chaper5

Aymbw  5

t{kmtXm-hn-am-\w

tmI :

1 - 12

13 - 24

25 - 36


AYmXx t{kmtXm hnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n hnam\m\nse t{kmtXmhnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

bmhx ]pcptjm apnatm `mhhntijmkvXmh Ghmkvan t{kmXkmw {]Imchntijmx, k`mhm ln ]pcptjvXtcW t{kmXmwky`n\nht bwhm]y[nKn; t{kmXmwknJep ]cnWmaam]Zyam\m\mw [mXq\ma`nhmln\n `hyb\mt\.	2

]pcpj\n F{Xaqnamb ]Zm hntij Dtm A{Xbpw t{kmXpIv t`Zhntij Dv. ]pcpj\nemIs t{kmXpIfnep hnShpIfneqsSbmtX ckctkzZmZn k`mhfpw DmhpItbm AYhm bnpItbm sNpX. t{kmXpIfn ckmZn[mXpsf hlnp kcnpI tlXphmbnv Dtcmcw [mXp]cnWmaw DmIpp. (]cnWmaam]Zyam\m\mw = “]q ]q ckmZncq]Xm]cnXymtKt\mtcmcw cmZncq]Xm am]Zyam\m\mw” CXn N{I]mWnx. “Ab\mt\ = Ka\ tlXp\m” CXn KwKm[cx)

Blmc]cnWmacknmIs t{kmXpIfpsS On{ZnqSnbmsX kcnphm IgnbpX. t{kmXn{ZfnqSn kcnmsX Dtcmcw [mXp]cnWmaw DmIpX. Dtcmc [mXpfmIs hn`ncq]nepamWv. AXpsImmWv ]pcpj\n F{X aqnamb ]Zm hntij Dtm A{Xbpw t{kmXpIv t`Zhntijw Dv Fv BZywXs ]dncnpXv. AXmbXv ckhlt{kmXv, chlt{kmXv FnXymZn.

A]n ssNtI aljbx t{kmXkmtah kapZbw ]pcpjann. kKXXzm kkcXzm tZmjt]mctIm]W {]ia\m\mw. \ tXzXtZhw. bky N lnt{kmXmwkn b hln bYmhln b{XNmhnXm\n kw XZ\y tX`yx.	3

Nne aljnam t{kmXpIfpsS kapZmbss ]pcpj Fv ]dbpp. ImcWw t{kmXv icocns apgph Ahbhfnepw t]mbnpXpsImpw AXv hgn tZmj{]tIm]Wpw tZmj{]ia\pw ImcWamb Blmc ck icocn apgph hym]npXpsImpw Fm t{kmXpIfpsS kapZmbamWv ]pcpj Fv ]dXv icnb. ImcWw aqnamb `mhn\pw t{kmXpIfn GsXmv hlnppthm AXpw F{]Imcw hlnppthm FhnsSnXnsNppthm AXpw Fmw Cu t{kmXpIfn\nv `nambnp addv ]ZmfmWv. AXpsImv Nne aljnam t{kmXpIfpsS kapZmbamWv ]pcpj Fv ]dXv icnbsw.

AXn_lpXzm Xp Jep tINnZ]cnkwtJybm\ymNtX t{kmXmwkn, ]cnkwtJybm\n]p\ct\y.	4

hfsc IqSpX DXpsImmIs Nne t{kmXv kwJybnm{XbmsWv ]dbpp. addpNne Fw IWmmhpXmsWpw ]dbpp.

tXjmw Xp Jep t{kmXkmw bYmqew IXnNn {]Imcm aqeX {]tIm]hnm\Xm\p hymJymkymax; tb `hnjyyea\pm\mb m\hXmw hnm\mb Nmm\hXmw. XZyYm{]mtWmZIm\m\ ckcp[nc amwktatZm ƒnaip{I aq{X]pcojtkzZhlm\n, hmX]nivtfjvaWmw ]p\x kicocNcmWmw kt{kmXmwkyb\ `qXm\oXn, XZzZXo{nbmWmw ]p\x kXzmZo\mw tIhew tNX\mhNOcocab\`qXa[njvTm\ `qXw N; XtZX t{kmXkmw {]IrX`qXXzm hnImssc]krPytX icocw.	5

B t{kmXpIfnhp qeambnp GXm\pw Nne t`Zsf aqem\fneqsSbpw {]tIm]hnm\fneqtSbpw hnhcnpXcmw. Adnhphv ]dbm t{kmXpIsf kw_nv Adnbphm\mbnsmpw t{kmXpIsf Adnbmhv Adnbphm\mbnsmpw Cu hnhcWw aXnbmIpXmWv. AXv F{]Imcsam1. {]mWhlw, 2. Pehlw, 3. Ahlw, 4. ckhlw, 5. chlw, 6. amwkhlw, 7. tatZmhlw, 8. Anhlw, 9. ahlw, 10. iphlw, 11. aq{Xhlw, 12. ]pcojhlw, 13. tkzZhlw ChbmWv {][m\ t{kmXpI. icocn apgph kcnp hmX]nI^mIs apgph t{kmXpIfpw amamIpp. AXpt]mseXs C{nbtKmNcam a\v, Bmhv, _pn, Almcw C{nbhnjb apXembhbvv tIhew kPohamb icoct{kmXv am`qXhpw B{ib`qXhpw BIpp. B t{kmXpI {]IrXyhbnembm Cu icocw tcmKfm B{IansSpX. (Atm t{kmXpI ZpjnpXmbm icocw tcmKbpambnocpp Fw.)

X{X {]mWhmlm\mw t{kmXkmw lrZbwaqew almt{kmX, {]ZpjvSm\mw JtezjmanZw hntijPvRm\w `hXn. AXnkrjvSaXn_w Ip]nXa]m]a`ovWw hm k i_vZiqeap]kw ZrjvSzm {]mWhlm\yky t{kmXmwkn {]ZpjvSm\oXn hnZym.	6

AXpIfnhv {]mWhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew lrZbhpw almt{kmXpw (tImjvTw AYhm Bamibw) BIpp. Cu t{kmXv Zpjnm C\n]dbp hntijeW DmIpp. AXnZoLambpw AXnbmbn XSspw tIm]npw Aev]mev]ambpw IqsSqsSbpw AYhm i_vZtmSpIqSnbpw thZ\tbmSpIqSnbpw Dzmkw ]pdsSphnpXv Im Ahs {]mWhlwt{kmXv Zpjnnpsv a\nemWw.

DZIhlm\m t{kmXkmw Xmepaqew Ivtfma N.{]ZpjvSm\m JtezjmanZw hntijhnm\w `hXn. XZyYmPnlzmXmtezmjvT IWvTIvtfmatimjw ]n]mkmmXn {]hrmw ZrjvSzm`njKpZIhlm\yky t{kmXmwkn {]Zpjm\oXn hnZym.	7

DZIhl t{kmXpIfpsS apJw Xmehpw (Ampw) tmahpw (IWvtTmctkmx knx) BIpp. Ch Zpjnm C\n]dbp hntijeW DmIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam\mhv, Amv, Npv, IWvTw, tmaw Chbvv hcbpw AXnbmb Zmlhpw Im sshZy Ahs DZIhlt{kmXv ZpjnnpsdnbWw.

Ahlm\mw t{kmXkmamatitbm aqew hma ]mizw. {]ZpjvSm\mp JtezjmanZw hntijhnm\w`hXn, XZyYmA\m`nejWatcmNIm hn]mIu On ZrjvSzm hlm\yky t{kmXmwkn {]ZpjvSz\oXn hnZym.	8

Ahlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew Bamibhpw CSs ]miz`mKhpw BIpp. Ah ZpjnmemIs Cu hntijeW DmIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam...... Blmcw IgnpXn B{KlanmXncpI, AcpNn, Anamyw, On Ch Inv Ah\v Ahlt{kmXv ZpjnnpsdnbWw.

ckhlm\mw t{kmXkmw lrZbwaqew Zi[a\y.timWnXhlm\mw t{kmXkmw bIraqew ]vfolmN.amwkhlm\mw t{kmXkmw kv\mbpaqew XzIvN. tatZmhlm\mwt{kmXkmw hruaqew h]mhl\. Anhlm\mw tatZmaqem PL\. ahlm\mw t{kmXkmao\n. aqew kbiv]. ip{Ihlm\mwt{kmXkmw hrjWu aqew ti^. {]ZpjvSm\mp Jtezjmw ckmZnhlt{kmXkmw hnm\m\ypm\n hnhnY[mioX]oXntb. bmt\yh ln[mXq\mw {]tZmjhnm\m\n, Xmt\yh ln bYmkzw ZpjvSm\mw [mXpt{kmXkmw.	9

ckhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew lrZbhpw ]v [a\nIfpw BIpp. chlmt{kmXpIfpsS aqew bIrpw olbpw BIpp. amwkhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew kv\mbphpw Xzpw BIpp. tathmhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew cv hrbpw hkm hl\hpw BIpp. Anhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew taZpw Acspw BIpp. ahlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew AnIfpw knIfpw BIpp. iphlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew cv hrjWhpw enwKhhpw BIpp. Cu ckmZn[mXphlt{kmXpI ZpjnmepmIp eW hnhn[minX ]oXobmymbn ]dnpv. [mXp ZpjnmepmIp eW GsXmamtWm AhXsbmWv AXmXv [mXpt{kmXpI Zpjnmepw DmhpI FdnbWw.

aq{XhlmWmw t{kmXkmw _kvXnaqew hwWuN, {]ZpjvSm\mp JtezjmanZw hntijhnm\w`hXn. XZyYmAXnkrjvSw {]Xn_w hm Ip]nXa]a`oWw hm _lfw kiqew aq{XbwZrjvSzm aq{XhlmWyky t{kmXmwkn {]ZpjvTm\oXn hnZym.	10

aq{Xhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew hkvXnbpw cv Iebpw BIpp. Ah ZpjnmepmIp hntijeWw C\n]dbpw hn[amIpp. AXv F{]Imcsamhfsc IqSpXemtbm hfsc Ipdtm {]Ip]nXamtbm Aev]mev]amtbm IqsSqsStbm thZ\tbmSpIqSntbm aq{XsamgnpXpIm Ahs aq{Xhlt{kmXv Zpjnnpsv a\nemWw.

]pcojhlmWmw t{kmXkmw ]Izmitbmaqew qeKpZ. {]ZpjvSm\mp JtezjmanZw hntijhnm\w `hXn. XZyYmIrt{Wm]m]w ki_vZiqeaXn{Zh aXn {KYnXaXn_lptNm]hniw ZrjvSzm ]pcojhlmWyky t{kmXmwkn {]ZpjvSm \oXnhnZym.	11

]pcojhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew ]Izmibhpw qeKpZhpw BIpp. Ah ZpjnmemIs Cu hntijeW DmIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam hfsc {]bmksv Aev]mev]amtbm i_vZtmSpIqSntbm thZ\tbmSpIqSntbm AXn{Zhamtbm A[nIw Inbmtbm hfsc IqSpXemtbm aewt]mIpw. Ch Im Ahs aehlt{kmXv ZpjnnpsdnbWw.

tkzZhlm\mw t{kmXkmtatZmaqew temaIp]m.{]ZpjvSm\mp JtezjmanZw hntijhnm\w `hXn. XZyYmAtkzZ\aXntkzZ\w hm {]mcpjyacn ivfWXmawKky ]cnZmlw temalj ZrjvSzm tkzZhlm\yky t{kmXmwkn {]ZpjvSm\oXn hnZym.	12

tkzZhlt{kmXpIfpsS aqew taZpw tcmaIq]fpw BIpp. Ah Zpjnm C\n]dbp hntijeW DmIpp. AXv F{]ImcsamXotc hnbmXncnpItbm AXnbmbn hnbpItbm sNpI, icocn\v ]cp]cptm AXnbmb an\pan\ptm DmhpI, Npp\odepw tcmamhpw DmhpI Ch Inv Ah\v kzZhlt{kmXkv Zpjnnpsv a\nemWw.

t{kmXmwkn kncm[at\ym akhmlnt\ym \mUyx ]mt\mammx icocn{ZmWn kwhrXm kwhr Xm\n m\m\ymibmx bm \ntIXmtXn icoc[mXzhImim\mw eymeymWmw \mam\n `hn.	13

t{kmXv, kncI, [a\nI, ckmb\hmlnI, \mUnI, ]mhv, amw, icocOn{Z, kwhrXmkwhrXw (aqem\fnep Xpdepw ASbvepw), m\w, Bibw, bw, \ntIXw Chsbmw icocnse {]mWmZnIpw [mXppw Nenphm\p ]gpXpIfmIpp. Chbn Nne [mXzhImisf ImWm IgnbpXpw NneXns\ ImWm IgnbmXpamb t]cpIfpXmIpp.

tXjmw {]tIm]m m\mssh amKm icoc[mIhx {]tIm]am]Zyt CXtcjm {]tIm]mZnXcmWnN. t{kmXtkyh [mXh k[mXqt\h {]Zqjbn N {]ZpjvSmx. tXjmw ktjtah hmX]n ivtfjvamtWm ZpjbnXmtcm `hntZmj kz`mhmZnXn.	14

Cu t{kmXv apXembhbpsS {]tIm]w\nanw kzw m\pXs nXnsNpXpw kzw amfn kcnpXpamb icoc[mXp tIm]npXmIpp. [mXpfpsS {]tIm]w \nanw t{kmXpIfpw tIm]npXmIpp. ZpjnXmb t{kmXkpI t{kmXpIsfXtbpw [mXp [mXpsf Xtbpw ZpjnnpXmIpp. Chsb FmwXs hmX]nI^ ZpjnnpXmIpp. ImcWw tZmjns kz`mhw AXmWv.

`hnNm{X

mbm kmcWmZv cuImjymZv hymbmam p[nXkyN {]mWhmln\n Zpjyn mXmwkyss\y ZmcpssWx	15

bwsImpw aeaq{XmZn thK[mcWwsImpw cqXsImpw hymbmawsImpw hnincnph\pw hmXhIfmb addv ZmcpW Itfsmpw {]mWhl t{kmXpI Zpjnpp.

HujvWymZmamZv`bm ]m\mZXn ipjvImtkh\m Aw_phmlo\n Zpjyn XrjvWmbmmXn ]oU\m.	16

DjvWwsImpw BatZmjwsImpw `bwsImpw aZymZnI IpSnpIsImpw AXnbmbn DWnb AwXnpIsImpw Zmls A[nIambn XSppIsImpw Pehlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

AXnam{Xky NmImte NmlnXky N t`mP\m Ahmlo\n Zpjyn sshKpWym ]mhIky N	17

AXnam{Xbnepw AImenepw AlnXambpw `Ww IgnpIsImpw PTcmnbpsS hnKpWXsImpw AXmbXv AXnXovWtam atam BhpIsImpw Ahlt{kmXkv Zpjnpp.

KpcpioXaXn kv\nKvaXnam{Xw k aiv\Xmw ckhmlo\nZpjyhn Nnym\mw NmXn Nn\m.	18

KpcpXzapXpw XWpXpw A[nIw kv\nKvXbpXpw AXnam{Xbnepw Blmcw Ignphpw Nn\obamb hnjbsf AXnbmbn NnnpXpsImpw ckhlt{kmXmv Zpjnpp.

hnZmlo\y]m\m\n kv\nKvtmjvWm\n {ZhmWnN chmlo\n Zpjyn `PXmw NmX]m\eu	19

DpgppmpXpw kv\nKvXbpXpw NqSpXpw {Zhcq]nepXpamb A]m\sImpw shbnepw Xobpw GevpIsImpw chlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

A`njyo\n t`mPym\n qem\nN KpcqWnN amwk hmln\n Zpjyn `pzmN kz]Xmw Znhm	20

A`njys Dmp ssXcv t]msebpXpw XSnXpw KpcpXzapXpamb Blmcw sImpw `Ww Ignv ]I DdpIsImpw amwkhlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

Ahymbmamnhmkz]v\m taZym\mw NmXn `Wm tatZmhmln\oZpjyn hmcpWymmXn tkh\m.	21

hymbmaw sNmXpsImpw ]IepdpIsImpw taZv A[nIap amwkw AXnbmbn `npIsImpw hmcpWoaZyw AXnbmbn IpSnpIsImpw tatXmhlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

hymbmamZXn kwtm`mZv\maXn hnL\m Anhmlo\nZpjyn hmXfm\mw N tkh\m.	22

hymbmawsImpw hogvN]ddpI apXembhsImpmIp Antm`wsImpw An IqSpXembn CfsImpw hmXhIfmb Blmcw ioenpIsImpw Anhlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

Dt]jmZXy`njymZ`nLmXm {]]oU\m amhmln\nZpjyn ikv{Xcmn`nkvXYm	23

FpI Xn IqntpckpIsImpw AXnbmb A`njywsImpw ASn, CSn apXembh GevpIsImpw ]nSnp sRpIsImpw hncpmlmcw sImpw amhlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

AImetbm\nKa\mn{KlmZXnssaYp\m ip{Ihmln\n Zpjyn ikv{Xmcmn`nkvXYm	24

cPkzesb {]m]npIbmepw ipthKs XSppIbmepw AXnssaYp\wsImpw ikv{X{Inb, mcIw, AnIw ChsImpw iphlt{kmXkv Zpjnpp.

aq{XntXmZI `ykv{Xo tkh\m aq{X\n{Klm aq{XhmloWn Zpjyn oWkymXn IrikyN.	25

aq{XthKtmSp IqSnbh shw IpSnpItbm `Ww IgnpItbm kv{Xotkh sNpItbm sNbvXmepw aq{XthKs XSpmepw oWnh\pw AXnbmbn icocw saenh\pw aq{Xhlt{kmXv Zpjnpp.

hn[mcWmZXyi\mZ Pnm[yi\m XYm htmhmln\nZpjyn Zp_emtx IrikyN.	26

aens thKs XSppIsImpw AXn`Ww sImpw APowsImpw AYhm APon `Ww IgnpIsImpw XnXns aosX hopw XnpIsImpw An anmepw icocw saenh\pw ]pcojhlt{kmXv ZpjnpXmIpp.

hymbmamZXnkwtm`motXmjvWm{Iatkh\m tkzZhmlo\n Zpjyn t{Im[timI`ssbkvXYm	27

hymbmawsImpw AXnbmb a\tm`wsImpw iotXmjvW {Iaw sXddn ioenmepw t{Im[w, timIw, `bw ChsImpw tkzZhlt{kmXv ZpjnpXmIpp.

Blmchnlmc bx kymtmjKpssWx kax EXp`nhnKpWm]n t{kmXkmw k {]ZqjIx	28

GsXmcph Blmcfpw hnlmcfpw tZmjKpWv kaambpw EXpKpWv hn]coXambpw ioenppthm Ah t{kmXpIv tZmjaph\mbncnpw.

AXn{]hrnx kwKmhm kncmWmw {Ktbm ƒ]nhm hnam\a\m]n t{kmXkmw ZpjvSneWw	29

kncIfpsS AXn{]hrntbm kncIv XStam kncIfn {Kntbm Dmbmepw ckmZn[mXp kncIfnqSn hn]coXambn kcnmepw Ch t{kmtXmZpjvSnbpsS kmam\y eWamIpp.

kz[mXp kahm\n hrqem\yWq\nN t{kmXmwkn ZoLmWymIrXym {]Xm\kZrim\nN	30

t{kmXpI GtXXv [mXpsf hlnppthm B [mXphn\v Xpeyamb hfpXpw hrmIrXnbmbpw XSnpw kqvaambpw ZoLmIrXnbmbpw hnI ]Sp ]nSnXpt]msebpXpw BIpp.

{]mtWmZImhmlm\mw ZpjvSm\mw izmknIo{Inbm ImcymXrjvtWm]ia\oXssYhma {]tZmjnIo.	31

{]mWhlt{kmXkpI ZpjnXn\v izktcmKn ]d NnInbpw Pehlt{kmXkpI ZpjnXn\v BatZmjn\v ]d NnInbpw sNWw.

hnhn[minX ]oXotb ckmZo\mw bZuj[w ckmZnt{kmXkuw IpcymZyYmkzap]{Iaw.	32

hnhn[minX ]oXobmymbn ckmZn[mXp Zpjnm GsXmcuj[w ]dbspthm B Huj[{]tbmK Xs ckhlmZn t{kmXpI ZpjnXn\pw sNtXmWv.

aq{XhnSvtkzZhmlm\mw NnInkmau{XIr{nIo XYmXkmcnIoImcymXYm PzcNnInknIo.	33

aq{Xhlt{kmXv ZpjnXn\v aq{XIr{n\v ]d NnInk sNWw. aehlt{kmXkv ZpjnXn\v AXnkmcn\v ]d NnIn sNWw. tkzZhlt{kmXpI ZpjnXn\v Pzcn\v ]d NnInk sNWw.

X{XivtfmImx

{XtbmZim\mw aqem\n t{kmXkmw ZpjvSneWw kmam\yw\ma]cymbmx tIm]\m\n ]ckv]cw	34
tZmjtlXpx ]rYtz\ t`jtPmtiGhN t{kmtXm hnamt\\nnjvSw XYmNmZu hn\nbx	35
tIhew hnZnXw bky icocw k`mhXx imcocmx ktcmKm k Ikp \ ap^yXn.	36

]Xnaqvhn[ t{kmXpIfpsS aqew, Ah Zpjnmep kmam\y eWw, \ma]cymb, ]ckv]cw tIm]nnphn[w, ZpjnpXns \nZm\w, {]tXyIw {]tXyIw Huj[\ntiw, Aymbns BZnbn ]pcpj t{kmtXmab\msW hmZ\nbw Chsbmw Cu t{kmtXmhnamt\mymbn \ntinsncnpp. GsXmcphv apgph icocXXztbpw icockw_nbmb apgph Ahbhtfbpw Fm tcmKtfbpw Adnbm Ignbppthm Ah NnInmIfn tamlnpX.

CXynthi IrtXXt{ NcI {]XnkwkvIrtX hnam\mt\ t{kmXkmw hnam\w \ma]tam ƒymbx

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