chaper3

Aymbw 3

JpWvUoIm K`m h{Imn imcocw

tmI :

1-17

18-34

AYmXmx JpWvUnIm K`h{Imn imcocw hymJymkymax
CXnlkvaml `Khmamt{Xbx
1

C\n JpWvUnIm K`mhm{Imn imcocw F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm imcocw F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm D]tZinXp {]Imcw Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

]p]pjkym[p]lXmtcXkx kv{Xobmm{]ZpjvS
tbm\ntimWnX K`mibmbm bZm `hXn kwk
EXpImte, bZmNm\tbmkvXssYh bpt N kwk
t ip{ItimWnX kwkaK`mibKXw
Pothmƒh{ImaXn kXzkw{]tbmKmZm it`mƒ`n
\nhtX, k kmyctkm]tbmKmZtcmtKmƒ`n\n
htX, k kmyctkm]tbmKmtZcntKmƒ`nkwh
tXkayKp]Nmsscm] ]cyamWx, XXx {]m
]vXImex kt{ntbm]]x ]cn]q ki
cotcm _eh kXzkwl\\ kZpt]Xx kqtJ
\ PmbtX kaqZmbmtZjmw `mhm\mw.
2

iptZmjfnm ]pcpj tbm\ntimWnX K`mib tZmjsfmpanm kv{XotbmSv EXp Imen (EXpkv\m\cw) Ftm tNcppthm Ans\ cpt]cpw IqSn tNcptm K`mibns A`mKv hv iptimWvX Ftm tNcppthm B iptimWnXkwtbmKn (_oPn) a\ns {]h\tmSpIqSnbXmb Poh Ftm {]thinppthm Atm K`w DmIpp. B K`w amXmhns kmyamb ckns D]tbmKw sImpw thXpt]msebp D]Nmcfmep D]NcWwsImpw tcmKsfmpanmsX hfcpXmbncnpw. AXn\ptijw {]khImeamIptmtgpw Fm C{nbtfmSpIqSnbpw ]qicoctSpIqSnbpw _ew, hw, a\v, icocLS\ Ch t{ijvTambpw Ccnpw. Cu Fm `mhfpw KpWbpambm kpJambn \ km\s {]khnpXmbncnpw.

amXrPmbw K`x ]nXrPmXvtP kmy
P ckPmkvXn N kXzkwau]]mZpIan
XntlmhmN `Khm\mt{Xbx
3

Cu K`w amXrPhpw ]nXrPhpw kmyPhpw ckPhpw BIpp. Fm a\vIqSn Cu Ins Hcp LSIamIpp. a\tmSpIqSn Bmhv iptimWnX kwtbmKn AXn {]thinpp Fv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dbpp.

t\Xn `cZzmPx InwImcWw? \ln amXm\ ]nXm\mXv
am\ kmyw \ ]m\mi\ `ytetlym]tbmtKm
K`w P\bn, \ N ]ctemImtZXy K`w kXzah
{ImaXn.
4

`cZzmP (Ipamcincx) Bt{Xb ]dXv icnbsv ]dp. ImcWsasm amXmhpa, ]nXmhpv, Bmhpa, kmyhpa. ]m\mi\ `ytetlym]tbmKfpa, apPI^en\pkcnv AXn {]thinp a\pa K`s DmpXv.

bZn ln amXmhnXu K`w P\tbXmw `qbkyw kw
{Xobx]pamwkv `qbmwkx ]p{XImamx, tX k
th ]p{XPm`n kw[mb ssaYp\[am]Zyam\mx
]p{Xmt\h P\tbbp ZpKnXr\m ZplnXrImamx
\ N Imn kv{Xobx tI]nZzm ]pcpjm \nc]
Xymx kypx, A]XyImam ]cntZthc
5

Fm amXmhpw ]nXmhpamWv K`s DmpsXn `qcn`mKw kv{XoIfpw ]pcpjmcpw IqSpX ]pcpjkm\s B{KlnphcmIpp. Ahscmw ]pcpjkm\apmIphmthn ssaYp\ [amNcnpIbpw sNpp Ans\ B{KlnpXn\pkcnv km\apmIpIbmsWn Nne kv{XoIfpw Nne ]pcpjmcpw km\fnmhcmIpsXns\? km\s B{Klnph ssaYp\w sNbvXm km\n\pthn Fn\p IcbWw. Atm kmt\mev]mZ\n\v ImcWw amXmhpw ]nXmhpa Fw.

\ Nmmm\w P\bXn; bZnlymmm\w P\
tbmtXm hm P\tbZmm\aPmtXm hm? Xtm`b
Ym ƒ]yNpw, \ ln PmtXmP\bXn, kXzmN \
NmPmtXm P\bXn, AkXzm; XkvamZp`bm]y\p]
]nx, Xp XmhtXX, bZybamm\w iIv
tXm P\bnXpw kym, \t\zhanjvSmtkzh IYw
tbm\njp P\tbZzin\a{]XolXKXn, Imacq]nWm
tXtPm_eyPhkX. kwl\\ kapZnXaPcacpP
aactahw hn[w lymmm\ annoXytXm
hm`qbx
6

Bmhv Bmhns\ DmpX. BmhmWv Bmhns\ DmpsXn ChnsS P\n BmhmtWm? AX P\nm BmhmtWm? AXv cpw tbmPnpX. ImcWw P\n Bmhv A\nXyamb kXztmSv tNXmbXpsImv hopw P\nnpX. P\nm Bmhv \nXyambXpsImv asmcmmhns\ P\nnpX. AXpsImv P\nXpw P\nmXpamb cmmhpw kmt\mev]mZ\n\v ImcWamIpX. Bmhv Ans\ kmt\mev]mZ\n\v i\msWn FpsImv CjvSap tbm\nbn P\npIqSm? P\nmXs hhnXzhpw Hcp Imcyn\pw XS\nmsXbpw Imacq]nbmbpw tXPv, _ew, thKw hw, a\v icocLS\ apXemb ip`mip`tfmSp IqSnbXmbpw Pcm\cIfpw tcmKfpw Hpw CmsX AacXztmSp IqSnbpw Ccpphm B{KlntXpw AXpt]mse htcXpw Bbncpp. Fm Hpw Xs Ans\ ImWpn) AXpsImv K`w BP\ya.

AkmyPmbw K`x. bZn ln kmyPx kym
, Xln kmy tkhn\masshImt\ hm kym
, Akmytkhn\ \nJnte\m\]Xym; kyp
Xtm`bap`bss{Xh ZriyuX.
7

Cu K`w kmywsImpw DmIpX. K`w kmyamsWn kmyamb BlmchnlmcmZnI ioenphpam{Xw km\ DmtIXmIpp. Akmy tkhnIsmw km\ CmXmtIXpw Bbncpp. AXv cpw cnepw Hcpt]mse ImWppv. AXmbXv kmytkhnv km\w DXmbpw CmsXbpw ImWppv Fw.

\ckPvjvNmbwK`x bZn ln kcPx kym \ tINo
 kv{Xo ]pcptjjz \ ]Xymx kypx \ ln In
Z kvtXyjmw tbm ckmtm]bpvtX. t{ijvTc
tkm]tbmKn\mwtNZv K`m Pmbt CXytXm`nt{]
Xw. CtXy\w kXn BPuc{`amambqcck
apZvKimen `rXm\mtaXmt\ {]Pmkym, iymamI
hctImmf tImcZqjI Iaqe `ym \nJn
te\m\]Xymx kypkvXtm`bap`bass{Xh ZriytX
8

Cu K`w ckP\yhpa. K`w ckP\yamsWn kv{Xobnepw ]pcpj\nepw km\w CmXncnm ]mSnmXmIpp. ImcWw cksf D]tbmKnmh Bcpw Xsbn. C\n t{ijvTamb ckw D]tbmKnphmWv K`w DmIpXv F A`n{]mbapsn tImemSv, sNcnbmSv, am, abn ChbpsS amwkckw ]iphns ]m ssXcv, s\v, tX, F, Cpv, Icnn\ocv, sNdp]bdv, imeyw Ch D]tbmKnphv am{Xw km\fpmIpIbpw Nma, hcIv, \dphcn, ImphcIv, Ingv, thcv Ch Xnphv Xosc km\fnmXncntXpw Bbncpp. cpw cp Xcmcnepw Ip hcppv. AXmbXv \ `Ww Ignmhpw km\fpXmbpw CmsXbpw ImWppv. AXpsImv ckhpw Kt`m]nv ImcWa.

\ Jezm]n ]ctemItZXy kXzw K`ah{ImaXnx bZn
tly \ ah{Imta, \mky InntZh ]utZlnIw
kymtZhnZnXXaZrjvSw hm \ N InnZ]kvacXn
9

]ctemIn \nv h a\v K`n {]thinnmtWm K`w DmIpXv AXpw A. ImcWw Cu a\v {]thinpXmWv K`n\v ImcWsan ]qPnep Fm hnhcfpw AdnbpIbpw ImWpIbpw sNtXmbncpp. A{]Imcw Bcpw Xs kvacnpXmbn ImWpn.

Xkvam GX {_qatl AamXrPvmbw Kt`mƒ
]nXrPjvNm\mPm kmyP \ NmkvXn
kXzauN]mZpI anXntlmhmN `cZzmPx
10

AXpsImv kXzamWv K`n\v ImcWw Fv ]dbpXv icnb. AXvsImv Rm ]dbpp K`w amXrPhpa, ]nXrPhpa, CuPhpa, kmyhpa, ckPhpa, icocmc kw_nbmb a\pa Fv `cZzmP ]dp.

t\Xn`Khm\mt{Xbx kt`y Fw`ym `mth`yx kap
ZntXt`ym Kt`m ƒ`n \ntX.
11

Cu ]dXp{]Imcsampasv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dp. Cu ]d Fm `mhfpw tNmWv K`apmIpXv. AXmbXv Hmtcmtcm `mh X\nX\nbmbn K`n\v ImcWamIpX. amXmhv, ]nXmhv, Bmhv, kmyw, a\v, Chbmdpw IqSntmWv K`s DmpXv.

amXrPmbw K`x, \ ln amXphn\m Kt`m]]
nx kym, \ N P PcmbpPm\mw bm\n Xp J
ezky K`ky amXrPm\n bm\n Nmky amXrXx kw
`hXx kw`hn Xm\y\p hymJymkymax XZyYm
XzIv N temlnX amwk taZ \m`n
lrZb tma N XIr nlm N hru N hkv
Xn ]pcojm[m\mamib ]Izmibtm
c KpZm[c KpZ p{Z{ qem{
 h]m N h]m hl\tXn amXrPm\n.
12

Cu K`w amXrPhpw BIpp. amXmhns\ IqSmsX Kt`mev]n DmIpX. amXmhnsn {]khnpmIp PohnIv Phpw DmIpX. amXrPambn K`n\v GsXmw Ahbhw DmIppthm Ahsb hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]Imcsam  Nw, cw, amwkw, taZv, \m`n, lrZbw, tmaw, bIrXv, ol, hrI, hkvXn, ]pcojm[m\w (Sigmoid floxure), Bamibw, ]Izmibw, DcKpZw (Rectum), A[cKpZw (Anus), p{Zmw, (sNdpIpS), qem{w (henbIpS). h] (Fat), h]mhl\w (Adiposetissue) Chsbmw amXrPamIpp.

]nXrPmbw K`x \ ln ]nXpEtX Kt`m]
nx ym N P PcmbpPm\mw. bm\n Jezky
K`ky ]nXrPm\n bm\n Nmky ]nXrXx kw`hXx
kw`hn Xm\y\phyJymkymax. XZvbYm tIiiva
{ip\Jte aZmn incmkv\mbp[a\yx ip{Ian
Xn ]nXrPm\n.
13

Cu K`w ]pXrPhpw BIpp. ]nXmhns\ IqSmsX K`w DmIpX. {]khnpmIp PohnIv Phpw DmIpX. ]nXrPambn K`n\v GsXmw Chbhw DmIppthm Ahsb hnhcnpXcmw AXv F{]Imcsam, XmSn, aoi, \Jw, icocnse tcmaw, ]v, An, knc, kv\mbp, [a\n, ipw Ch ]nXrPamIpp.

BPmbw K`x K`mm lycmm bkvX
ta\w Poh CXymNtX. imizX acpPaPcaaca
bat`ZyatZyatemUyw hnizcq]w hnizmImW
a hya\mZn a\n[\aca]n k K`mibap\p
{]hniy ip{ItimWnXm`ymw kwtbmKtaXy K`tXz\
\ P\bXym\mm\w, Bkwm ln K
t`, Xky ]p\cmt\m P A\mZn kXzmtm]
]ZytX, XkvamPmX GhmbaPmXw K`w P\bXn Pm
tXmƒ]yPmXw N K`w P\bXn k ssNh
K`x ImemtcW _mebph
hnc`mhm\hm]vt\mXn. bkymw bkywakv
Ymbmw htX Xkymw Xkymw PmtXm `hXn, b
Xzky]pckvIrXm Xkymw P\njyamW Xkvam
 k Gh PmXPmX bpK]Zv `hXn Xkv
anwssXZp`bw kw`hXn PmXXzssh P\njy
amWXz k PmtXm P\ytX. kssNhm\ KtX
jzhmtcjzPmtXm P\bXn B\mm\w.
ktXm lyhmc Ka\am{Xtah ln P tNm
NytX X{X X{X N hbkn Xkymw Xkymahm
bmw. bYm kXmtah ip{ItimWnX Pohm\mw {]m
Iv kwtbmKZv K`Xzw \ `hXn X kwtbmKmZv
`hXn bYm kXkvXsskyh ]pcpjky {]mK]Xym
 ]nXrXzw \ `hXn Xm]XymZv `hXn. XYm k
XkvXsskyh K`ky Xkymw Xkymw Xkymahkv
Ymbmw PmXXz aPmXXztm]ytX.
14

Cu K`w BPhpw BIpp. ImcWw Acmmhv Fv ]dbpXv GsXmmsWm AXv XsbmWv K`ns Bmhpw. AXns\ Pohmmhv Fv ]dbpp. Bmhv \nXy\pw thZ\mclnX\pw APc\pw, Aac\pw, Ab\pw At`Zy\pw AtZy\pw AtemUy\pw, hnizcq]\pw hnizI\pw Ahy\pw A\mZnbpw acWanmh\pw \mianmh\pw BIpp. B Bmhv K`mibn {]thinnv ip{ItimWnXtmSv IqSntp Xm Xs kzbw K`cq]nembnocpp. AXv ImcWw K`n B kwbpmIpp. (jUv[mXp ]pcpj P\npp). Bmhv A\mZnbmbXpsImv AXn\v Pw DmIpX. AXpsImv P\nmsX Xs Cu K`s P\nnpp Fm P\nmXv Cu P\nm K`s P\nnpp. B K`w Xsbpw Imemcw sImv, _me, bphmhv, hr Fo Ahsb {]m]npp. AXv GtXXhsb {]m]nppthm AXmXhbn DmbXmbn ]dbpp. Atm hcm\ncnp `mhhpw AXnXs ASnbnpv. (AXmbXv _me\mbncnptm bu\mhbpw hmIymhbpw AXnXs ASnbncnpv) AXpsImv B K`w Xs DmbXpw DmImXpw Hcpanp\npXmIpp. P\nXpw P\nm\ncnpXpw cpw GsXmn Hcpanp ImWppthm AXv XsbmWv P\nXpw P\nm\ncnpXpw (AXmbXv _meXsbmWv ]noSv bphmhpw hr\pw Fmw BIpsXw) DmImXv XsbmWv DmIm\ncnp Ahmcn Xm Xs DmIpXv. Cu Pw Fv ]dbpXv kmb hkvXphns AhmcKa\w am{XamIpp. P\nm AXmXXv hbn AXmXhsb ]dbpXpt]mse, AXv F{]Imcsam iphpw timWnXhpw Poh\pw kv XsbmIpp, Ch thsd thsd \nevpXmbm K`w DmIpX. Chsbmw Hcpanp tNm K`ambnocpIbpw sNpp. Hcp ]pcpj kmt\mev]mZ\ tijnbph\mbmtmepw km\w DmIpXn\v apv ]nXrXzw InpX. km\apmbm Ah ]nXmhmbnocpp. AXpt]mseXs K`mmhns AXmXhbn DmbsXpw DmImsXpw ]dbpp.

\ Xp Jep K`ky amXp\ ]nXp\m\x k
`mthjp btYjvSImcnXXzakvXn. tX Inn kz
him Ipo Inn Ihim IzNnssjm.
IcWit`hXn IzNn`hXn. b{X kXzmZn I
cWk X{X bYm_etah btYjvSImcnXzatXm
ƒ\yYm hn]cyx \ N IcWmtZmjmZImcW amXv
am Km\\ kw`hXn. ZrjvS tNjvSm tbm\n
sscizcyw tammmhnZv`ncmmbw \ lr
\yx kpJZpxJtbmx Im \ Nm\ytXm Kt`m Pmb
tX Pmbam\x \ Nmptcm]nc_oPm
15

K`ns Fm `mhfnepw amXmhnsbpw ]nXmhntbpw Bmhntbpw CjvSw t]mse {]hnmhpX. Ipdv amXm]nXmmcptSbpw Pohtbpw CjvSn\pkcnpw Ipdv ]q PmnX I^ehimepw Ipdv at\m_po{nbmZnIfpsS in\pkcnpw K`ns {]h\w DmIpXmWv. at\m_pymZnIcW F{X kamtWm B k_en\pkcnv btYjvSImcnXzhpw hn]coXhpambncnpw. AXmbXv at\m_pymZnI ]cnipamsWn Xs CjvSn\pkcnp {]hnphm Ignbpw CjvStbm\nbn P\nphm\pw sFizcyambncnphm\pw tams {]m]nphm\pw Hs Ignbpsaw. CXn\p hn]coXambm at\m_pymXnI hcnipamXncpm btYjvSImcnXzw DmbncnpX. CXn\p hn]coXambm at\m_pymZnI ]cnipamXncpm btYjvSImcnXzw DmbncnpX. at\m_pymZnI tZmjbpambm K`P\\n BmhnmsX t]mIpX. BmhpXmbns ImWppv. Cu ImWp tNjvSIfpw tbm\nbn hp P\npXpw sFizcyambncnpXpw Bm\nI tams {]m]npXpw Fmw Bmhn A[njvTnXamIpp. kpJ Zp:Jv Imhv BmhmsX amcpa. K`n hp P\npXpw BmhmsX asmpa. Hcp hnv apfWsan shhpw hbepw thWw. AXpt]mse amXmhpw ]nXmhpw Kt`mev]mZ\n\v BhiyamWv. Fncpmepw apJyImcWw Bmhv XsbmWv.

bm\n Xp Jezky K`kymPm\n bm\n Nmssky
hm\x kw`hXx kw`hn Xm\y\phymJymkymax
XZv bYmXmkp Xmkp tbm\njq]ncmbpcm
m\w a\ C{nbmWn {]mW]m\u t{]cWw [m
cWamIrXn kzchhntijmx kpJZpxJ Cm
tZzju tNX\m [rXn _pnx kvarXnclmcx
{]bXv\tXymPm\n.
16

K`n\v Bmhn\nv FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]ImcsamAXmXv tbm\nbnep P\\w, Bbpv, Bm\w, a\v, C{nb, {]mW, A]m\, t{]cW, icoc[mcWw, BIrXnt`Zw, kzct`Zw, ht`Zw, kpJw, ZpxJw, C, tZzjw, tNX\, [rXn, _pn, kvarXn, Almcw, {]bXv\w Fo `mhsfmw BP\yamIpp.

kmyPmbw K`x \ lykmy tkhnXza
tcW kv{Xo]pcpjtbmx _yXzakvXn Kt` hm
ƒ\njvtSm `mhx. bmh Jezkmy tkhn\mw
kv{Xo]pcpjmWmw {Xtbm tZmjmx {]Ip]nXmx i
cocap]ktm \ ip{ItimWnX K`mitbm][mXm
tbm]]Zyt Xmh katm K`P\\mb `hn
kmymkhn\mw ]p\x kv{Xo]pcpjmWm a\p]l
X ip{ItimWnX K`mibm\marXpImte \n]Xn
km\mw Pohkym\ {IaWmZvK`m \ {]mZp`en
\ ln tIhew kmyP Ghmbw K`x kapZmtbm
ƒ{X ImcWapNytX. bm\n Xp Jezky K`ky km
yam\n bm\n Nmky kmyXx kw`hXx kw`
hn Xm\y\phymJymymax. XZv bYmBtcmKya
\mekyatemep]Xz an{nb{]kmZx kzch _oP
k {]lj`qbkvXztXx kmyPm\n.
17

Cu K`w kvyPhpw IqSnbmIpp. Akmytkh IqSmsX kv{Xopw ]pcpj\pw hyXzw DmIpn. AXpt]mseXs K`n\v A\njvS`mhw AYhm hnIrXn Akmytkh IqSmsX DmIpX. GXv hsc kv{Xo]pcpjm Akmy tkh ioenpIbpw Xnanw {XntZmjfpw tIm]np hym]npIbpw iptimWnXK`mib ZpjnpIbpw sNmXncnppthm AXv hsc kmt\mev]mX\n\v kaamIpp. Fm kzmytkh ioeap kv{Xo]pcpjmcpsS iptimWnX K`mib ipambncpmepw EXpImev kwtbmKw sNbvXmepw Pohs tN AXn\nsn K`w DmIpX. Atm tIhew km Cu K`w Fmw IqSntcptm DmIpXmsWv ]dbpp. Fm Cu K`n\v kmytkhsImv FsmamWpmIpsXv ]dbpp. Fm Cu K`n\v kmytkhsImv FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcnpXcmw. AXv F{]Imcsam  BtcmKyw DmIpI Bekyw DmImXncnpI, C{nbv {]kX, kzch_oP kambncnpI, ssaYp\n ljm[nIyapmIpI AYhm a\tmjw IqSpXembpmIpI FnhbmIpp.

ckPmbwK`x \ lnckmZrtXamXpx {]mWmbm{Xm
ƒ]n kym Inw ]p\ K`P a ssNhakay Kp
]bpPyam\mckm K`w\nhbn, \ N tIhew
kayKp]tbmKmtZh ckm\mw K`\nhrn `hXn
kapZmtbmƒ]y{X ImcW\pNytX. bm\n Xp eJzky
K`ky ckPm\n bm\oNmky ckXx kw`hXx kw`
hnXm\y\p hymJymkymax XZyYm icockym`n \n
hrnc`nhrnx {]mWm\p_ kvXr]vXnw ]p
jvSnXkmlmtXn ckPm\n.
18

Cu K`w ckPw IqSnbmIpp. ImcWw ckw IqSmsX amXmhn\v {]mWbm{Xt]mepw DmIpX. ]nssbns\bmWv K`w DmIpXv. bYmhn[n D]tbmKnm ckhpw K`s DmIpX. ckfpsS D]tbmKw bYmhn[nbmbms AXv am{Xambn K`s DmpX. Fmw IqSntm am{Xsa Kt`mev]mZ\n\v ImcWambnocpIbpp. Fm Cu K`n\v ckP\yambn FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcnp Xcmw. AXv F{]Imcsamicocs DmIpI, hnnpI, _em\p_w, Xr]vXn, ]pjvSn, Dmlw Ch ckP\yamIpp.

AkvXn Jez]n kXzau]]mZpIw bohkv]rIv
icotcW A`nkw_mXn, bkvan]Ka\ ]pc
kvIrtX ioeaky hym]tX, `n hn]cyky
tX, kt{nbmWy]cpNyt, _ew lobtX hym
[b B]ymm, bkvamo\x {]mWm PlmXn,
bZn{nbmWna`n{KmlI a\ CXy`n[nbtX, X
{Xnhn[amJymbtX ipw cmPkw XmaktXn,
tb\mky Jep at\m `qbnjvTw tX\ ZznXobmbmam
PmXu kw{]tbmtKm `hXn. bZm Xp tXss\h ipZv
t[\ kwbpPytX XZm PmtXcXn{Immbm kva
cXo. kvamw ln m\amm\kvXsskyh a
\tkmƒ\p_mZ\phyX, bkym\phrnw ]p
ckvIrXy ]pcptjm PmXnkvac CXypNytX CXn
kXzapw.
19

a\v \nbambpw Pohs icocmcKa\n HcpanpXs DmIpXmWv. a\n Cu Pnepmbnp ioew ASp Pnepw XpScpXmbncnpw. tZlmcKa\n\v XmdmIptm apapphns ku`mhw CXn\v hn]coXambncnpw. Amhv a\v lo\ambm B{Klw hn]coXambncnpw. C{nb X]npw, _ew anpw, tcmK hnpw, {]mWs\Xsbpw XyPnpIbpw sNpw. C{nbfneqsS hnjbsf {KlnpXpsImv AXn\v a\v Fv ]dbpp. B a\v aqphn[nemIpp. 1. ipw (kmXzoIw) 2. cmPkw, 3. Xmakw, kXzcPkvXtamKpWfn GXv KpWnmtWm Cu Pn B[nIyw AXn\pkcpmbncnpw. a\ns ASp Pnse Ah. Ign Pn a\v kXzKpW {][m\amsWn Cu Pnepw kXzKpW{][m\ambncnpw. a\v kXzKpWbpamsWn Ign PnepsXmw HmbpmIpw. ctPmKpWhpw XamKpWamsWn Ign PntesXmpwXs kvacWbnevU DmIpX. Fm Ign Pnse Bm\tmSpIqSnb a\ns kvacWXs Cu Pnepw XpScpXmbncnpw. Cu ]qPkvacWbph Fv ]dbpp. kXzKpWw ]dbsSpXp{]ImcamIpp.

bm\n Jezmky K`ky kXzPm\n bm\n Nmky k
XzXx kw`hXx kw`hn Xm\y\phytJymkymax. X
Zv bYm`nx ioew iuNw tZzjx kvaXntaml
kvXymtKm amkcyw iucyw `bw t{Im[kvXt{m
kmlkvssXWyw amhw Kmw`ocya\hnX
Xz antXyhamSbmt\ytX kXzPm hnImcmbm\p
cImew kXzt`Z a[nIrtXym]tZyma CXn kXz
Pm\n. \m\mhn[m\n Xp Jep kXzm\n Xm\n kc
mtWyI ]pcptj `hn \ N `htyIImew
GIp {]mtbmƒ\phrXyml.
20

Cu K`n\v kXzPambn P\mXs FsmamWpmIpsXv hnhcpXcmw. AXv F{]Imcsam  `n (C) ioew (kz`mhw) ]hn{XX, tZmjw, kvarXn, XymKw, tamlw, amcyw, iucyw, `bw, t{Im[w, X{m (aSn), Dmlw, Xo{hkz`mhw, arZpkz`mhw, Kmw`ocyw, NeX Chbpw CXpt]msebp Bdv `mhfpw kXzP\yhnImcfmIpp. a\ns ap t`Zsf kw_nv ASp Aymbn hnhcnpXcmw. ChsbmamWv K`n\v kXzP\yambpmIpXv. a\v \m\mhn[nemIpp. Ahsbmw Hcp ]pcpj\n DmIpp. ]s Htc ImepmIpX. Hpam{Xw XpScpXmbncnpw.

kXzcPkvXtamKpW Hcp ]pcpj\nXsbpXmsWnepw Cu aqpKpWfpw Htc Ahkcn XpbpsImpt]mIm IgnbpX. Hcm kXzKpW{][m\\mbpw cPkvXtam KpW Ipdh\mbpw XpScpXmbnIm Ah kmXzoI Fv ]dbpp. CXpt]mseXs av cv KpWfpw Fm Cu aqv KpWpw {]m[m\yw \Insmp at\mhrn Htc Ahkcn Hcmv XpSpsImpt]mIm IgnbpX.

Ghabw \m\mhn[m\mtajmw K`ImcWw `mhm\mw k
apZmbmZ`n \ntX K`x bYm IqSmKmcw \m
\m{ZhykapZmbm, bYm hm ctYm \m\m cYmwK k
apZmbm. XkvamtZXZthmNmaamXrPmbw K
`x ]pXrPmP kmyP ckPm
kvXn N kXzau]]mZpI anXoXntlmhmN `Khm
\mt{Xbx.
21

C{]Imcw Cu K`w \m\mhn[nep Cu Kt`mev]mZI `mhsfmwIqSn tNpmIpXmIpp. F{]Imcw IqSmKmcw (sSv) DmtIp km[\sfmw Iqntm Hcp sSpmIppthm AXpt]msebpw Hcp cYapmtp km[\sfmw Iqntm Hcp cYapmIppthm AXpt]msebpw K`apmtIsXmw IqSntm K`w DmIpp. AXpsImv CXv Ddnp ]dbpp Cu K`w amXrPhpw ]nXrPhpw Fmw IqSnbpXmsWv Bt{Xb `Khm ]dp.

`cZzmP DhmN bZybw \m\mhn[m\mtajmw K`Imc
Wtah `mhm\mw kapZmbmZ`n \nt K`x
IYabw kobtX? bZn Nm]n kobtX, Ikv
am kaqZmb {]`hx k Kt`m a\pjy hn{Ktl
W PmbtX? a\pjy a\pjy{]`mh DNytX. X
{X tNZnjvStaXZv bkvam\patjym a\pjy{]`h
XkvamtZh a\pjyhn{KtlW PmbtX. bYm Ku
tKm {]`hx bYmNmtizmƒiz{]`h CtXyhw bZpIv
XXat{K kapZmbmI CXn XZbpw bZn N a
\vjyr]`hx IkvamSmIp_vPIp{_q aqIa
an\hma\ hywtKm IpjvTInemknt`ym PmXmx
]nXrkZricq]m \ `hn? AYm{Xm]n _pn
tchw kym tkz ss\hmbamm Npjm cq]m
Wnthn, t{imt{XW i_vZm, {LmtW\ Km
 ck ckm, kv]it\\ kv]im _pZv
[ym t_mhyanXym\\ tlXphm PUmZnt`ym PmXm
]nXrkZrim `hn A{Xm]n {]Xnmlm\ntZm
jx kym Ghaptlymm kkzn{ntbjp
x kym Akzx, b{X ssNXZp`bw kw
`hXn XzaXz k hnImc{]IrXnIm
m \nnImc. bZn N Zi\mZn`ncmm hn
jbm thn, \ncn{ntbm Zi\mZn hnclmZ
kym APRvXzmZn ImcW aImcWXzmm\mtXn
hmKzkvXpam{XmaX ZzhN\a\Iw kymPnXn
tlmhmN `cZzmPx
22

`cZzmP ]dp  K`w amXm]nXmZn \m\mhn[ Kt`mev]mZI `mh IqSntpmIpXmsWn CsXmw Fns\bmWv IqSntcpXv? IqSntpmIpXmsWnepw Fns\bmWv CsXmw IqSntp K`ambnocptm a\pjy icocambnocpXv. a\pjy a\pjy\n \npmIpXpsImv XsbmWv a\pjycq]ambnocpXv Fv ]dbpXv XmnjvSamsWn ]iphn \nv ]iphpmIpp. IpXncbn \nv IpXncbpmIpp Ans\ Fmw DmIpp Fv ]dtbnhcpw. Atm amXmhv, ]nXmhv apXemb Bdv Kt`mev]mZI `mh IqSntmWv K`w DmIpXv Fv apv ]dXv icnb. a\pjy a\pjy\n \nv P\npp FmsWn FpsImv PU\mbpw A\mbpw Iq\\mbpw aqI\mbpw Ghpw sNdnbh\mbpw hnph\mbpw hywKaph\mbpw DmZaph\mbpw IpjvTaph\mbpw izn{Xaph\mbpw P\npp? ]nXrkZricq]w FpsImpmIpn? (AXmbXv \hcmb amXm]nXmmv \ km\fpw DmbncnmWpp Fw.). Fm CXn\v Xm Cns\ Hcp kam[m\w ]dbpambncnpw. Bmhv Xs kzw IpsImv cq]sf ImWpp. ImXpsImv i_vZsf tIpp, aqv sImv Ksf Adnbpp, \mhv sImv kv]isf Adnbpp, _pnsImv hnjbsf Adnbpp Fv, Cu ImcWw sImv PUmmZnIfmbpmIp km\ ]nXrkZriambnocpn FmsWn ChnsS {]Xnmlm\n tZmjapmIpp. ImcWw apv ]dnpv. Bmhv {_amWv, \nnImc\mWv, ImcWamWv Fsms. (Atm Bmhv ImWpp tIpp Fsms ]dbptm apv ]dXn\v hn]coXambnocpp Fw). IqSmsX Bmhv C{nbtfmSv tNcptm m\nbpw C{nbtfmSv tNcmXncpm Am\nbpw BsWv hcpp. Atm Bmhv m\nbpw Am\nbpw cpw Bbnocpp. Bmhv hnImchm\msWv hm AXv {]Xnmlm\nbmIpp. Zi\mZnIfm Bmhv hnjbsf Adnbpp FmsWn \ncn{nb\mb Bmhv NpcmZn C{nbfnsn A\mIpp Fv hcpp. AXzn \nv ImcWw DmIpX. ImcWw Csn Bmhns\ Adntbp Bhiyhpan. AXpsImv Cu ]dsXmw \ncIfmb hmpIfmIpp Fv Ipamcinc `cZzmP ]dp.

Bt{Xb DhmN ]pckvXmtZX {]XnmXw k
tXzw Pnhkv]rIv icotcW A`nkw_\mXoXn.
bkvam Xp kaZpmb {]`hx k \ Kt`m a\pjy
hn{KtlW PmbtX a\ptjym a\pjy {]`h CXyp
NytX XZvhymax
23

Bt{Xb ]dp  Rm apv Cu {]Xn sNbvXnpv. a\v Bmhpambn _sSpXpsImmWv icochpambp _apmIpXv Fv. Fm FpsImmWv CsXmw IqSntcptm K`w a\pjycq]ambnocpXv a\pjy\n \nv a\pjy DmIpXv Fsms ]dsm AXv hnhcnpXcmw.

`qXm\mw NXpn[m tbm\n`hXn PcmbmWvUtkz
tZmZv`nx Xmkmw Jep NXkrWma]n tbm\o\mta
ssIIm tbm\nc]cnkwtJyb ss`Zm `hXn `qXm\mam
IrXn hntijm]cnkwtJybXzm. X{X PcmbpPm
\m aWvUPm\mw {]mWn\mtatX K`Ic`mhm bmw
bmw tbm\nam]ZytX Xkym Xkymw tbm\u XYm X
Ym cq]m `hn. XZv bYm I\IcPX Xm{a{X]pko
kym\ymknNyam\m\n ssh tXjp a[qnjvS_nw
t_jp Xm\n bZm a\pjy _nw_am]Zyt XZm a
\pjyhn{KtlW Pmbt. Xkvam kamZmb {]`h
k k Kt`m a\pjyhn{KtlW PmbtX a\ptjym
a\pjy{]`h CXypNytX XZv tbm\nXzm.
24

PohnIv \mev Dev]nm\fpv. 1. Pcmbp. 2. AWvUw 3. tkzZw 4. DZv`nZw (Pcmbphn \npmIpXv PcmbpPw a\pjy arKmZnI, AWvUn\npmIpXv AWvUPw, ]nkmZnI, tkzZn\npmIpXv tkzZPw t], Iran apXembh `qanbn\npmIpXv DZv`nw A, C{tKm]pg apXembh) C{]Imcw Dhw \memsWnepw Hmtcm tbm\nbnepw kwJybnm{X t`Zfpv. ImcWw PohnIfpsS BIrXnhntijw kwJybnm{XbmIpp. AXn PcmbpPhpw AWvUPhpamb PohnIfpsS Cu Kt`m]mZIcamb ip{ItimWnX BmZn Bdv `mh GtXXv tbm\nbn {]m]nppthm AXmXv tbm\nbn AXmXv hn[nep cq]ambnocpp. AXv A{]Imcsam kzw, shn, sNv, HmSv, Cuw Ch Dcpnbm sagpsImpmnb GXv hn{Kln Hgnppthm B hn{Klns BIrXnbmbnocpp. B Dcpnb kzmZnI Ftm sagp sImpmnb a\pjy\n hn{Kln Hgnppthm Atm a\pjyhn{Klambnocpp. AXpsImv K`m]mZI `mhsfmw a\pjytbm\nbn shp IqSntcptm B K`w a\pjycq]ambnocpp Ans\ a\pjy a\pjy\n\npmIpp Fv ]dbpp. ImcWw AXns Dhm\w AXmIpp. AXmbXv ImcWn\pcq]amb Imcyw DmIpp Fw.

btmw bZn N a\ptjym a\pjy {]`hx Ikvam
 PUmZnt`ym PmXmx ]nXrkZricq]m `hoXn.
Xt{XmNytX bky lywKthbhky _otP _oPm`K D
X]vtXm `hXn, Xky XkymwKmhbhky hnIrXncp]
PmbtX, t\m]PmbtX Nm\p]Xm]m XkvamZp]`
tbmcp]]ncnXn. A{X kky NmPm\o{n
bmWn tXjmw `mhm`mh tlXp ssZhw, XkvamssW
ImtXm PUmZnt`ym PmXmx ]nXrkZricq]m `hn.
24

a\pjy a\pjy\n \npmIpp FmsWn FpsImv PUmZnIfn\npmIp a\pjy ]nXrkZriambnocpn Fv tNmZntpw. AXn\pcw ]dbpp. ip{ItimWnXcq]amb _oPn GtXXv Ahbhns `mK ZqjnXambnocppthm AXmXhbh hnIrXambnocpp. _oPmhbh ZpjnsSpnsn K`ns Ahbhhpw ZpjnsSpX. AXpsImv Ahbhw hnIrXamIm\pw hnIrXamXmIm\pw PUw ImcWambnocpX. C{nbsfmw BP\yamIpp. Ah DmIm\pw CmXmIm\pw ImcWw ssZhm[o\amIpp. AXpsImv Ddnp ]dbpp. PUmZnIfn \npmIpp FXpsImv ]nXrkZriambnocpX.

amXm]nXmm AwKsshIeyaphcmsWn AwKsshIeyap km\ DmIpX. cq]kmZriyw DmIpXmWv. amXm]nXmm IpjvTmZntcmKaphcmsWn km\fpw IpjvTmZn tcmKaphcmIpX. Fm IpjvTmZntcmK _oPs _m[np _oPtZmjw DmIpIbmsWn km\n\pw IpjvTmZn tcmK DmIpXmWv. C{nb BP\yamWv AXpsImv A\v A kmaw DmIpX. AYhm Ans\ DmIpIbmsWn AXv Ahs ]qPmnXamb I^ew sImpmIpXmWv. AmsX amXm]nXmmcpsS tZmjwsImpmIpX. FhnsSsbnepw Ans\ A\v Akm\w DmbnmWppsn AXv ImIXmfo\ymw t]msebmsWpIqSn ]dbmw.

\ Nm kkzn{otbjp tmƒkkp hm `
hXyx \lykXzx IZmNnZmm. kXzhnti
jmtm]e`ytX m\hntij CXn
25

Bmhv C{nbtfmSv tNcptm m\hm\pw C{nbtfmSv tNcmXncnptm A\pw BIpX. Fm Bmhv Hcnepw at\mlclnX\mbncnpXpa. at\mhntijWn \nmWv m\hntijw DmIpXv. (AXmbXv Bmhn\v C{nbfpambn t\cn _sampw C. C{nbfpambn _apXv a\n\mWv. a\v tam]cyw BmthmSv tNp\npXmWv. Bmhv Ftmgpw m\hm\mWv.)

`hnNm{X
\ Ipcn{nbm `mhmkv Imcym\w {]htX
ssbx {Inbm htX bmXp km hn\m ssX \ htX
Pm\]n artZm ƒ`mhm Ipw`Ir {]htX
27

C{nbanmXmbm Imhn\v Imcy{]hn P\Iamb _mlyhnjbm\w DmIpX. Imhn\v IcWsIqSmsX Hpw sNm IgnbpX. Ipw`Imc\v ]m{Xapmm\dnbpsanepw ansn ]m{Xapmm IgnbpX.

anmXpsImv Ipw`Imc ]m{XapmmXncpm Ah\v ]m{Xapmm AdnpIqsSv ]dpIqS. AXpt]mse C{nbfpsS A`mhw sImv _mlyhnjbm\w CmXncpm Bmhv A\msWv ]dpIqSmXmWv.

irWpbm thZaym amm\ _ew al
C{nbmWn N kwn]y a\x kwKrly New
{]hniymymamx tkzmt\ ]cyhoXx
k{X hnlnXm\x k `mhm ]cotX
28
29

Cu Aym kw_amb hnjbs tIpsImI. Bm\_ew almIpp. C{nbsf _mlyhnjbfn \nv ]nhenpIbpw Neamb a\ns\ ]pSnp\npIbpw Aym XXzn {]thinpIbpw Bm\n DdncnpIbpw sNp Bm\nv Adnbm IgnbmsXmpwXsbn. Ah\v kNcmNcfpsS `mhtfbpw Adnbm IgnbpXmIpp. Bm\nv Fmw {]Xyambncnpsaw. AXpsImv Bmhv m\amIpp.

KrlvWnjz thZa]cw `cZzmP hn\nbw
\nhrt{nbhmIvtNjvSx kp]vXE kz]v\ KtXm bZm
hnjbm kpJZpxtJ Nthn \mtm]yXxkvarXx
30

Atbm `cZzmP asmcp \nbsqSn \o a\nemnsmI! mt\{nbfpw Itav{Znbfpw Hpw ]3hnmsX Ddph kz]v\n kpJZpxJfmb hnjbsf Adnbpp. AXpsImpw Bmhv A\sdnbWw.

\mm m\mZrtX ssNtIm mXpw Inn {]htX
\ tlytIm htX `mthm htX \m]ytlXpIx
32

GIambncnp Bm\s IqSmsX C{nbmZnIfneqsSbp Hcp hnjbm\hpw {]hnpX. Fm `mhw AXmbXv Dev]n[ hkvXp GIambpw {]hnpX.

Dev]n[ ]Zmn\v Dev]nbn Imhpw ImcWhpw BhiyamWv. \nXyamb Bmhn\v Imhntbpw IcWntbpw Bhiyan. Fm _mlyhnjb m\n\v thn Imhpw ImcWhpw Bmhpw IcWw CnbmZnIfpamIpp.

Xkvamx {]IrXnmm {ZjvSm ImcWtah N
ktaXtZ `cZzmP \noXw P_nkwibw
33

D]kwlcnpp  AXpsImv Bmhv m\hm\pw \nnImc\pw {ZjvSmhpw ImcWhpw BIpp. Atbm `cZzmP! Cu ]dsXmw \nbamIpp. kwibs Dt]npI.

tlXpK`ky \nhru hru Pa\n ssNh bx
]p\kpaXnbm N `cZzmPaXo bm
{]Xnm {]Xntj[ hniZmXv\ \nbx
K`mh{Imnapniy JpWvUoImw kw{]IminXw
34

K`ns D]n, hrn, PImcWw, ]p\kpaXw, `cZzmPaXw, {]Xn, {]Xntj[w, kv]jvSamb B\nbw Fnhsbmw Cu JpoIm (kz]) K`mh{Imn imcocw F Aymbn hnhcnsncnpp.

CXynthiIrtX Xt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX
imcocmt\ JpoIm K`mh{Imn imcocw
\ma {XnIotbmƒ[ymbx

tmI :

1-17

18-34