chaper3

Aymbw 3

JpWvUoIm K`m h{Imn imcocw

tmI :

1-17

18-34

AYmXmx JpWvUnIm K`h{Imn imcocw hymJymkymax
CXnlkvaml `Khmamt{Xbx
1

C\n JpWvUnIm K`mhm{Imn imcocw F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm imcocw F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm D]tZinXp {]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

]p]pjkym[p]lXmtcXkx kv{Xobmm{]ZpjvS
tbm\ntimWnX K`mibmbm bZm `hXn kwk
EXpImte, bZmNm\tbmkvXssYh bpt N kwk
t ip{ItimWnX kwkaK`mibKXw
Pothmƒh{ImaXn kXzkw{]tbmKmZm it`mƒ`n
\nhtX, k kmyctkm]tbmKmZtcmtKmƒ`n\n
htX, k kmyctkm]tbmKmtZcntKmƒ`nkwh
tXkayKp]Nmsscm] ]cyamWx, XXx {]m
]vXImex kt{ntbm]]x ]cn]q ki
cotcm _eh kXzkwl\\ kZpt]Xx kqtJ
\ PmbtX kaqZmbmtZjmw `mhm\mw.
2

iptZmjfnm ]pcpj tbm\ntimWnX K`mib tZmjsfmpanm kv{XotbmSv EXp Imen (EXpkv\m\cw) Ftm tNcppthm Ans\ cpt]cpw IqSn tNcptm K`mibns A`mKv hv iptimWvX Ftm tNcppthm B iptimWnXkwtbmKn (_oPn) a\ns {]h\tmSpIqSnbXmb Poh Ftm {]thinppthm Atm K`w DmIpp. B K`w amXmhns kmyamb ckns D]tbmKw sImpw thXpt]msebp D]Nmcfmep D]NcWwsImpw tcmKsfmpanmsX hfcpXmbncnpw. AXn\ptijw {]khImeamIptmtgpw Fm C{nbtfmSpIqSnbpw ]qicoctSpIqSnbpw _ew, hw, a\v, icocLS\ Ch t{ijvTambpw Ccnpw. Cu Fm `mhfpw KpWbpambm kpJambn \ km\s {]khnpXmbncnpw.

amXrPmbw K`x ]nXrPmXvtP kmy
P ckPmkvXn N kXzkwau]]mZpIan
XntlmhmN `Khm\mt{Xbx
3

Cu K`w amXrPhpw ]nXrPhpw kmyPhpw ckPhpw BIpp. Fm a\vIqSn Cu Ins Hcp LSIamIpp. a\tmSpIqSn Bmhv iptimWnX kwtbmKn AXn {]thinpp Fv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dbpp.

t\Xn `cZzmPx InwImcWw? \ln amXm\ ]nXm\mXv
am\ kmyw \ ]m\mi\ `ytetlym]tbmtKm
K`w P\bn, \ N ]ctemImtZXy K`w kXzah
{ImaXn.
4

`cZzmP (Ipamcincx) Bt{Xb ]dXv icnbsv ]dp. ImcWsasm amXmhpa, ]nXmhpv, Bmhpa, kmyhpa. ]m\mi\ `ytetlym]tbmKfpa, apPI^en\pkcnv AXn {]thinp a\pa K`s DmpXv.

bZn ln amXmhnXu K`w P\tbXmw `qbkyw kw
{Xobx]pamwkv `qbmwkx ]p{XImamx, tX k
th ]p{XPm`n kw[mb ssaYp\[am]Zyam\mx
]p{Xmt\h P\tbbp ZpKnXr\m ZplnXrImamx
\ N Imn kv{Xobx tI]nZzm ]pcpjm \nc]
Xymx kypx, A]XyImam ]cntZthc
5

Fm amXmhpw ]nXmhpamWv K`s DmpsXn `qcn`mKw kv{XoIfpw ]pcpjmcpw IqSpX ]pcpjkm\s B{KlnphcmIpp. Ahscmw ]pcpjkm\apmIphmthn ssaYp\ [amNcnpIbpw sNpp Ans\ B{KlnpXn\pkcnv km\apmIpIbmsWn Nne kv{XoIfpw Nne ]pcpjmcpw km\fnmhcmIpsXns\? km\s B{Klnph ssaYp\w sNbvXm km\n\pthn Fn\p IcbWw. Atm kmt\mev]mZ\n\v ImcWw amXmhpw ]nXmhpa Fw.

\ Nmmm\w P\bXn; bZnlymmm\w P\
tbmtXm hm P\tbZmm\aPmtXm hm? Xtm`b
Ym ƒ]yNpw, \ ln PmtXmP\bXn, kXzmN \
NmPmtXm P\bXn, AkXzm; XkvamZp`bm]y\p]
]nx, Xp XmhtXX, bZybamm\w iIv
tXm P\bnXpw kym, \t\zhanjvSmtkzh IYw
tbm\njp P\tbZzin\a{]XolXKXn, Imacq]nWm
tXtPm_eyPhkX. kwl\\ kapZnXaPcacpP
aactahw hn[w lymmm\ annoXytXm
hm`qbx
6

Bmhv Bmhns\ DmpX. BmhmWv Bmhns\ DmpsXn ChnsS P\n BmhmtWm? AX P\nm BmhmtWm? AXv cpw tbmPnpX. ImcWw P\n Bmhv A\nXyamb kXztmSv tNXmbXpsImv hopw P\nnpX. P\nm Bmhv \nXyambXpsImv asmcmmhns\ P\nnpX. AXpsImv P\nXpw P\nmXpamb cmmhpw kmt\mev]mZ\n\v ImcWamIpX. Bmhv Ans\ kmt\mev]mZ\n\v i\msWn FpsImv CjvSap tbm\nbn P\npIqSm? P\nmXs hhnXzhpw Hcp Imcyn\pw XS\nmsXbpw Imacq]nbmbpw tXPv, _ew, thKw hw, a\v icocLS\ apXemb ip`mip`tfmSp IqSnbXmbpw Pcm\cIfpw tcmKfpw Hpw CmsX AacXztmSp IqSnbpw Ccpphm B{KlntXpw AXpt]mse htcXpw Bbncpp. Fm Hpw Xs Ans\ ImWpn) AXpsImv K`w BP\ya.

AkmyPmbw K`x. bZn ln kmyPx kym
, Xln kmy tkhn\masshImt\ hm kym
, Akmytkhn\ \nJnte\m\]Xym; kyp
Xtm`bap`bss{Xh ZriyuX.
7

Cu K`w kmywsImpw DmIpX. K`w kmyamsWn kmyamb BlmchnlmcmZnI ioenphpam{Xw km\ DmtIXmIpp. Akmy tkhnIsmw km\ CmXmtIXpw Bbncpp. AXv cpw cnepw Hcpt]mse ImWppv. AXmbXv kmytkhnv km\w DXmbpw CmsXbpw ImWppv Fw.

\ckPvjvNmbwK`x bZn ln kcPx kym \ tINo
 kv{Xo ]pcptjjz \ ]Xymx kypx \ ln In
Z kvtXyjmw tbm ckmtm]bpvtX. t{ijvTc
tkm]tbmKn\mwtNZv K`m Pmbt CXytXm`nt{]
Xw. CtXy\w kXn BPuc{`amambqcck
apZvKimen `rXm\mtaXmt\ {]Pmkym, iymamI
hctImmf tImcZqjI Iaqe `ym \nJn
te\m\]Xymx kypkvXtm`bap`bass{Xh ZriytX
8

Cu K`w ckP\yhpa. K`w ckP\yamsWn kv{Xobnepw ]pcpj\nepw km\w CmXncnm ]mSnmXmIpp. ImcWw cksf D]tbmKnmh Bcpw Xsbn. C\n t{ijvTamb ckw D]tbmKnphmWv K`w DmIpXv F A`n{]mbapsn tImemSv, sNcnbmSv, am, abn ChbpsS amwkckw ]iphns ]m ssXcv, s\v, tX, F, Cpv, Icnn\ocv, sNdp]bdv, imeyw Ch D]tbmKnphv am{Xw km\fpmIpIbpw Nma, hcIv, \dphcn, ImphcIv, Ingv, thcv Ch Xnphv Xosc km\fnmXncntXpw Bbncpp. cpw cp Xcmcnepw Ip hcppv. AXmbXv \ `Ww Ignmhpw km\fpXmbpw CmsXbpw ImWppv. AXpsImv ckhpw Kt`m]nv ImcWa.

\ Jezm]n ]ctemItZXy kXzw K`ah{ImaXnx bZn
tly \ ah{Imta, \mky InntZh ]utZlnIw
kymtZhnZnXXaZrjvSw hm \ N InnZ]kvacXn
9

]ctemIn \nv h a\v K`n {]thinnmtWm K`w DmIpXv AXpw A. ImcWw Cu a\v {]thinpXmWv K`n\v ImcWsan ]qPnep Fm hnhcfpw AdnbpIbpw ImWpIbpw sNtXmbncpp. A{]Imcw Bcpw Xs kvacnpXmbn ImWpn.

Xkvam GX {_qatl AamXrPvmbw Kt`mƒ
]nXrPjvNm\mPm kmyP \ NmkvXn
kXzauN]mZpI anXntlmhmN `cZzmPx
10

AXpsImv kXzamWv K`n\v ImcWw Fv ]dbpXv icnb. AXvsImv Rm ]dbpp K`w amXrPhpa, ]nXrPhpa, CuPhpa, kmyhpa, ckPhpa, icocmc kw_nbmb a\pa Fv `cZzmP ]dp.

t\Xn`Khm\mt{Xbx kt`y Fw`ym `mth`yx kap
ZntXt`ym Kt`m ƒ`n \ntX.
11

Cu ]dXp{]Imcsampasv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dp. Cu ]d Fm `mhfpw tNmWv K`apmIpXv. AXmbXv Hmtcmtcm `mh X\nX\nbmbn K`n\v ImcWamIpX. amXmhv, ]nXmhv, Bmhv, kmyw, a\v, Chbmdpw IqSntmWv K`s DmpXv.

amXrPmbw K`x, \ ln amXphn\m Kt`m]]
nx kym, \ N P PcmbpPm\mw bm\n Xp J
ezky K`ky amXrPm\n bm\n Nmky amXrXx kw
`hXx kw`hn Xm\y\p hymJymkymax XZyYm
XzIv N temlnX amwk taZ \m`n
lrZb tma N XIr nlm N hru N hkv
Xn ]pcojm[m\mamib ]Izmibtm
c KpZm[c KpZ p{Z{ qem{
 h]m N h]m hl\tXn amXrPm\n.
12

Cu K`w amXrPhpw BIpp. amXmhns\ IqSmsX Kt`mev]n DmIpX. amXmhnsn {]khnpmIp PohnIv Phpw DmIpX. amXrPambn K`n\v GsXmw Ahbhw DmIppthm Ahsb hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]Imcsam  Nw, cw, amwkw, taZv, \m`n, lrZbw, tmaw, bIrXv, ol, hrI, hkvXn, ]pcojm[m\w (Sigmoid floxure), Bamibw, ]Izmibw, DcKpZw (Rectum), A[cKpZw (Anus), p{Zmw, (sNdpIpS), qem{w (henbIpS). h] (Fat), h]mhl\w (Adiposetissue) Chsbmw amXrPamIpp.

]nXrPmbw K`x \ ln ]nXpEtX Kt`m]
nx ym N P PcmbpPm\mw. bm\n Jezky
K`ky ]nXrPm\n bm\n Nmky ]nXrXx kw`hXx
kw`hn Xm\y\phyJymkymax. XZvbYm tIiiva
{ip\Jte aZmn incmkv\mbp[a\yx ip{Ian
Xn ]nXrPm\n.
13

Cu K`w ]pXrPhpw BIpp. ]nXmhns\ IqSmsX K`w DmIpX. {]khnpmIp PohnIv Phpw DmIpX. ]nXrPambn K`n\v GsXmw Chbhw DmIppthm Ahsb hnhcnpXcmw AXv F{]Imcsam, XmSn, aoi, \Jw, icocnse tcmaw, ]v, An, knc, kv\mbp, [a\n, ipw Ch ]nXrPamIpp.

BPmbw K`x K`mm lycmm bkvX
ta\w Poh CXymNtX. imizX acpPaPcaaca
bat`ZyatZyatemUyw hnizcq]w hnizmImW
a hya\mZn a\n[\aca]n k K`mibap\p
{]hniy ip{ItimWnXm`ymw kwtbmKtaXy K`tXz\
\ P\bXym\mm\w, Bkwm ln K
t`, Xky ]p\cmt\m P A\mZn kXzmtm]
]ZytX, XkvamPmX GhmbaPmXw K`w P\bXn Pm
tXmƒ]yPmXw N K`w P\bXn k ssNh
K`x ImemtcW _mebph
hnc`mhm\hm]vt\mXn. bkymw bkywakv
Ymbmw htX Xkymw Xkymw PmtXm `hXn, b
Xzky]pckvIrXm Xkymw P\njyamW Xkvam
 k Gh PmXPmX bpK]Zv `hXn Xkv
anwssXZp`bw kw`hXn PmXXzssh P\njy
amWXz k PmtXm P\ytX. kssNhm\ KtX
jzhmtcjzPmtXm P\bXn B\mm\w.
ktXm lyhmc Ka\am{Xtah ln P tNm
NytX X{X X{X N hbkn Xkymw Xkymahm
bmw. bYm kXmtah ip{ItimWnX Pohm\mw {]m
Iv kwtbmKZv K`Xzw \ `hXn X kwtbmKmZv
`hXn bYm kXkvXsskyh ]pcpjky {]mK]Xym
 ]nXrXzw \ `hXn Xm]XymZv `hXn. XYm k
XkvXsskyh K`ky Xkymw Xkymw Xkymahkv
Ymbmw PmXXz aPmXXztm]ytX.
14

Cu K`w BPhpw BIpp. ImcWw Acmmhv Fv ]dbpXv GsXmmsWm AXv XsbmWv K`ns Bmhpw. AXns\ Pohmmhv Fv ]dbpp. Bmhv \nXy\pw thZ\mclnX\pw APc\pw, Aac\pw, Ab\pw At`Zy\pw AtZy\pw AtemUy\pw, hnizcq]\pw hnizI\pw Ahy\pw A\mZnbpw acWanmh\pw \mianmh\pw BIpp. B Bmhv K`mibn {]thinnv ip{ItimWnXtmSv IqSntp Xm Xs kzbw K`cq]nembnocpp. AXv ImcWw K`n B kwbpmIpp. (jUv[mXp ]pcpj P\npp). Bmhv A\mZnbmbXpsImv AXn\v Pw DmIpX. AXpsImv P\nmsX Xs Cu K`s P\nnpp Fm P\nmXv Cu P\nm K`s P\nnpp. B K`w Xsbpw Imemcw sImv, _me, bphmhv, hr Fo Ahsb {]m]npp. AXv GtXXhsb {]m]nppthm AXmXhbn DmbXmbn ]dbpp. Atm hcm\ncnp `mhhpw AXnXs ASnbnpv. (AXmbXv _me\mbncnptm bu\mhbpw hmIymhbpw AXnXs ASnbncnpv) AXpsImv B K`w Xs DmbXpw DmImXpw Hcpanp\npXmIpp. P\nXpw P\nm\ncnpXpw cpw GsXmn Hcpanp ImWppthm AXv XsbmWv P\nXpw P\nm\ncnpXpw (AXmbXv _meXsbmWv ]noSv bphmhpw hr\pw Fmw BIpsXw) DmImXv XsbmWv DmIm\ncnp Ahmcn Xm Xs DmIpXv. Cu Pw Fv ]dbpXv kmb hkvXphns AhmcKa\w am{XamIpp. P\nm AXmXXv hbn AXmXhsb ]dbpXpt]mse, AXv F{]Imcsam iphpw timWnXhpw Poh\pw kv XsbmIpp, Ch thsd thsd \nevpXmbm K`w DmIpX. Chsbmw Hcpanp tNm K`ambnocpIbpw sNpp. Hcp ]pcpj kmt\mev]mZ\ tijnbph\mbmtmepw km\w DmIpXn\v apv ]nXrXzw InpX. km\apmbm Ah ]nXmhmbnocpp. AXpt]mseXs K`mmhns AXmXhbn DmbsXpw DmImsXpw ]dbpp.

\ Xp Jep K`ky amXp\ ]nXp\m\x k
`mthjp btYjvSImcnXXzakvXn. tX Inn kz
him Ipo Inn Ihim IzNnssjm.
IcWit`hXn IzNn`hXn. b{X kXzmZn I
cWk X{X bYm_etah btYjvSImcnXzatXm
ƒ\yYm hn]cyx \ N IcWmtZmjmZImcW amXv
am Km\\ kw`hXn. ZrjvS tNjvSm tbm\n
sscizcyw tammmhnZv`ncmmbw \ lr
\yx kpJZpxJtbmx Im \ Nm\ytXm Kt`m Pmb
tX Pmbam\x \ Nmptcm]nc_oPm
15

K`ns Fm `mhfnepw amXmhnsbpw ]nXmhntbpw Bmhntbpw CjvSw t]mse {]hnmhpX. Ipdv amXm]nXmmcptSbpw Pohtbpw CjvSn\pkcnpw Ipdv ]q PmnX I^ehimepw Ipdv at\m_po{nbmZnIfpsS in\pkcnpw K`ns {]h\w DmIpXmWv. at\m_pymZnIcW F{X kamtWm B k_en\pkcnv btYjvSImcnXzhpw hn]coXhpambncnpw. AXmbXv at\m_pymZnI ]cnipamsWn Xs CjvSn\pkcnp {]hnphm Ignbpw CjvStbm\nbn P\nphm\pw sFizcyambncnphm\pw tams {]m]nphm\pw Hs Ignbpsaw. CXn\p hn]coXambm at\m_pymXnI hcnipamXncpm btYjvSImcnXzw DmbncnpX. CXn\p hn]coXambm at\m_pymZnI ]cnipamXncpm btYjvSImcnXzw DmbncnpX. at\m_pymZnI tZmjbpambm K`P\\n BmhnmsX t]mIpX. BmhpXmbns ImWppv. Cu ImWp tNjvSIfpw tbm\nbn hp P\npXpw sFizcyambncnpXpw Bm\nI tams {]m]npXpw Fmw Bmhn A[njvTnXamIpp. kpJ Zp:Jv Imhv BmhmsX amcpa. K`n hp P\npXpw BmhmsX asmpa. Hcp hnv apfWsan shhpw hbepw thWw. AXpt]mse amXmhpw ]nXmhpw Kt`mev]mZ\n\v BhiyamWv. Fncpmepw apJyImcWw Bmhv XsbmWv.

bm\n Xp Jezky K`kymPm\n bm\n Nmssky
hm\x kw`hXx kw`hn Xm\y\phymJymkymax
XZv bYmXmkp Xmkp tbm\njq]ncmbpcm
m\w a\ C{nbmWn {]mW]m\u t{]cWw [m
cWamIrXn kzchhntijmx kpJZpxJ Cm
tZzju tNX\m [rXn _pnx kvarXnclmcx
{]bXv\tXymPm\n.
16

K`n\v Bmhn\nv FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]ImcsamAXmXv tbm\nbnep P\\w, Bbpv, Bm\w, a\v, C{nb, {]mW, A]m\, t{]cW, icoc[mcWw, BIrXnt`Zw, kzct`Zw, ht`Zw, kpJw, ZpxJw, C, tZzjw, tNX\, [rXn, _pn, kvarXn, Almcw, {]bXv\w Fo `mhsfmw BP\yamIpp.

kmyPmbw K`x \ lykmy tkhnXza
tcW kv{Xo]pcpjtbmx _yXzakvXn Kt` hm
ƒ\njvtSm `mhx. bmh Jezkmy tkhn\mw
kv{Xo]pcpjmWmw {Xtbm tZmjmx {]Ip]nXmx i
cocap]ktm \ ip{ItimWnX K`mitbm][mXm
tbm]]Zyt Xmh katm K`P\\mb `hn
kmymkhn\mw ]p\x kv{Xo]pcpjmWm a\p]l
X ip{ItimWnX K`mibm\marXpImte \n]Xn
km\mw Pohkym\ {IaWmZvK`m \ {]mZp`en
\ ln tIhew kmyP Ghmbw K`x kapZmtbm
ƒ{X ImcWapNytX. bm\n Xp Jezky K`ky km
yam\n bm\n Nmky kmyXx kw`hXx kw`
hn Xm\y\phymJymymax. XZv bYmBtcmKya
\mekyatemep]Xz an{nb{]kmZx kzch _oP
k {]lj`qbkvXztXx kmyPm\n.
17

Cu K`w kvyPhpw IqSnbmIpp. Akmytkh IqSmsX kv{Xopw ]pcpj\pw hyXzw DmIpn. AXpt]mseXs K`n\v A\njvS`mhw AYhm hnIrXn Akmytkh IqSmsX DmIpX. GXv hsc kv{Xo]pcpjm Akmy tkh ioenpIbpw Xnanw {XntZmjfpw tIm]np hym]npIbpw iptimWnXK`mib ZpjnpIbpw sNmXncnppthm AXv hsc kmt\mev]mX\n\v kaamIpp. Fm kzmytkh ioeap kv{Xo]pcpjmcpsS iptimWnX K`mib ipambncpmepw EXpImev kwtbmKw sNbvXmepw Pohs tN AXn\nsn K`w DmIpX. Atm tIhew km Cu K`w Fmw IqSntcptm DmIpXmsWv ]dbpp. Fm Cu K`n\v kmytkhsImv FsmamWpmIpsXv ]dbpp. Fm Cu K`n\v kmytkhsImv FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]Imcsam  BtcmKyw DmIpI Bekyw DmImXncnpI, C{nbv {]kX, kzch_oP kambncnpI, ssaYp\n ljm[nIyapmIpI AYhm a\tmjw IqSpXembpmIpI FnhbmIpp.

tmI :

1-17

18-34