chaper3

Aymbw  3

P\]tZmzwk\obw hnam\w

tmI :

1 - 19

20 - 38

39 - 58


XkvaZp`b ZrjvSXzm XtZIm{KlWakm[p, \n Zi\a]n Nmt{XmZmlcnjymax	39

AXpsImv Bbpn\v \nnXhpw A\nnXhpw cpw ImWpI \nanw AXv Hcpt]msebmsWv a\nempXv icnb. DZmlcWambn NneXv ChnsS NqnmWnpXcmw.

bZn ln \nbXIme {]amWambpx kwkym, XZmbpjvImamWmw \ a{uj[n awKe_eyp]lmc tlma\nba {]mbntm]hmk kzkvXyb\ {]Wn]mXKa\mZymx {Inbm CjvSb {]bptPyc, t\mZv{`mNWvUe]etKmKtPmjv{S JcXpcK alnjmZbx ]h\mZbZpjvSmx ]cn^mcymx kyp, \ {]]mXKncnhnja Zpmw_pthKmx, XYm\ {]atmZv {`m NWv UN]e tamltem`mIpeaXbx, \mcbx,\ {]hrtm ƒnx, \ N hnhn[ hnjm{ibmx, kcokrt]mcKmZbx, \ kmlkw, \tZiImeNcy \\tc{{]tIm]x, CtXyhamZtbm `mhm \m`mhIcmx kyp Bbpjx kky \nbXIme{]amWXzm, \ Nm\`ykvXmIme anW `b\nhmcImWm aImeacW `bamKt {]mWn\mw, hymmcw`IYm{]tbmK _pbx kypaljoWmw ckmb\m[nImtc,\m]ot{m \nXmbpjw i{Xpw ht{PWm`nl\ym,\mizn\mhmw t`jtPt\m]]mZtbXmw, \ aljtbm btYjvSambpkvX]km {]m]v\pbp, \ N hnZnX thZnXhym aljbx k kptcim ckmb\mZo\n kaybIv ]tiybpcp]ZntibpcmNtcbphm, A]n N k Npjm taX]cw bssZ{w Npx, CZw NmkvamIw {]Xyw, bYm]pcpj kl{kmWmapmtbmmbmlhw IpXma IpXmw NmXpeymbpjvSzw, XYm PmXam{XmWma{]XnImcm {]XoImcm, Ahnj hnj{]in\mw Nm]yXpeymbpjvSzw, \ N XpteymtbmKta DZ]m\LSm\mw Nn{XLSm\mw tNm koZXmw, XkvamntXm]Nmcaqew PohnXatXm hn]cybmarXyp, A]n N tZiImemKpW hn]coXm\mw IWmamlmc hnlmcmWmw N {Intbm]tbmKw kayIv kmXntbmK kmcW apZom\mw N h\amtcmKym\phrm tlXpap]e`matl D]Znimax kayIv ]iymatXn.	40

Fm FmhcptSbpw Bbpns Imebfhv \nnXamsWn ZoLmbpns\ B{Klnph AXn\pthn a{w, Huj[w, aWn, awKfIw, _en, D]lmcw, tlmaw, \nbaw, {]mbnw, D]hmkw, ip`kmZ\n\mbn thZmZn hn[n{]Imcap I, \akvImcw, Xobm{X apXembhbpw CjvSem`n\pthnbp bfpw sNtXn. (Bbpv \nnXamsWn Bbpv hnphm\p Ccw I \njv{]tbmP\amsWw.) ]cn{`anbvsp t{Im[ntmSp ]ip, B\, HIw, IgpX, IpXnc, t]mv apXembhtbbpw Zpjn hmbzmZnIsfbpw `bp HmtSXn. Dbcn\np hogvN, Dbcap ]Xw, ISm Ignbmamw, shmw Chsb `bstSXn. AXpt]mseXs {]amZw, {`mv, D{`mn, t{Im[w, Nm]eyw, tamlw, tem`w Fohn[ _pntbmSpIqSnbhtcbpw i{Xptfbpw hn Antbbpw kmZn hnhn[ hn[ hnjPptfbpw kmlk{]hrntbbpw tZiIme hn]coXamb BNmctbpw cmPtIm]tbpw CXpt]msebp addv `mhtfbpw acWapmIpsap IcpXn `bstSXn. ImcWw FmhcptSbpw Bbpns Imebfhv \nnXamhpI tlXphmbnv. (Fmhpw \nnXamb BbpmsWn AXn\papmbn Hcp ImcWhimepw acWs `bstSXnsw. PohnIv AImeacW`bw DmIpnsn AImeacW`b\nhmcWn\mbn Hpw sNtXn. ckmb\m[nImcn Bbpv hnphm\mbn aljnamcm ]dbs {]tbmKsfmw \njv^eambncnpw. Bbpv \nnXamsWn C{\v t]mepw i{Xpsh Xs Bbp[wsImv sImm IgnbpX. Aizn\oIpamcm tcmKnIsf Huj[wsImv NnInntXn. aljnam X]vsImv CjvSwt]msebp Bbpns\ {]m]npX. Fmw AdnbsSpXmb aljnamcpw C{\pw Bbpns\ hZ[nnpXmb ckmb\mZnIsf m\NpvsImv Inv addphphtZinpsImSppItbm kzbw ioenpItbm sNtXn. Fm t\{Xfnepw hv C{s t\{Xw DrjvSambXmIpp. CXv \v {]Xyn A\p`hhpamWv BbncWn\mfpI Fgptddv Fgptddv bpw sNpp. bpw sNmXncnpIbpw sNpp. (AXmbXv bpn\v t]mbh acnpIbpw t]mImh acnmXncnpIbpw sNpp Fw.) AXpsImv Bbpv Fmhpw Xpeya. tcmKapmbtmXs NnInnp Bpw NnInknmhpw Bbpv Xpeya. hnjw Xnhpw Xnmhpw Bbpv Xpeya. (AXmbXv hnjw Xnh anhmdpw acnpp. Xnmh PohnpIbpw sNpp Fw.) shwtImcm\p]tbmKnp ]m{Xhpw Nn{XWnsbSpp kqn ]m{Xhpw XpeyImewhsc \nevpX. (AXmbXv shwtImcp ]m{Xw thKn DSpt]mhpIbpw Nn{XWnsbSpp kqnpsh ]m{Xw hfscmew \nevpIbpw sNpp Fw.) AXpsImv lntXm]Nmcw PohnXn\pw AlntXm]Nmcw acWn\pw ImcWamIpp. \nbambpw tZin\pw kmyn\pw hn]coXamb Ihpw hn]coXamb Blmc hnlmcfpsS ioehpw Fmddntbpw AXntbmKhpw aeaq{XmZn thK[mcWhpw kmck{]hnIfpw hnpXmbm BtcmKycWn\v ImcWambnocpXmWv. CXv addphv D]tZintXpw \Xpt]mse IdntbXpamWv.

AXx ]canthix DhmNGhw kXy\nbXIme {]amWmbpjm `Kh! IYw ImearXypcImearXyp hm `hXoXn.	41

AXn\ptijw Anthi ]dptl `Kh! C{]Imcw Bbpns Imebfhv A\nnXamsWn ImearXypthm AImearXypthm Fns\ DmIpp.

XaphmN `Khm\mt{Xbx{ipbXmanthi! bYm bm\kambptm ƒx {]IrssXyhm KpssWcpt]Xx kym, k N kKptWm]]tm hmlyamt\m bYmImew kz{]amW bmtZhmhkm\w KNvtO, XYmbpx icotcm]KXw _eh {]IrXym bYmthZp]NcyamWw kz{]amW bmtZhmhkm\w KXn, karXypxImte. bYmN k Ghmtm ƒXn `mcm[njvTnXXzm hnja]YmZ]YmZ N{I`wKm hmlyhmlItZmjm ZWntammZ\p]mwKm ]cymk\m Nmcmhkm\w KXn, XYmbpc]y bYm_eamcw`m AbYmy`yhlmcmZv hn[mcy thKhn[mcWmZv hnjaicoc\ymkm Ak kw{ibm `qXhnjhmbzyp]Xm]m A`nLmXm Blmc{]XnImch\mmcm Ahkm\tahm]ZytX, karXypcImte, XYm PzcmZo\]ymXm anXvtYym]NmcnXm AImearXyp ]iyma CXn.	42

AXn\v Bt{Xb `Khm Dcw ]dp. Anthi ! tIpsImI! F{]Imcw hml\ns N{I\m`n {]IrXymXs `mcw hlnphm\p inbpXpw Fmhn[ KpWtfmSp IqSnbXpw Bbncpmepw HmSnsmncpm bYmkabw tXbvam\w kw`hnpI\nanw \inpt]mIppthm A{]Imcw icockw_nbmbncnp _ehmb Bbpv {]IrXym thXpt]mse ]cn]menmXs tXbvam\w kw`hnpI\nanw \inpXmIpp. AXns\ ImearXyp Fv ]dbpp. F{]Imcw B N{I\m`nXs hn A[nIw `mcw hlnpIbmepw Dbpw Xmgvpap tdmUnqSnbpw amw sXddnbpw kcnpIbmepw N{Iw apdnpt]mbmepw hnhenp IpXnc apXembhbptSbpw bm{XmcptSbpw tZmjwsImpw AmWn DucntmhpIbmepw hn]coXambn HmSpIbmepw (hnhoWpt]mbmepw) at[yhp \inppthm A{]Imcw Bbppw kmlk{]hnsImpw Ah\hs PTcmn\pkcnmsX Blmcw IgnpXpsImpw aeaq{XZnthKsf [cnpIbmepw icocw t\scbmsX hbvpIbmepw ZpjvSmcpambp kwkwsImpw `qXhnjhmbp AnIfpsS km]wsImpw ASn, CSn apXembh GevpIsImpw Blmcw IgnmXpsImpw tcmKn\v NnInnmXncpmepw at[yhp \inpIXs sNpp, CXn\v AImearXyp Fv ]dbpp, AXpt]mseXs PzcmZntcmKsf thXpt]mse NnInknmXncpmepw AImeacWs \ ImWpp.

AYmnthix ]{]Inw\pJep`Kh! PzcntX`yx ]m\obapjvWw {]bn `njPm `qan jvSw \ XYm ioXw? AkvXn N ioX kmt[ym ƒ]n[mXp PzcIc CXn.	43

A\cw Anthi tNmZnptl `Kh! PzctcmKnIv sshZym anhmdpw NqSpshwXs IpSnm sImSppp. FpsImv XWpshw sImSppn? Pzcs Dmp [mXp (]nw) BIs ioXkmyhpamIpp. (“Dujvam ]nmZrtX \mkvXn Pztcm\mkvXypjvaWmhn\m”) CXn.

XaphmN `Khm\mt{XbxPzcnXky Imbkapm\ tZiImem\`n kaoy ]mN\mw ]m\obap jvWw {]bn `njPx, Pztcmlymamibkap {]mtbm t`jPm\n Nmamibkapm\mw hnImcmWmw]mN\ ha\m]XW kam\n `hn; ]mN\mw N ]m\obapjvWw, XkvamtZXzcntX`yx {]bn `njtPm `qbnjvTw, Xtyjmw ]oXwhmXa\ptemabXn, Anw Nm\pZocyapZocbXn n{] PcmwKXn; ivtfjvamWw ]cntimjbXn kz]a]nN ]oXw XrjvWm{]ia\mtbm]I]tX. XYmbpIvXa]n ssNX \mXyXvZYmk ]nt Pztc kZml {`a {]em]mXnkmtc hm tZbw.DjvtW \ln Zml{`a {]em]mXnkmcm `qtbm ƒ`nht, intX\ tNm]imayo Xn.	44

AXn\v Bt{Xb `Khm Dcw ]dpPzctcmKnbpsS icocw, \nZm\w, tZiw, Imew apXembhsb t\mn a\nemnbnv sshZym ]mN\mw NqSpshw IpSnm sImSppp. PzcamIs Bamibn \npmIpXmWv. BamibP\yamb tcmKv anhmdpw Huj[ ]mN\ ha\mXW kafmIpp. ]mN\n\v NqSpshw \XmIpp. AXpsImv PzctcmKnIv sshZym anhmdpw NqSpshw sImSppp. NqSpshw IpSnp PzctcmKnImIs hmbp A\ptemaambnocpp ao`hn PTcmnsb Zo]vXampp. Blmcs Wn ]mIw hcppp. I^s timjnnpp. NqSpshw Aev]wam{Xw IpSnmt]mepw PzctcmKnbpsS Zmlw ianphm aXnbmIpXmWv. Cu NqSp shw A{]Imcap KpWtfmSp IqSnbXmsWnepw ]nm[nIyap Pzcnepw Npp\od, XeNpdd, ]npw t]bpw ]db, AXnkmcw ChtbmSpIqSnb Pzcnepw sImSpcpXv. NqSpshwsImmIs Npp\od, XeNpdd {]em]w, AXnkmcw Ch hopw hnpXmWv. XWpshw sImv Ch ianpXpamWv.

`hXnNm{X

iotXt\mjvWIrXm tcmKm iabn `njKznZx tb Xp ioXIrXm tcmKmkvtXjmw tNmjvWw `njKvPnXw.	45

Adnhp sshZy DjvWP\yambpmb tcmKsf iotXm]NmcwsImv iannpp. bmhNne tcmKfmIs ioXP\yamtWm Ahsb DjvtWm]NmcwsImpw sshZy PbnWw. (iannWw.)

GhanXtcjma]n hym[o\mw \nZm\hn]coXauj[w `hXnImcyw. bYmA]XW\nanm\ma]n hym[o\mw\mtcW ]qcWakvXn imnx XYm ]qcW\nanm\mw \mtcWm]XWanXn.	46

C{]Imcw addv tcmKpw \nZm\hn]coXamb Huj[w {]tbmP\ambnocpp. F{]Imcsam A]XWw \nanambpmb tcmKm kWw sImmsX ia\w DmIpX. AXpt]mseXs kWwsImpmb tcmKv A]XWw sImmsX ia\w DmIpX.

A]XWa]n N {Xnhn[w ewL\w ewL\]mN\w tZmjmh tkN\tXn.	47

A]XWw aqphn[nemIpp. 1. ewL\w, 2. ewL\]mN\w, 3. tZmjmhtkN\w. (kwtim[\amb ha\hntcN\mZnsImp tZmj\nlcWw.)

X{X ewL\a]_etZmjmWmw, ewLt\\lyn amcpXhrmbm hmXmX]]coXanhm]apZIa]tZmjx {]timjam]ZytX.	48

AXpIfnhv ewL\w tZmjv _ewIpdXn sNWw. ewL\wsImmIs Anbpw hmbphpw hnpXn\m Imddpw shbnepw sImm Aev]amb shw hddntmIpXpt]mse tZmjw timjnpt]mIpXmWv.

ewL\]mN\w Xp a[y_etZmjmWmw ewL\]mN\m`ymw ln kqcykm] amcpXm`ymw ]mwip `kvamh PosscnhNm\Xn _lpZIw a[y_etZmjx {]timjam]ZytX.	49

tZmjw abya_eambnphv ewL\]mN\w sNWw, ewL\]mN\wsImmIs hfsc IqSpXenmshw kqcys NqSpsImpw ImddpsImpw s]mSnsb `kvatam hnXdnbmepw hddntmIpXpt]mse a[y_etZmjw timjnp t]mIpXmWv.

_lptZmjmWmw ]p\tZmjmhtkN\tah Imcyw,\ly`nt tIZmc tkXu ]zem{]tktIm ƒkvXn XZztmjmhtkN\w.	50

tZmjw IqSpXephmIs tZmj\nlcWw Xs sNWw. Irjnev sInb Nnd apdnp\onbmemsX AXnep sNdnb Pemibw hddpX. AXpt]msebmWv _lptZmjaphv ha\hntcN\mZnIfmep tZmj\nlcWw.

tZmjmhtkN\w Xp A\yZzm t`jPw {]m]vXImea]ymXpcky ss\hwhn[ky Ipcym. XZyYmA\]hmZ{]XnImckym[\kym]cnNmcIky sshZyam \n\WvUkym kqbIky Xo{hm[cptNcXn oW _eamwk timWnXkymkm[ytcmtKm]lXky apaqjp enwKm\znXky tNXn. Ghwhn[w lymXpcap]Nc `njIv ]m]obkm ƒbikm tbmKaravOXoXn.	51

tZmjmhtkN\ambmepw addv Huj[ambmepw {]tbmKnt Imeambmt]mepw Xmsg]dbp hn[nep tcmKnv {]tbmKncpXv. AXv F{]ImcsamNnIn sNpXn\v hnizmkanmh\pw [\anmh\pw ]cnNmcI\nmh\pw kzbw sshZy\msWv \Snph\pw t{Im[nph\pw, Akqbbph\pw, A[n Xo{hamb cpNnbph\pw _ehpw amwkhpw chpw AXnbmbn oWnh\pw Akm[ytcmKw _m[nh\pw acWeWtmSpIqSnbh\pw NnIn sNcpXv. Cu hn[nep tcmKnsb NnInnp sshZy temIn \nnX\pw binmh\pambnocpp.

`hXnNm{X

At]mZI {ZptambkvXp {]hmXx {]NpcmX]x tbx k PmwKtemtZix kz]tcmKXtam ƒ]nN.	52

PmwKetZieWwshhpw hrfpw IpdXpw hmbphpw shbnepw IqSpXepXpw tcmKw hftc IpdhmbnpmIpXpambtZiw PmwKetZiamsWdnbWw.

{]NptcmZI hrtm tbm \nhmtXmZp`mX]x B\qt]m_lptZmj, kax km[mctWmaXx.	53

A\q]tZieWwshhpw hrhpw IqSpXembnpXpw hmbpkmchpw shbnepw IpdXpw tcmKw IqSpXembnpmIpXpamb tZiw B\q]tZiamsWdnbWw. Chsbmw kaambnv AXmbXv IqSpXepw IpdhpanmsX thXpt]msebpXv km[mcWtZiamsWdnbWw.

XZmtXzNm\pht hm bky kymZip`w ^ew IWkvX Ihy taXZv _pnaXmw aXw.	54

AtmXstbm ]notSm GsXmcpIns ^ew Aip`ambnocppthm B Iw sNmXncnWw. CXv _pnammcpsS A`n{]mbamIpp.

X{XivtfmImx

]qcq]mWn kmam\ym tlXhx k kzeWmx tZtimzw kkyss`jPyw tlXp\mw aqetah N.	55

{]mKvhnImc kap]ncmbpj b{Iax acWw {]Xn`qXm\mw ImemIme hn\nbx.	56

bYmNmImeacWw bYmbp t`jPw knwbmIXyuj[w tbmjmw \ IpcymZv tb\ tlXp\m	57

XZmt{Xtbm ƒnthimb \nJnew kaphm tZtim[zwk \nanotb hnamt\ ap\nkax	58

P\]tZm[zwk\ns ]qcq]w, tZtim[zwk\ns kmam\ytlXphpw AXns eWfpw tZtim[zwk\ns Huj[w, P\]tZm[zwk\ns aqeImcWw, tcmKfpsS BtZymev]n, Bbpx bns {Iaw. PohnIfpsS acWs kw_n Imentbpw AImentbpw \nbw, AImeacWw Fns\bpmIpp, F{]Imcw Huj[w sImSpm ^ew DmIpp, Bsmw Huj[w sImSpmXncnWw, Fv ImcWwsImv Huj[w sImSpmXncnWw Fnhsbmw Cu P\]tZm[zwk\obhnam\mymbn ap\nt{ijT\mb Bt{Xb injy\mb Anthi\mbnsmv kqambn D]tZinsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtXXt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX hnam\mt\ P\]tZm[zwk\ob hnam\w \ma XrXotbmƒymbx

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