chaper3

Aymbw  3

P\]tZmzwk\obw hnam\w

tmI :

1 - 19

20 - 38

39 - 58


kwIYm [imkv{XmWmw aljoWmw PnXm\mw [mnssIx kvXznssI\nXyw klmkymhr kssXx	20

CtXyXZv t`jPw t{]mambpjx ]cn]me\w tbjma\nbtXm arXypkvXkvan Imte kpZmcptW.	21

kXyw (a\km hmNm IWm), `qXZb, Zm\w, _en, tZh]qP, k]pcpjmcpsS BNmc]me\w imn, Bc, \hcmb BfpIsf ip{iqjn Ch lnXambnpXmIpp. {_Ncytkhbpw AXpt]mse {_NmcnIfpsS kwLhpw \XmIpp. [imkv{XfpsS kw`mjWhpw PntX{nbmcmb aljnamcpambp kw`mjWhpw \XmIpp. Ftmgpw [mnImtcmSpw hrP\tfmSp IqSn tNncnpXpw \XmIpp. ZmcpWamb GsXmcphv acWw A\nnXamtWm Ahp thn Bbpns\ cnphm\p Cu Huj[w ]dbsncnpp. (ZpjnImev kXy[mZnI A\pjvSnpXv AXn\nv ct\Sm\p Hcp {][m\ NnInbmsWw.)

CXn{ipXzm P\]tZmzwtk\ ImcWm\ymt{Xbky `KhXx ]p\c]n `Khamt{XbaKIv\nthi DhmNAY Jep`Kh ! IptXmaqetajmw hmbzmZo\mxsshKpWyap]ZytX tbt\m]]m P\]Zapzw kboXn.	22

Bt{Xb`Khm P\]tZm[zwk\n\p ImcW ]dXv tInv hopw Bt{Xb `Khmt\mSv Anthi ]dptl `Kh! Fv ImcWwsImmWv hmbzmZnIv hnIrXnbpmIpXv! hmbzmZnI ZpjnXpsImv P\v \miw kw`hnpsXns\bmWv!.

XaphmN `Khm\mt{Xbx. ktjma]ynthi hmbzmZn\mw sshKpWyw D]ZytX b, Xkyaqea[x. Xaqemk I ]qIrXw, Xtbmtbm\nx {]m]cm[ Gh. XZyYmbZm sshtZi\Kc \nKaP\]Z {][m\m [ap{Iaym[tW {]Pmw{]hbn, XZt{itXm]m{inXmx ]ucP\]Zm hyhlmtcm]Pohn\ Xw A[w A`nhbn.XXx tkm ƒ[x {]k`w [a[t. XXkvtX XlnX [mtWm tZhXm`nc]nXyPyt. tXjmwƒYmlnXI [Wma[ {][m\m\ma]{Im tZhXm\mw EXthm hym]yt. tX\mt]m bYmImew tZthm hjXn \ hm hjXnhnIrXw hm hjXn,hmXm\ kayK`nhmn, nXnhym]ZytX, kenem\yp]ipjyn, Huj[bx kz`mhb]cnlmbm]Zyt hnIrXnw, XX Dzwkt P\]Zmx kv]im`yhlmcy tSmjm.	23

Bt{Xb `Khm AXn\v Dcw ]dp. Anthi! hmbzmZn Fm `mhpw bmsXmcp sshKpWyw DmIppthm AXns ImcWw A[amIpp. B A[ns ImcWw ]qPmnXamb ZpjvhpamIpp. A[ntbpw apIntbpw Dhm\w {]m]cm[wXsbmIpp. AXv F{]ImcsamFtm tZi\Kc{KmahmknIfmb P\fn {][m\nI [s Dt]np A[XneqsS P\sf {]hnnppthm Atm Ahsc B{ibnncnphcpw ]ucP\fpw hym]mcnIfpw B A[s hnnpXmIpp. Ihym]mcwsImpw addpw B A[w hnptm [w Dntev HfntmSntmIpp. AXn\ptijw [w Dnsemfn Ah tZhmcmt]mepw XyPnshcmbnocpp Cu hn[n [w HfntmSpIbpw A[{][m\mcmhpIbpw tZhmcm XyPnsSpIbpw sNbvXhv EXp hnIrXambnocpp. B EXphym]v sImv C{shs bYmImew hjnmXncnpItbm AYhm Xotc hjnmXncnpItbm AYhm hnIrXambn hjnpItbm sNpp. Imddv thXpt]mse hoipX. `qan hnIrXambnocpp. Pemibw hddnhcpt]mIpp. Huj[ Xs kz`mhs hnp hnIrXambnocpp. AXn\ptijw hnIrXambnocp AhbpsS kv]itZmjwsImpw P\ \inpp.

XYm ikv{X {]`mhkym]n P\]tZmzw kkym[ Gh tlXp `hXn, tb ƒXn {]hr tem`tcmjam\mkvtX Zphem\haXym kzP\]tcm]LmXmb ikvt{XW ]ckv]ca`n{Iman, ]cmhm`n{Iman, ]sschm`n{Imayt ctmKWmZn`n hm.hnhn[ `qXkwssLkvXa[a\yZv hm]y]Nmccap]e`ym`nl\yt.	24

AXpt]mseXs ikv{XwsImv AXmbXv bpw apXembhsImv P\\miw DmIpXn\pw ImcWw A[wXsbmIpp. GsXmcph AXnbmbn hnX tem`tcmjam\tfmSv IqSnbhcmbnncqpthm Ah Zp_emcpsS \nsImv kzw `mcymatftbm addphtctbm \innphm\mbn ikv{Xw sImv ]ckv]cw B{IansSpp. AYhm addv cmjv{Ssf B{IansSpItbm addv cmjv{Sfm B{IansSpItbm sNpp. AYhm AYtam addv A]Nmctfm Inv ctmKWmZnIfmtem hnhn[ `qXt{]X]nimNpfmtem sImsSpIbpw sNpp.

XYm`nim] {]`mhkym]y[ Gh tlXp `hXn.tb ep]vX[mZt]XmkvtX Kpcphrkn jn ]qPym\haXymlnXm\ymNcn. XXkvXmx {]Pm KpmZn`nc`ni]vXm `kvaXap]bmn. {]mK ]y`qZt\I ]pcpjIpe hn\mimb. \nbX{]Xytbm]ew`mnbXm]tc ƒ\nbX{]Xytbm]ew `mZ\n bXm]tc. {]mK]n Nm[mZrtX \mipt`m]nc\ytXm ƒ`q.	25

A{]Imcw A`nim]wsImpmIp P\\min\pw ImcWw A[wXsbmIpp. GsXmcph [tem]tam [NypXntbm sNppthm Ah KpcphrknEjn]qPymsc \nnpIbpw Ahv AlnXambXns\ BNcnpIbpw sNpXmbm AXv \nanw B P\ KpcphrmZnIfm i]nsp `kvaambnt]mIpp. C{]Imcw ]v ImefnXs At\Iw ]pcpjmcpsS Ipe\miw Dmbnpv. Nne\nnXamb ImcWw InpIbm \nnXamb Imewhsc Pohnpp. Nne A\nnXamb ImcWw InpIbm A\nnXambn PohnpIbpw sNpp. AXmbXv AImeNcaw {]]npIbpw sNpp Fw. ]v Imefn t]mepw A[wIqSmsX addv ImcWsImv Aip`w Dmbnn.

BZnImte lyZnXnkpX kauPtkm ƒXnhnaehn]pe{]`mhmx {]aytZhtZhjn [ hn[nhn[m\mx ssiekmckwlX ncicocmx {]kht{nbmx ]h\ka_ePh ]cm{Iamx Nmcpkv^ntNm ƒ`ncq]{]amWmIrXn {]kmtZm]Nbhx kXymhm\riw kyZm\Za\nbaX] D]hmk{_Ncy{hX]cm hy]KX`bcmKtZzj tamltem`It{km[timI am\tcmK \n{ZmX{m{iaIvfameky ]cn{Klm ]pcjm _`qhpx AanXmbpjx. tXjmapZmc kXzKptW IWmw [mWmaNnyXzm ckhocyhn]mI {]`mhKpW kapZnXm\n {]mZp_`qhx ikym\n kKpW kapZnXXzm ]rYnhymZo\mw IrXbp KkymZu.	26

BZnImen (IrXbpKn) tZhkZriamb HmPtmSpIqSnbpw {]Xyn tZhmcptSbpw tZhjnamcptSbpw [bhn[n hn[m\tfmSpIqSnbpw lnameb]Xwt]mse Dd icoctmSpIqSnbpw hhpw C{nbfpw {]kambpw hmbphn\v Xpeyamb _ethK ]cm{IatfmSpIqSnbpw \ \nXw_hpw cq]hpw \ofhpw BIrXnbpw {]kmZhpw hhpw Dhcpw kXyw, Ah{IX, A{IqcX, Zm\w, ZrVNnX, \nbaw (iuNktmjX]x kzm[ymtbmizc{]Wn[m\m\n \nbax), X]v, D]hmkw, {_Ncy, {hXw Chbn Xm]cytmSpIqSnbhcpw, `bw, tcmKw, tZzjw, tamlw, tem`w, t{Im[w, timIw, am\w, cmKw, AIme\n{Z, aSn, oWw, aw Bekyw, ]cn{Klw Chsbmpw Cmhcpambn AXy[nIw ZoLmbpp ]pcpjm Dmbncpp. AhcpsS kXzKpWn IfptSbpw [fptSbpw ANnyamb {]`mhw\nanw IrXbpKns BZnbn ]rYnhymZn]alm`qXfpsS kKpWkXbm ckhocyhn]mI{]`mh KpWtfmSpIqSnb kky (kky[m\y) Dmbncpp.

{`iyXnXp IrXbptK tIjmnZXymZm\m kmoIm\mw icoc Kuchamko. kXzm\mwKuchm{iax,{iamZmekyw, Bekym kbx, kbm ]cn{Klx]cn{Klmtem`x, {]mZpcmkn IrtX.	27

IrXbpKw IptdIgntmgmIs [\[m\ymZnI IpSpX kmZnpshpIbm kcmb Nnev icocw IqSpX XSnpIbpmbn. icocw XSnpIbm oWhpw oWw\\nanw Bekyhpw Bekyw\nanw tiJcnpthm\p B{Klhpw kbw\nanw Fmw ]nSnpshepw ]cn{Klw\nanw tem`hpw IrXbpKns Ahkm\n {]Zp`hnpIbpmbn.

XXkvt{XXmbmp tem`mZ`nt{Zmtlm ƒ`nt{ZmlmZ\rXhN\w A\rXhN\m Imat{Im[am\tZzj ]mcpjym`nLmXZbXm]timI NntmtKzKmZbx {]hrmx. XXkvt{XXmbmw[]mZZm ƒm\aKa.Xkymm\Zv bpKhj {]amWky ]mZ{lmkx,]rYnhymtZKpW]mZ{]Wmtim ƒ`q, X {]WmiIrX ikym\mw kvt\lsshaey ckhocyhn]mI{]`mhKpW]mZ{`wix. XXkvXm\n {]PmicocmWn lo\KpW]mssZlobam\KpssWmlmc hnImssccbYm]qap]jvSw`yam\mnamcpX]cnXm\n {]mKv hym[n`n PzcmZn`nx B{Imm\yXx {]mWnt\m{lmkahm ]pcmbpjx {IaiCXn.	28

IrXbpK Ka\m\cw t{XXmbpKnemIs tem`w \nanw PohnIsf h[nphm\p B{Klhpw A`nt{Zmlw\nanw Ifhv ]dbepw Ifhv ]dbpXpsImv Imaw, t{Im[w, Almcw tZzjw, ITn\X ASn]nSn, `bw, Xm]w, timIw, Nn, DtZzKw apXemb {]hrnI Dmbn. AXv \nanw Dntebvv t]mbn. []mZns A[m\w\nanw IrXbpKnepmb hjns Afhnv \mensemcp`mKw Ipdhphp. ]rYnhym[n]`qXKpW\miP\yambn kkyfpsS kv\nKv[X, \neX, ckw, hocyw, hn]mIw, {]`mhw Fo KpW \mensemcp`mKw \inp. AXn\ptijw \mensemv KpWw Ipd Blmcfmepw hnImcfmepw P\fpsS icocw apv IrXbpKnenmhn[n Anbpw hmbphpw kvXw`np BZyambn PzcmZntcmKfm B{Iansp. AXn\ptijw PohnIfpsS Bbpv {Ian Ipdphp.

`hXnNm{X

bptK bptK []mZx {Itaamt\\ lobtX KpW]mZ `qXm\mtahwtemIx {]eobtX.	29

Hmtcm bpKnepw {Ian [ns \mensemcp`mKw hoXw IpdbpIbpw AXv \nanw B{IanXs `qaymZn]alm`qXfptSbpw a\pjyZnPohnIfptSbpw kkymZnIfptSbpw KpWpw IpdhpmIpp. Ans\ IenbpKns Ayn [mZnIsfmw ]qambn \inpIbpw temIw {]fbs {]m]npIbpw sNpp. (AXmbXv IrXbpKns XpSn [mZnIsfmw ]qambpmbncnpIbpw IrXbpKns AyamIptmtgpw [mZnI \mensemcp `mKw \inpIbpw sNpp. ]noSv t{XXmbpKns XpSnep [mZnIfpsS apm `mKw t{XXmbpKns Ayn ]IpXnbmbnocpIbpw sNpp. ]noSv Zzm]cbpKns XpSnep [mZnIfpsS ]IpXn`mKw AyamIptmtgpw \mensemmbn IpdbpIbpw sNpp. ]noSv IenbpKns XpSnep [mZnIfpsS \mensemcp`mKw IenbpKns AyamIptmtgpw ]qambpw, \inpIbpw {]fbm temIw \inpIbpw sNpp Fw.)

kwhkcitX]qt bmXnkwhkIcx bw tZln\mambpjx Imte b{Xbam\anjytX.	30

HmtcmbpKnepw AXmXv bpKnse Znhykwhcs \qdv`mKw shp AXn Hcp`mKw Ignbptm PohnIfpsS Bbpv Hcp hjw IpdbpXmWv. Ans\ NXpbpKhpw Ahkm\nptmtgpw Bbpv ]qambpw IpdbpIbpw kPohnIfpw {]fbm \inpIbpw sNpp.

CXnhnImcmWmw {]Kp]ntlXpcptm `hXn GhwhmZn\w `Khamt{Xbanthi DhmN, InwKp Jep `Kh ! \nbXIme{]amWambpx kw \thXn.	31

C{]Imcw tcmKfpsS BtZymev]nbpsS ImcWw ]dbsp. A{]Imcw ]d Bt{Xb`Khmt\mSv Anthi ]dp. tl `Kh! FpsImv Bbpns \nnXamb Imebfhns\ apgph\pambn ]dn. (AXmbXv A\nnXamb Ime{]amWw Fns\bmWv F kwibw tNmZnq Fw.)

Xw `Khm\phmN

Clmnthi! `qXIm\mambpbpnat]tX ssZth]pcpj Imtc N nXwlyky _em_ew.	32

ssZhamIrXw hnZym Ib ]qssZlnIw kvarXx ]pcpjImckvXp {InbtX bZnlm]cw. 33

A{]Imcw kwibw tNmZn Anthit\mSv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dp. tl Anthi! ChnsS PnhnIfpsS Bbpv bpnsb At]nncnpp. Fm Cu Bbpns _em_ew ssZhnepw AXmbXv apn sNbvX I^enepw ]ucpjnepw AXmbXv Cu Pn sNbvXI^enepw A[njvTnXhpamIpp. ]qtZln kzbw sNbvX bmsXmcp Iaptm AXv ssZhnIamsWpw Cu Pn sNbvX bmsXmcp Iaptm AXv ]pcpjImcamsWpw AdnbWw.

_em_ehntitjm ƒkvXn Xtbmc]nN ItWmx ZrjvSw ln {Xnhn[w I lo\a[yaapaw.	34

Cu cv hn[ Ipw ]ckv]cw _eml_ehntijw Dv. (AXmbXv Nnetm apIw ^ew _ehm\mbpw Nnetm Cu P I^ew _ehm\mbpw Nnetm cpw Zp_eambpw Ccnpsaw.) Fm Cu cphn[nep Iw lo\w, a[yaw, Daw Fnns\ aqphn[nembn ImWsSpp.

XtbmcpZmctbm bpn ZoLkykkpJkyN\nbXkymbptjm tlXp hn]coXky tNXcm.a[yama[yatkyjvSm......................................................	35

apmnXhpw Cu PmnXhpamb DaIns bpn (tbmKw) kpJtmSpIqSnb ZoLmbpn\pw \nnXamb Bbpn\pw ImcWamIpp. CXn\p hn]coXambm AXmbXv apnepw Cu Pnepw lo\Iw sNbvXm Bbpv ZpxJbphpw A\nnXhpambncnpw. Iw Cu cn\pw a[ynembm kpJhpw Bbppw a[yaambncnpw Fw.

.................................................ImcWw irWpNm]cw ssZhw]pcpjImtcW Zp_ew lyp]l\ytX. ssZth\tNXc IhninjvtSt\m]l\ytXx.	36

ZrjvSzmbtZtIa\yt \nbXw am\ambpjx	37

kpJw, ZpJw, \nbXw, A\nbXw, lnXw, AlnXw Fo Bbpns addv ImcWfpw ]dpXcmw. tIpsImI. ]mc{XnI I^ew Zp_eamsWn _esXmb sFlnI I^ewsImv AXv \inpp. ]mc{XnI I^ew _ehm\msWn AXv sFlnI I^etbpw \innpp. CXv Inv Nne Bbpns \nnXamb Afhns\ a\nempp.

apI^ew Zp_eamb ]pWyamsWn Cu Pnse {]_eamb ]m]Iw AXns\ \innpIbpw ZpxJtmSpIqSnb Aev]mbptmSpIqSnbpw A\nnXmbptmSpIqSnbpw CcnpIbpw sNpw. AXpt]mseXs apI^ew Zp_eamb ]m]amsWn Cu Pnse _eamX ]pWyIw AXns\ \innpIbpw kpJtmSpIqSnb ZoLmbptmSpIqSnbpw \nnXmbptmSpIqSnbpw CcnpIbpw sNpw.

IInn IzNn Imte hn]mtI\nbXw al InnzIme\nbXw {]Xyssbx {]Xnt_m[ytX.	38

Nne alIw hn]mIn (]cnWman) F{XImewhsc F \nbapmIpw. NneXnmIs Ime\nbw DmIpX. AXv {]XoXntlXpfn AXmbXv D]tZi {]Xym\pam\ bpnIfm a\nemIpXmWv.

tmI :

1 - 19

20 - 38

39 - 58