inctkyhm`nkXx Imwn, XXx kvt\lmtkzZ`ymaky incD]]mZy hntcNtbZ]mamXWvUpemZo\m intcmhntcNt\\.	20

]ns Ah\v intcm`Ifmb IranI hnp incn Anmbn kcnppsv sshZy\v a\nemhpIbmsWn AXn\p tijw Ahs incn kvt\ltkzZw sNbvXnv kq{Xm\n ]d A]mamXWvUpeobmZn intcmhntcN\uj[w sImv intcmhntcN\w (\kyw sNWw).

bkvXzm`yhlmtcym hn[nx {]IrXnhnLmXmtbm{InaoWmw, AY Xa\phymJymkymax aqjnI ]okaqem{K{]Xm\mamlrXy JWvU\ptZbnXzmD`qJte tmZbnXzm ]mWn`yw ]oUbnXzm ckwKrlvWobm tX\ ctk\ temlnXimen XWvUpe]njvSamtemUy ]q]enImwIrXzm hn[qtajzwKmtcjp hn]mNb hnUwKssXehtWm]lnXmw {InantImjvTmb `bnXpw {]bt XZ\cmImnIapZiznZv ]neymZn ]hKkwkrjvSw kehWa\p]mbtb.	21

IranI DmIpXn\p ImcWns {]XnImcambn GsXmw Blmchn[nIfpw Huj[fpaptm Ahsb C\n hnhcnp Xcmw. aqjnI]n (Fenshnb) kaqew FSpp sNdpXmbn \pdpn DcennSnp ssIsImv ]ngnp ckw FSpWw B ckn sNscnbpsS amhv Ipgp ]pIbnm Xo\en shp ]mIw sNbvXp AapmWWw. Aapmptm hnUwKssXehpw Dpw tNtXmWv. Cu Aw IrantImjvTv Xnm sImSpWw. AXn\ptijw ]pfn hpImSntbm ]pfntamtcm Xnen, ImpXnenthcp, ImpapfIn thcv, sImSpthcnngv, Npv Chbpw Dpw tNv IpSnm sImSpWw.

At\\ It]\ amh klNc \n] \npWvUo kpapJkpck IptTcIKWvUoc Ime\meI]mk hI ^WnIpIpf IpSPkphoco kzckm\ma\yXakvan Imctb ]q]enImx XYmIoWn{loIncmX Xn kphlmaeI lcoXIo_n`oXI kzctkjp Imctb ]q]enImx kzckmwiv ssNtXjmtassIItim Zzzix ktim hm a[phnepfnXm {]mXc\mb ]mXpw {]bt.	22

ta]d hn[n{]Icw In, Fcnv, Icnpdnn, ISv, Ipcs\mn, kpapJkpckItTcIp  KWvUoc  ImeameI  ]mk  hI  ^WnPIf (kpapJmZnI Xpfkot`ZamIpp). Fcnn IpSIme, Nz ChbntesXnepw Hns kzckn sNcnbpsS amhv tNv AapmWw. AXpt]mseXs InWnInWnme, ]pnp, Nnc, s\n, ISp Xm\n ChbpsS kzcknepw Aapmn IrantcmKnv sImSpWw. Cu ]dhbn GsXnepw Hmtm ctm Fmw IqSntbm CSnp ]ngnsSp ckn tX tNp cmhnse amlmcsfmpw IgnmsX IrantcmKnv IpSnm sImSpWw.

AYmiz iIrZmlrXy alXnInenRvPtI {]kvXocyXt] timjbntXzmZqJte tmZbnXzmZrjZn ]p\xkpvamWn Nqm\n ImcbnXzm hnUwKIjmtbW {Xn^emIjmtbWhm ƒjvSIrtXzm ZiIrtXzm hmXt] kp]cn`mhnXm\n `mhbnXzm ZrjXn]p\x kqvamWn Nqm\n ImcbnXzm \thIeti kamhm]pw\pKp]vXw \n[m]tb, tXjmw Xp Jep Npm\mw ]mWnXew Nqw bmhZzm km[pat\yX,X ut{ZW kwkrPy IrantImjvTmb teVpw{]bNtO.	23

A\cw IpXnc NmWIw FSppsImphp hneb ]mbbn hncnp shbnenhpWn Dcen Cp s]mSnp hopw Anbnencp kqva NqamnsbSpnv hngmecnIjmbntem {Xn^eIjmbntem Cp Ftm ]tm Znhkw shbnen hp `mh\sNbvsXSpnv hopw Anbnencp kqva Nqamnbnv Hcp ]pXnb ]m{Xnemn \hw ASp kqnp hbvWw. AXn \nv aqv Igtm AYhm F{Xam{X thWsav tXmpthm A{Xbpw cm{Xnbntem GSpp tX tNp Ipgp IrantImjvTv te]\w sNm sImSpWw.

XYm`mXImo\mlrXy Iei{]amtW\ kwt]my kvt\l`mhntX ZrtVIemi kqvamt\In{Z{_[vt\arZmhen]vtX kamhmt]yUpt]\ ]n[mb`qamhmIWw \nJmXky kvt\l `mhnXsskyhm\yky ZrVky Ipw`tkym]cn kamtcm]ykamZv tKmassbcp]NnXy Zmltb, k bZmPm \obm km[pZKvm\n tKmabm\n KmfnXkvt\lm\n `mXImo\n XXkvXw Ipw`w Dtce AY Xkvam ZznXobmtZh Ipw`m Xw kv\lamZmb hnUwKXWvUqe Nqssx kvt\lmamss{Xx{]XnkwkrPymXt] kalx m]bnXzm XtXm ƒkvssa am{Xmw {]bt ]m\mb, tX\ km[p hncnNytX, hncnkyNm\p ]qo btYmm.	24

tNpcphns ]cnv Ipnhrnbmn Hcp ]m{Xn sImp{X FSpp s\v tXXpw \ DdpXpw ASnbn At\Iw sNdpZzmcfpXpamb ]m{Xn Cp AXns KpZ`mZw AXmbXv ]m{Xns hmb hmgbnesImv aqSn inea sNWw. s\v tXXpw DdpXpamb asmcp ]m{Xw Igptmfw `qanbn Ipgnnv AXns aosX ta ]d ZmXIw \nd ]m{Xw hp Nppw NmWIhcSnIqn InWw. NmWIhcSn \hw IpIbpw tmXIn \nv kvt\lw CdpIbpw sNbvXp Fv Ftm a\nemIppthm Atm AXn \nv B `mXIw \nd ]m{Xs FSpWw. AXn\p tijw `qanbn Ipgnn cmas ]m{Xn \nv `mIkvt\ls FSpp AXns ]IpXn hngmecnns Nqw tNp tbmPnnp Hcp Znhkw apgph shbnev shXn\p tijw tcmKnv tbmPnp am{Xbn FSpp tkhnm sImSpWw. Cu kvt\l]m\w sImv hntcN\w DmIpXmWv. hntcN\mcw hntcN\w hhv F{]Imcw t]mbmZn{Iaw ]dbspthm A{]Imcw hgn {Ian ioennWw.

Ghtah `{ZZmcp kcfImjvT kvt\l\p]I]p]mXpw{]bt.A\phmktbss\m a\phmk\Imte.	25

ta ]d{]Imcw Xs tZhXmcntbpw Ncfntbpw hndIvsImv FsbSpp tkhnm sImSpWw. kvt\lhkvXn sNtImeambm tcmKnv kvt\lhkvXn sNpIbpw thWw.

AY BltcXn {_qbm imcZm \hmwkvXnem kw]Zpt]Xm BlrXy kp \njv]qXm tKm[bnXzmhnUwKIjmb kptJmjvtW \nm]tbZmtZmjKa\m KXtZmjm\`nkaoy kp{]iq\m {]epNy ]p\tch \njv]qXm tim[bnXz hnUwZ IjmtbW {Xnx k]vXIrXzx kp`mhnXm\mXt] timjbntXzm ZpJte kwpZy ZiZn]p\x tvW]njvSm ImcbnXzm t{ZmWyma`yh[mbhnUwK IjmtbWaplpplpchkn ]mWnatah atb XkvanwkvXpJep {]]oUyamt\b ssXeapZobm X ]mWn`ymw ]cymZmb ipNuZrtV Ietk\ykym\pKp]vXw \n[m]tb.	26

icZv EXphnepmbXpw ]pXnbXpw \KpWapXpw IranIoSmZnIsfmpw XnmXpamb Fv sImhp \hw IgpIn hrnbmnbnv sNdnb NqSp hngmecn Ijmbn AXns tZmjw t]mIpXp hsc CphbvWw. Fffns tZmjsamw t]msbpIm B IpXn Fns sXmenIfp hopw IgpIn hrnbmnbnv hngmecn Ijmbn Ccp]smv Znhkw `mh\w sNWw. Ccp]smmas Znhkw shbnep hv \hw DWnsbSpp DcenennSnp ]ns Anbnenv \hw Acp Hcp ]m{Xnenp IqSqsS hngmecn Ijmbw IpSp ssIsImv anWw. ssIsImv anptm AXn \nv GsXmcp ssXew ]pdsSppthm B ssXes ssIsImp Xs FSpp \ DdpXpw hrnbpXpamb ]m{Xnemnshp hmbv s]mXnsIn kqnphbvWw.

AYmltcXn {_qbm XnevtImmfItbm Zzu hnezam{Xu]nWvUuW]njvSuhnUwKIjmtbWXtXm ƒam{Xuiymam{Xn hrXtbmctXmƒam{Xu Zn{ZhmtymctXm ƒam{Xu ehyNn{XItbm cntXyXw kw`mcwhnUwKIjmbkymVIamt{XW{]Xn kwkrPy XXkvssXe{]mamhm]y kamtemUy alXn ]cytK kamknNymmh[n{inXy alXymkt\ kptJm]hnjvSx kXx kvt\lahtemIbP{kw arZzn\mkm[tbym kXXahLb kbZm Pm\obmZzncaXni_vZx {]imayXn N t^\x {]kmZam]ZytX kvt\tlm bYmkzw Khctkm]nx kwhtXN `jPawKpeo`ymw arZyam\aXn arZz\XnZmcpW a\wKpen{Kmln tNXn k ImekvXkymhXmcWmb. XXkvXw AhlrXy ioXo`qXaltX\ hmkkm ]cn]qb iqNuZrtV Ieti kamknNy ]n[mt\\ ]n[mb ipt\ hkv{X]t\mhevOmZy kqt{XW kq_w kp\nKp]vXw \n[m]tb. XtXm ƒkvssa am{Xw {]bt ]m\mbtX\ km[phncnNytX. kayK]lrXtZmjky Nm\p ]qo btYmm XXss\a\phmktb XpImte	27

A\cw Ipntmepw (tem{t`Zw) \dphnbpw Cu cv ]ew Idp ]Ipbpw Nph ]Ipbpw Hcp ]ew, CXns ]IpXn sNdnb \mKZnthcpw henb \mKZnthcpw Atccew, CXns ]IpXn ImpXnenthcpw sImSpthcnngpw Im Im ]ew Chsbmw IqSn hngmecnjmbn Acp \menSgn (ZznKpW\nba{]Imcw FnSgn) hngmecnjmbn tNp tbmPnnp ta ]dXp {]Imcw FSpph HcnSgn (ZznKpW\nba {]Imcw cnSgn) Fbpw tNp Fmw IqSn tbmPnnp Hcp henb ]m{Xnemn ASpn hnv F Imp sshZy AhnsS Hcp Itkebn kpJambncpnv Ftmgpw Fbn Fm`mKpw {inpIbpw arZznbn ]mIw sNpIbpw NpIw sImnfnsmncnpIbpw thWw. Ftm Fbn \np s]mp i_vZw \nevpIbpw ]X ASpIbpw F sXfnp\nevpIbpw Ievw FSpp Xncnm Xncnt]msebmhpIbpw hncev sImv anpt\mnbm AXn arZpthm AXnITn\tam BImXncnpIbpw hncen ]mXncnpIbpw sNpp Fv a\nembm AXv ASpn \nndn sht ImeamIpp. AXn\p tijw ASpn \nndnhp XWpm \ hkv{Xnecnv ipNnbpXpw DdpXpamb ]m{Xn Hgnphp shfp hkv{Xw sImv aqSn \hw hmbvs]mXnsIn kpcnXamb ev hbvWw. AXn\ptijw tcmKnv sImSpmhp{X am{Xbn FSpp tkhnm sImSpWw. CXpsImv kpJambhn[n hntcN\w DmIpXmWv. thXpt]mse hn[n{]Imcw ioennWw. AXn\ptijw kvt\lkvXn sNtImeambm Ch\v kvt\lhkvXn sNpIbpw thWw.

GtXss\h N ]mIhn[n\m kj]mXko Ic tImimXIo kvt\lm C{]I]y ]mbtb khntijm \ thyamWx tX\mKtZm `hXn	28

ta]d kvt\l]mIhn[n{]Imcw ISpIv, AXknpcp, DnIpcp, ]p ]ocw ChbpsS FsImpw ssXew Dmnbnv ]condntb Fm hntijtfbpw ]condnnv AXmXn\\pkcn hn[n tcmKnsb tkhnWw. Cu AKZw sImv IrantcmKw \ntjw \inpXmWv.

Ghw Zzbm\mw tjva]pcoj kw`hm\mw {InaoWmw kapm\ kwm\ m\ h\ma {]`mh NnInknX hntijm hymJymXmx kmam\yXxhntijXkvXp Jez]am{Xamm]\m\qhmk\m\ptema lcW`qbnjvSw tXjzujt[jp {InaoWmw ]pcnjkw`hm\mw NnInknXw Imcyw. am{Xm[nIw ]p\x intcmhntcN\ hat\m]ia\ `pbnjvTw tXjzujt[jp {InaoWmw tjvaPm\mw NnInknXw Imcyw. CtXyj IranLvt\m t`jPhn[nc\p hymJymtXm `hXn. Xa\pXnjvTXm bYmkzw tlXpht\ {]bXnXhyw btYmtitahanZw {InantImjvT NnInknXw bYmhZ\phymJym\w `hXoXn.	29

C{]Imcw I^P\yambpw ]pcojP\yambpw cphn[nepmIp IranIfpsS \nZm\w, BIrXn, m\w, hw, t]cv, {]`mhw, NnInk ChbpsS hntijsf kmam\yambn hnhcnsp. hntijnv Cu ]d Huj[fn \nv ]pcojP\yIran NnInkbn anhmdpw Bm]\w, A\phmk\w, hntcN\mZn A\pemalcWw Ch sNptm Huj[w Aev]am{Xbn {]tbmKnWw. I^P\yamb Iran NnInkbn intcmhntcN\w ha\w, kwia\w Ch sNptm anhmdpw AXn\p]d Huj[ A[nIam{Xbn {]tbmKnWw. C{]Imcw Cu Iranlcuj[fpsS hn[n hnhcnsp Cu hn[nIsfmw A\pjvTnptm AXmXns ImcWsf hnpXn {]bXv\npIbpw thWw. Dtin {]Imcw Cu IrantImjvT NnInksb hn[n{]Imcw hnhcnsncnpp.

`hXnNm{X

A]IjWmtahmZu IraoWmw t`jPw kvarXw XtXm hnLmXx {]IrtX \nZm\kyNh\w	30
Abtah hnImcmWmw ktjma]n \n{Ktl hn[n ZrjvSkv{Xn[mtbm ƒbw Iran\pniyIonXx	31
kwtim[\w kwia\w \nZm\ky N hw GXmhZv `njPmImcyw tcmK tcmtK bYmhn[n	32

BZyw A]IjWw sNemWv IranIp NnInk FdnbWw. AXn\ptijw {]IrXohnLmXhpw \nZm\h\hpamWv sNtXv. IrantcmKsf Dtinv Cu aqphn[nep hn[n ]dbsp. Cu hn[n Xs Fmhn[ tcmKfpsS \nhmcWmambpw ImtWXmWv. C{Xbpw Imcyw IqSn sshZy a\nemtXmWv. Hmtcm tcmKnepw AXmXn\pkcnhn[n kwtim[\w kwia\w \nZm\h\w Ch ioennWw.

X{XtmIu

hym[nXu ]pcnju mu `njPu k{]tbmP\u hnwiXnx {InanbkvtXjmw tlXzmZnx k]vXtImKWx	33
Dtmhym[nX cq]otb hnamt\]cajnWm injykwt_m[\mhym[n{]ia\mbN.	34

cphn[ tcmKn, Adnhph\pw Adnhnmh\pamb cphn[ sshZy, AhcpsS {]tbmP\w, Ccp]Xv hn[nep IranI, AhbpsS \nZm\mZn Ggv ImcW Chsbmw injymv Adnbphm\mbpw tcmKia\n\mbpw Cu hym[nXcq]ob hn\mamymbn ]cajnbm hnhcnsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtX Xt{ {]XnkwkvIrtX. hnam\mt\ hym[nXcq]obw hnam\w \makv]vXtam ƒymbx

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