chaper2

Aymbw  2

{Xnhn[ Ipobw hnam\w

tmI :

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9 - 16

17 - 22


AYmXkv{Xnhn[ Ipobw hnam\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n hnam\m\nse {Xnhn[Ipobw hnam\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

{Xnhn[w Ipu m]tbZhImimwiamlmckymlmcap]bpRvPm\x, XZyYmGIahImimwiw aqm\mamlmc hnImcmWmw, GIw {ZhmWmw, GIw ]p\hmX]nivtfjvaWmw. GXmhXowlymlmcam{Xmap]bpRvPmt\m \mam{Xm^mcPw InnZip`w {]m]vt\mXn.	2

Blmcap]tbmKnph Blmcn\m \nevphm\p Bamibnse Hgnhv ew aqv `mKambn IWmWw. AXv F{]Imcsam Hcp `mKw Inbmb Blmcpw Hcp `mKw {Zh]Zmpw Hcp`mKw hmX]nI^pw BIpp. Cu hn[nep am{Xm{Ian Blmcw Ignph\mIs lo\anymXnam{XmlmcP\yamb Hcip`tbpw {]m]npX.

Bamibnse Cu AhImimwis AjvSmwKkw{Klw kq{Xm\w ]mw Aymbn \membnmWv ]dncnpXv.

“AtIpt Zzmhwiu]mt\ss\Iw {]]qctb B{ibw ]h\mZo\mw NXpahtijtb”

AwsImv Bamibns cp`mKfpw ]m\wsImv Hcp `mKhpw \ndbvWw hmbp apXembhbvv B{ibambn \memas `mKw HgnnSWw. Bamibns Ne\hntijwsImmWv ]N\w Bcw`npXv. AXv hmbphns IamWv. hbdvapgph \ndm Bamibns Ne\hntijwsImmWv ]N\w Bcw`npXv. AXv hmbphns IamWv. hbdvapgph \ndm Bamibns Ne\{Inb kvXw`npw. am{Xa ]N\s klmbnpXpw AXn\nSbvpmIpXpamb tZw apXembhbvv hnIknphm\pw hym]nphm\pw CSthWw. AXpsImv \mensemcp`mKw hnpthWw `Ww Ignphm. Blmcns KpWw t\mnbpw am{X\nbntXmWv.

\ N tIhew am{XmhXzmtZhmlmcky Irkv\amlmc^ekujvTh ahm]v\pw iIyw. {]IrXymZo\mw AjvSm\mamlmchn[n hntijmbX\m\mw {]hn`^eIXzm. X{Xmbw XmhZmlmccmin a[nIrXyam{Xmam{Xm ^ehn\nbmx {]IrXx. GXmhmt\hlymlmccminhn[n hnIt]m bmham{XmhXz.	3

tIhew Ign Blmcns am{XsImv am{Xw Fm Blmcntbpw ip`^esf a\nemphm IgnbpX. ImcWw {]IrXymZn Fv hn[ Blmc hn[nhntij ImcWfpsS ^ew hn`nambXpsImv {]IrXymZn Fv hn[ Blmchn[nhntij ImcWfpsS ayn ]d Blmc cminsb kw_n am{Xmam{XIfpsS ip`mip`^e\nbn\mbn CXv ChnsS Bcw`nXmIpp. Fm Cu Blmccminhn[nbpsS hyXymkw am{Xm[nbtmSpIqSnbXmbpw am{Xm\nbanmXmbpw cphn[n am{XamIpp.

X{X am{XmhXzw ]qapnjvSw Ipywihn`mtK\, XZv`qtbm hnkvXtcWm\p hymJymkymax, XZyYmIptc{]]oU\ amlmtcW, lrZbkym\htcm[x ]miztbmchn ]mZ\w, \mXnKuchw DZcky,{]oW\an{nbmWmw, p ]n]mtkm]cax, m\mk\ ib\ Kat\mzmk lmky kw IYmkpkpJm\phrnx, kmbw {]mXkptJ\ ]cnWa\w, _ehm]NbIcXztXn am{XmhtXm eWamlmcky `hXn.	4

Bamibns Awihn`mKneqsS am{Xsb kw_nv apv D]tZinsp. AXv hopw hnkvXcnp]tZinpXcmw AXv F{]Imcsamam{Xm\nb{]Imcw Blmcw Ignm B Blmcw sImv Bamibn\v Xn DmIpX. lrZbn\v Xs {]hrnv XSw DmIpX. hbdn\v AXnbmb I\w DmIpX. Npx t{im{XmZn C{nbv {]kXbpmIpw. hnipw Zmlhpw ]camh[n klnm Ignbpw \nevpI, CcnpI, InSpI, \SpI, izmtkmzmkw sNpI, NncnpI, kwkmcnpI FnhIfn kpJw DmIpw. sshIptchpw cmhntebpw Blmcw kpJambn Zlnncnpw. _ew, hw, icoc]pjvSn Chsb Dmpw. am{Xm{Ian Blmcw Ignhs eWw C{]ImcamIpp.

Aam{XmhXzw ]p\Zznhn[amNtXlo\a[nIw tNXn, X{X lo\am{Xamlmccminw _ehtm]NbbIc aXr]vXnIcapZmhIcahrjyam\mbpjy a\uPkyw icocat\m_pontbm]LmXIcw kmchn[a\ aevaymhlw AiotX hmXPm\mw hnImcmWmambX\amNtXx	5

sXddmbnpam{X lo\am{Xsbpw AXnam{Xsbpw cphn[n ]dbpp. AXpIfnhv Afhn Ipdp Blmcw, _ew, hw, ]pjvSn Chsb bnnpXpw AXr]vXnsb DmpXpw DZmh tcmKs DmpXpw Bbpnt\bpw hocytbpw HmPnt\bpw \innpXpw at\m_po{nbfpsS {]h\sf \innpXpw, Aevansb (Zcn{ZXsb) DmpXpw, FXv hn[ hmXtcmKv ImcWambnocpXpw BsWv ]dbsncnpp.

AXnam{Xw ]p\x ktZmj {]tIm]Wann Ipiemx. tbm ln aqm\mamlmc PmXm\mw kulnXywKXzm {ZsshkvXr]vXnam]ZytX, `qbkvXkymamcbKXm hmX]nivtfjvamtWm ƒ`yhlmtcWmXnamt{XWmXn {]]oUyam\mx ktbpK] {]tIm]am]Zyt. tX {]Ip]nXm kvXtahmlmccminw A]cnWXamhniy IptyItZiam{inXmx hnjvSw`hxklkm hm]ypcm[cm`ymw amm`ymw {]Nymhb ]rYIv ]rYKnam hnImcm A`n\nbyXn am{Xt`mqx X{X hmXx iqem\mlmw Ka apJtimj aqm{`amn sshjay kncmIp\ kwkvX`\m\n ItcmXn, ]nw ]p\PzcmXnkmcmaml XrjvWmaZ{`a {]e]\m\n. ivtfjvam Xp OytcmNImhn]mIioXPzcmeky Km{XKuchmWn.	6

am{Xbn Ihn BlmcwsImv Fm tZmjfpw tIm]npXmsWv kamcmb sshZym a\nempp. Inbmb Blmcw Xr]vXnbmthmfw Xnnv AXns aosX shwsImpw hbdv \ndbvpp. Ans\bph\v BamibKXamb hmX]nI^ AXnam{Xbn Ign Blmcm AXnbmbn DtinXambnv HnptNp tIm]npXmIpp. B tIm]n hmXmZntZmj thXpt]mse Zlnm BlmctmSvtNp Bamibn Hcp`mKs B{ibnp\np hnjvSw`nnp (kvX_v[amnop) s]sv taevt]mpw Xmtgmpap amfnqSn (hmbnqSnbpw KpZnqSnbpw) ]pdtv XnhnpsImv {]tXyIw {]tXyIw C\n]dbp hn[nep tcmKsf AXnam{Xbn Blmcw Ignph\n DmIpp. AXn hmXw, thZ\, hbhov, Ipnt\mhv, hmb hc, tamlmekyw, Xeapdd, Anamyw, kncIv Npfnhv, kvXw`\w Fnhsb Dmpp. ]ns ]nw, Pzcw, AXnkmcw, Dn Fcnn, XoZmlw, aZw, XeNpdd, t]]dn Fnhsb Dmpp. I^amIs On, AcpNn, Anamyw, ioXPzcw, oWw, icocn\vI\w Fnhsb Dmpp.

\ Jep tIhe aXnam{Xtahlmccminama {]tZmjImcWann. A]nXp Jep Kpcpcq ioXip jvIZznjvSw hnjvSw`n hnZmly ipNnhncpm\mw AImte ƒ]m\m\map]tkh\w, Imat{Im[tem`tamtljym {lo timIamt\mtZzKmZtbm] X]vXa\km hmbZ ]m\ap]bpPytX XZ]ymatah {]ZqjbXn.	7

tIhew AXnam{Xbnep Blmc{]amWwsImv am{Xw BatZmjn\v ImcWambnocpX. Kpcp cqw, ioXw, DWnbXv shdpsSpXv, hnjvSw`sDmpXv, hnZmls DmpXv ipNnbnmXv, {]IrXnkwkvImcmZnIfm hncpambXv Fo BlmcfpsS D]tbmKhpw Imew sXddnbnp A]m\fpsS D]tbmKhpw Imaw, t{Im[w, tem`w, tamlw, Cujy, e, timIw, a\n\v ]cn{`aw, `bw, Fnhbm a\v X]nncnph GsXmc]m\w D]tbmKnppthm AXv Xtbpw Bas Zpjnnpp.
`hXnNm{X

am{Xbm]y `yhlrXw]ymw \ PocyXn NnmtimI`bt{Im[ ZpxJtaml{]PmKsscx.	8

Nn, timIw, `bw, t{Im[w, ZpxJw, tamlw, Ddsmgnb Fo ImcWfm an{inXamb am{Xbn Ign ]yamb Blmcambmt]mepw ZlnpX.

Xw Zznhn[ama {]tZmjamNtX `njPxhnjqNnImaekIw N.	9

BatZmjs sshZym cphn[nembn ]dbpp. 1. hnjqNnI, 2. AekIw.

X{X hnjqNnImaqzw Nm[ {]hrmatZmjmw btYm cq]mw hnZym	10

AXn hmXmZntZmjfpsS iqem\mlmZn eWtfmSpIqSn Zlnm Aw Onpw AXnkcnpw t]mIpXv hnjvSNnIbmsWdnbWw. hnjvSNnImeWw kp{ipXn ]dbpXn{]ImcamWv. “kqNo`ncnh Km{XmWn XpZ knjTtX ƒ\nex, bkymPot\ km sshssZy hnkqNnXn \ KZytX.” CXn.

AeIkap]tZymax. Zp_eky A]mt _lpivtfjvatWm hmXaq{X]qcoj thKhn[mcnWxncKpcp _lpcq ioXipjvImtkhn\xXZ]m\a\ne{]]oUnXw ivtfjvaWm Nhn_ amaXnamt{X {]eo\w Aekczm _lnpJo `hXn. XXivOyXnkmc hm\yma {]tZmjenaKm\n AZnkwZ cbXyXnam{XmWn. AXnam{Xm{]ZpjvSmtZmjmx {]ZpjvSma_ammkvXncyNvOx IZmNnKtZhtIheaky icocw ZWvUh kvXw`bn, AXkvXaekIakmyw {_qhtX.	11

AekIs D]tZinpXcmw. _eanmh\pw Anamyaph\pw I^w hnncnph\pw At[mhmbp. aq{Xw, aew FnhbpsS thKsf [cnpI ioeambnph\pw ncKpcp_lpcqioX iqjvIm ioenph\pw hmbphn\m ]oUnXamb B A]m\w I^m amw XSbsp AXnbmbn Dn XSp\np AekamhpI\nanw ]pdtv t]mImXncnpIbpw sNpp. AXn\ptijw Onbpw AXnkmchpw Hgnp Ba tZmjeWsfmw AXnbmbn ImWpIbpw sNpp. AXnbmbn ZpjntZmj ZpjvSamb Bam hgnXSbsp hnen kcnp Nnetm Ahs icocs tIhew Zw t]mse kvXw`nnpp. AXpsImv B AekIs Akmyw Fv ]dbpp.

hncpmymi\mPomi\ioen\x ]p\cmatZmjama hnjanXymNtX `njPx, hnjekZrienwKXzmX ]cakm[yw, BcpImcnXzm Zzncptm]{IaXzmtXn.	12

hncpmi\hpw Aymi\hpw APomi\hpw ioeamnbnph\mIs BatZmjs Bahnjsap sshZym ]dbpp. hnj`q\p ]dnpXn\p Xpeyamb eW DXpsImpw s]sv A]ISs DmpXpsImpw NnInbn sshcpyw DXpsImpw AXv Gddhpw Akm[yamIpp.

BatZmjn\v DjvWNnInbmWv sNtXv AXv hnjn\v hcpambncnpw. hnjn\v ioXNnInbmWv sNtv AXv Ban\v hncpambncnpw. Ans\ hncptm]{IaambXpsImpw Bhnjw Gddhpw AkmyamsWw.

X{X km[yamamw {]ZpjvSaeko`qXaptJtbmZmZu]mbbnXzm ehWapjvWw N hmcn; XXx tXzZ\hn {]Wn[m\m`ymap]mNmcZp]hmkss\w.	13

AXn Zpjnp AekambnnSpXpw NnInnp amddmhpXpamb Bas BZyw Xs NqSpshn Dv Ien IpSnnnp OnnWw. AXn\ptijw Ahs\ hnbnepw KpZn tim[\hnshepw D]hknnepw sImv D]NcnWw.

hnjpNnImbmw Xp ewL\tahmt{K hnchm\p ]qo.	14

hniqNnIbnemIs BZyw ewL\wsNpIbpw hntcNnnh\v ]dXpt]msebp ]ymZn{Iaw ioennpIbpw thWw. Cu ]y{Iaw D]Iev]\obmymbn ]dbppv.

Ba{]tZtjjp XzImte Pomlmcw ]p\tZmjm hen]vXmamibw kvXnanXKpcptImjvTw A\m`nemjnWa`nkaoy ]mbtbZv tZmjtij ]mN\mauj[w An kwqWm\tXzhm Pomi\w. Ba{]tZmj Zp_temlyKv \n \ bpK]tmjauj[amlmcPmX ix]IvXqw.A]nN Ba{]tZmjmlmcuj[ hn{`tam ƒXn _eXzm Zp]cX Imbmnw klsskhmXpc a_eaXn]mXtb.	15

BatZmjfnemIs BlmcwIgnt kabv (cmhnsetbm sshIptctam) Blmcw Zlnh\msWnepw tZmj ]ddnnSn BamibtmSpw kvXw`npw KpcpXztadnb tImjvTtmSpw IqSnbh\mtWm Fpw `Wn B{Klanmh\msWpw t\mnbnv B tZmjtijs ]NnnpXn\pw Ansb Zo]vXampXn\pw thn acpv IpSnnWw. Blmcw Zlnnnsn acpv tkhnncpXv. ImcWw BatZmjwsImv Zp_eamb An BatZmjtbpw Huj[tbpw Blmctbpw Hnp ]Nnnphm iamIpX. Fpam{Xa BatZmjmlmcuj[fpsS kwLjw Gddhpw _esncnpI \nanw Anbpw _ehpw bnncnp tcmKnsb s]sp Xs acWntev Xnhogvntbpw.

Ba{]tZmjPm\mw ]p\hnImcmWma]XtWss\thm ]ctam `hXn. kXnXz\p_m IrXm] XWm\mw hym[o\mw\n{Ktl \nan hn]coXa]mkyuju[amXhn]coXtahmNmtctbZyYmkzw; khnImcmWma]n N \n{Ktl tlXphym[nhn]coXauj[ann Ipiemx XScvXYImcn hm.	16

BatZmjw sImp tcmKmIs A]XWw sImv am{Xta ia\apmhpIbpq A]XWw sNbvXh\v hopw BatZmjns A\p_apsnemIs Ans\bp tcmKfpsS ia\n\mbn tlXphn]coXuj[s Dt]np hym[nhn]coXuj[w Xs AXmXn\\pkcnp sImSpWw. Fmhn[tcmKfptSbpw ia\n tlXphn]coXhpw hy[nhn]coXhpamb Huj[tbpw AYhm tlXzImcnbpw hy[ymImcnbpamb Huj[tbpw kamcmb sshZym t{ijvTamsWv IcpXpp.

BatZmjw kWP\yambXpsImv A]XWw XsbmWv AXn\v Gddhpw ]ddnb NnIn. Fm A]XWm\chpw BatZmjw tijnpIbmsWn AXns ia\n\mbn \nanhn]coXamb Huj[s hnv AXmbXv AXnam{Xmlmchn]coXhpw AXn Ip]nXamb tZmjhn]coXhpamb Huj[s sImSpmsX BXhn]coXuj[s AXmbXv iqemwKamZn hmXtIm]P\yamb tcmKn\v hn]coXamb Huj[s AXmXns nXn\pkcnp sImSpWw. tlXphn]coXw, XZImcn apXemb NnInm{Iaw \nZm\m\n Hmw Aymbn hfsc hniZambn hnhcnnpv.

hnapma {]tZmjky ]p\x ]cn]IztZmjky Zo]vtXNmkm\mh`yw Kmm]\m\phmk\w hn[nhkvt\l]m\w N bpym {]tbmPyw {]kaoy tZmjt`jP tZiIme _eicocmlmckmy kXz{]IrXnhbkmahmcmWn hnImcmwkayKnXn.	18

]noSv BatZmjw hnh\pw tZmjw ]Nnsncnph\pamb tcmKnv AnZo]vXambXn tZmjw, Huj[w, tZiw, Imew, _ew, icocw, Blmcw, kmyw, a\v, {]IrXn, hbv ChbpsS AhmhyXymksbpw thXpt]mse tcmKtfbpw \hw t\mnbnv bpn]qw FtXv, IjmbhkvXn, kvt\lhkvXn Chtbbpw hn[n{]Imcw kvt\l]m\tbpw {]tbmKnWw.

`hXnNm{X

AcnXwJmZnXw ]oXw eoVw Ip{Xhn]NytX GXXzmw[oc! ]rmakvX BNz _pnam	19

[oc\mbncnp Kptcm! AinXw, JmZnXw, ]oXw, eoVw Fo NXpn[mlmc icocn FhnsShmWv ]NnsSpXv Fv R \ntfmSv tNmZnpIbmWv. AXv _pnam\mb Avv Rv D]tZinpXmepw.

CXynthi{]apssJx inssjyx ]rjvSx ]p\kpx BN Nt XXkvtXt`ym b{Xmlmtcmhn]NytX. \m`nkvX\mcw Ptmcmamib CXnkvarXx AinXw JmZnZnXw ]oXw eoVm{X{]NytXx. BamibKXx ]mIamlmcx {]m]ytIhew ]Izx kmibw ]m [a\o`nx {]]ZytX.	20

C{]Imcw Anthi{]apJcmb injym tNmZnXtm Kpcp\mY\mb ]p\kp FhnsShmWv Blmcw ]NnsSpXv Fv injymv ]dpsImSpp. PohnIv \m`nbptSbpw kvX\ntbpw aynembn Bamibw nXnsNpp. hmcnnpXpw NhpXnpXpw IpSnXpw \nnpXpamb Blmckm[\ AhnsShp ]NnsSpp. Bamibnsent Blmcw ]Nnm XpSnbnv ]noSv ]Nyam\mibn hv apgph\pambn ]mIwhcnIbpw ]noSv ]Izmibntev {]thinptm In`mKw aeaq{Xfmbn thXncnbpIbpw kmc`mKw [a\nIhgnbmbn ckcmZn Fm [mXzmibtfbpw {]m]npp.
X{XivtfmIu

Xkyam{XmhtXmenwKw ^etmwbYmbYw Aam{Xky XYmenwKw ^ewtNmw hn`mKix.	21

am{Xm{Ianep Blmcns eWhpw ^ehpw hn[n{]Imcw ]dbsp. AXpt]mseXs am{XmclnXamb Blmcns eWhpw ^ehpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIambpw ]dbsp.

Almchn[ymbX\m\n NmjvSu kayIv ]coymlnXw hnZ[ym A\ybx InZnlmkvXn amtm lntXm]tbmtKjp`tPX Xw N.	22

Fv hn[nep Blmchn[nhntij ImcWtfbpw thXpt]mse ]condnnv Ah\h\v lnXambnpXns\ D]tbmKnWw. Blmcns lntXm]tbmKfn ChnsS ]dbm atddsXnepw lnXamb amw Dsn AXnt\bpw ioenmhpXmWv.

CXynthi IrtXXt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX hnam\mt\ {Xnhn[Ipob hnam\w \maXznXotbmƒymbx

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