chaper1

Aymbw  1

IXn[m]pcpjobw imcocw

tmI : | 1-20 | 21-40 | 41-60 | 61-80 |

| 81-100 | 101-120 | 121-140 | 141-160 |

tbmK tam N kmkmw thZ\mah\w
tamtm \nhrn \nxtijm tbmtKmtam{]hIx

thZ\Isfmw Ftm CmXmIpp F Ccp]ncmas tNmZyns Dcw  tbmKnepw tamnepw Fmhn[ thZ\IfvUpw (kwkmcZpxJpw) \nhrnbpmIpp. tamn thZ\IfvUv \ntj\nhrn DmIpXmWv. tbmKw tamns {]hIamIpp.

Bt{nb at\mm\mw knIjm {]htX
kpJw ZpxJa\mcw`mZmt a\kn ntc
\nhtX XZp`bw hinXztm] PmbtX
k icocky tbmKmkvXw tbmKarjtbm hnZp
142

tbmKeWw  Bmhv, C{nb, a\v, hnjbw ChbpsS kwtbmKw\nanw kpJhpw ZpxJhpw {]hnpp. a\v Bmhn ncambncnptm hmvsImpw icocw sImpw a\psImpw Hpw sNmXncnpIbm kpJhpw Zpxhpw CmXmIpp. Ans\bp tbmKknn hh icoctmSp IqSnbh\mbmtmepw hinXzw (C{nb{]h\sf CjvSwt]mse ASm\p Ignhv AYhm AjvssSizcfn Hv) Dh\mbnocpp. tbmKs Adnbp Ejnam AXns\ tbmKw Fv ]dbpp.

]mIetbmKkq{Xn ""tbmKx Nnhrn\ntcm[x XZm{`jvSpx kzcqt]ƒhm\w'' FmWv tbmKeWw ]dncnpXv.

BthitXtkm m\am\mw OXx {Inbm
Zrj Sn t{im{Xw kvarXnx ImncnjvSXm]yZi\w
CXyjvShn[anJymXw tbmKo\mw _essaizcw
ipkXzkam[m\m X kap]PmbtX
145

tbmKnIfpsS Fv hn[nep sFizcyw 
1. tNXtkm Bthiw, Xs a\ns\ asmcmfpsS icocn {]thinpI, tbmKZi\n ]dbpp. ""_ImcW ssiYneym {]NmckwthZ\m Nnky ]cicocmthix'' CXn.

2. Am\mwm\w  AdnbWw Fptinp Fm hnjbtfbpw F{X kqvaambmepw F{X Zqcmbmepw Fns\bmbmepw AdnbpI, tbmKZj\n ""{]hrXymtemI\ymkm kqvahyhlnX hn{]IrjvSm\w, `ph\m\w. kqtcykwbam, Nt{Xmcmhyqlm\w, {[pth XZvKXnm\w, \m`nNt{I Imbhyqlm\w, lrZtb Nnkwhn, ]cnWma{Xb kwbamZXoXm\mKXm\w CXn.

3. OXx {Inbm  Ah\h B{KlnpsXpw AXmbXv BImiKa\w apXembh sNm IgnbpI. tbmKZi\n ""ImbmIitbm'' kw_kwbam eLpXqe kam]tmImi Ka\w'' CXn.

4. ZrjvSn  FsmsmWm\m{Klnppthm AsXmsmWm\p ZnhyZrjvSnbpmbncnpI tbmKZi\n ""aqtPymXnjn knZi\w'' CXn.

5. t{im{Xw  Fv tIm\m{Klnppthm AXv tIm\p Znhyi3t#m{XapmbncnpI tbmKZi\n ""t{im{XmImitbmx kw_ kwbam Znhyw t{im{Xw'' CXn.

6. kvarXn  ]qP kvacW apXemb Znhy kvarXnbpmbncnpI. tbmKZi\n ""kwkvmc kmmmcWm ]qPmXn hnm\w'' CXn.

7. Znhyamb ImnbpnbncnpI, tbmKZi\n ""AWnamZn {]mZp`mhx Imb km\`nLmX cq]emhay _eh{P kwl\XzmZn Imb kZv'' CXn.

8. CjvSXm]yZi\w  Ah\hs CjvSn\pkcnp Am\w sNm IgnbpI, tbmKZi\n ""Imcycq] kwbam XZv{Kmly inkvXwt` Npx {]Imim kw{]tbmtKƒm\w'' CXn.

C{]Imcw tbmKnIpmIp Fv hn[nep sFizcy_es hnhcnsp. (Chsbn IqSpXembdnbWsan tbmKZi\nse hn`qXn]mZw t\mWw. Cu sFizcysfmw ipamb (cPkvXtam clnXamb) a\ns kam[m\m (a\v Bmhn ncambn AhnXambm) DmIpXmIpp.

tamtm cPkvXtamƒ`mhm _eh I kwbm
hntbmKx IkwtbmssKx A]p\`h DNytX.
146

cPkvXtamKpW \inp kXzKpWw hnmepw _ehmb Ibw hmepw I_n\nv hntbmKw hmepw AXn\v Panm Ah Asn tamw Fv ]dbpp.

kXmap]k\w kayKkXmw ]cnh\w
{hXNtcym] hmk \nbam ]EXKzn[mx
[mcWw [imkv{XmWmw hnm\w hnPt\cXnx
hnjtbjz cXntamt hyhkmbx ]cm[rXnx
IWma kamcw`x IrXm\m ]cnbx
ss\jv{Iya\lmcx kwtbmK `bZi\w
at\m_pn kam[m\ aXXz ]coWw
XXzw kvartXayp]m\m ktaX {]htX
kvarXnx ktkh\mssZy [rXnsscp]e`ytX
kvarXym kz`mhw `mhm\mw kvac ZpxJm {]apNytX
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148

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tamtm]mbw  k]pcpjmsc \mbn tkhnpI, Zn\sf hnpI, {_Ncym{hXw AYhm N{bWmZn {hXmNcWw ]menpI, D]hmkw ioenpI, {]tXyIhn[nep \nbaw (iuNktmj Xhkzm[yb Cuizc{]Wo[m\m \nbamx) ioenpI, [imkv{X ]TnpIbpw AX\pkcnpIbpw sNpI, Bm\w DmbncnpI, GImhmkn B{Klw, hnjbn {]oXnbnmXncnpI, tamntep {]hn, ss[cyw, ]pXnb {]hnIsfmpw XpSmXncnpI, XpSnb {]hnIsfmw sNbvXp XopI, hoSv hnv ]pdtv t]mIpI, Rms\`mhw CmXncnpI, euIoIkwtbmKn AYhm hopw P\npXn `bw ImWpI, a\pw _pnbpw GIm{KambncnpI, hkvXpfpsS XXzs AdnbpI Chsbmw bYmkvarXnbpsS kmnyn \nv {]hnpXmIpp. kvarXn X]pcpjtkh apX [rywhtcbp eWtfsmdnbpXmWv. C{]Imcw kvarXnbneqsS `mhfpsS kz`mhs kvacnph ZpxJn \nv tamNnpp. AXmbXv hopw P\nmXncnpp.

hyt ImcWm\yjv{Su kvarXnssbcp] PmbtX
\naocq]{KlWm kmZriym khnNcybm
kXzm\p _mZ`ymkm m\tbmKm ]p\{ipXm
ZrjvS{ipXm\p `qXm\mw kvacWm kvarXncpNyX
152

kvarXn GsXmn\m DmIpp FXn\v Fv ImcW ]dbpp.

1. \nan{KlWn\nv kvacW DmIpp. AXmbXv, ImcWs Inv Imcys Hmpp. ]nXmhns\ ImWptm ]p{Xs\ HmpXpt]mse.

2. cq]{KlWn\nv kvacW DmIppImn t]mns\ ImWptm ]iphns\ Hmp t]mIpp.

3. kmZriyn\nv kvacW DmIpp  AXmbXv ]nXmhn\v kZriamb ]pcpjs\ ImWptm ]nXmhns kvacW DmIpp.

4. hncq]n\nv kvacW DmIpp  InXamb cq]w ImWptm kpccq]ns kvacW DmIpp.

5. kXzm\p_n \nv kvacW DmIpp  a\n\v HnXs Ddp\nm Ftmgpw AXns kvacW DmIpp.

6. A`ymkn\nv kvacWbpmIpp, hopw hopw A`yknp Imcyw Ftmgpw kvacWbn DmIpp.

7. m\tbmKn\nv kvacWbpmIpp tbmKm`ymkwsImpmb m\n\nv Fmntbpw kvacWbpmIpp.

8. ]p\x{ipXnbn\nv kvacWbpmIpp  Hcp{]mhiyw ]Tn tmIw adpt]mbm AXv hopw tIptm AXns kvacW DmIpp.

C{]Imcw ImWpItbm tIpItbm A\p`hnpItbm sNbvX hnjbsf ta]d Fv hn[ ImcWfneqsS kvacnpXn\v kvarXn Fv ]dbpp.

GX XtZIab\w apss tamky ZinXw
XXzkvarXn_ew tb\ KXm \ ]p\cmKXmx
Ab\w ]p\cmJymXtaXZv tbmKkytbmKn`nx
kwJymX[ssx kmwssJy apss tamky Nmb\w
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155

Pohapybn tamn\v ImWnbvs amw Cu Hv am{XamIpp. AXn\v XXzkvarXn_ew Fv ]dbpp. B XXzkvarXn_ew {]m]ntbmKn icocw XyPnm ]ns P\npX (XX kvacW cphn[nemIpp. Hv euInI XXzkvacW asmv ]mcamnI XXz kvacW. CXn tamamw ]mcamnI XXzkvacW Hv am{XamIpp). Cu XXz kvarXn _ew tbmKns amamsWv tbmKnIfm ]dbsncnpp. {]ikvXamb [hpw kmwJytbmKhpw apnv ImcWambXpsImv Ahbpw tamns amambn ]dbsncnpp.

kw ImcWhZv ZpxJakzm\nXytah N
\ Nmm IrXIw Xn X{X tNm]ZytX kzXm
bmhtm]ZytX kXym _pnss\XZlw bbw
ss\XaI N hnmb x kaXnhtX
154
155

ImcWw t]msebpsXmw AXmbXv _pylmcmZn GsXmw DmbXmtWm AsXmw ZpxJhpw XtXmXpw (BmhntXmXpw) A\nXyhpw (\inpXpw) BIpp. B ZpxJamIs Bmhn\m DmIsXpa. Rms\pw FtsXap aaX DmsXmIpp. GXv hsc kXym_pn (bYmm\w) DmImXncnppthm AXv hsc Rms\p `mhw DmImXncnpIbn. CXv Rm\ Cu ImWpsXmpw FtX Fdnbp bYm XXzm\n Cu kwkmc_n \nsmw tamNnpIbpw hopw P\nmXncnpIbpw sNpp.

Xkvanwca kw\ymtk kaqemx kthZ\mx
Akwm\hnm\m \nhnw bmytijXx

Ftm Fmhn[ Ifpw XyPnppthm Atm kthZ\Ifpw kaqew (ImcWklnIw) \inpIbpw Fmhn[ m\ hnm\fpw \ntjw CmXmIpIbpw sNpp. (B kabw Bkzcq]w am{Xambncnpw \nnIev]  khnIev]  \nbmI m\  hnm\fpw kpJZpxJfpw \ntjw CmXmIpIbpw sNpw).

AXx ]cw {_`qtXm `qXmm t\m]e`ytX
\nx krXx k`mth`yiNnw bky \ hnZytX
KXn {_hnZmw {_ Xmc aeWw
m\w {_hnZvm{X \mkvX mXpalXn
160

k\pw kXymKnbpw kkwtbmK clnX\pw {]im\pamb Bmhn\v GXv eWtfsmdnbm Ignbpw F Ccp]naqmas tNmZyns Dcw  Ftm kI XymKw sImv Fmhn[ thZ\Ifn\npw apamIppthm AXn\vtijw alXzmZn k`mhfn \npw apamIpIbpw eWsfmpw CmXmIpIbpw ]c{_n ebnpIbpw sNpXp sImWv B ]cammhns\ Hcp eWtfsmpw Adnbm IgnbpX. {_m\nIfpsS KXn {_n Xsbmbncnpw. B {_w \mianmXpw eWsfmnanmXpw BIpp. B {_s {_m\nIv am{Xsa Adnbm IgnbpIbpp. Av AXns\ Adnbm IgnbpX.

X{XmtmIx

{]iv\m ]pcpjam{inXy {XtbmhnwiXncpamx
IXn[m]pcpjotbƒkvan \nnbmkvXzZin\m

Cu IXn[m ]pcpjobmymbn ]pcpjs\ kw_n 23Da tNmZyv XXzZinbmb Bt{Xb `Khm Dcw \nbnsncnpp.

CXynthiIrtX Xt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX
imcmcmt\ IXn[m ]pcpjobw imcocw
\ma {]Ytamƒ[ymbw

tmI :	\|	1-20	\|	21-40	\|	41-60	\|	61-80	\|

	\|	81-100	\|	101-120	\|	121-140	\|	141-160	\|

X{XmtmIx
{]iv\m ]pcpjam{inXy {XtbmhnwiXncpamx IXn[m]pcpjotbƒkvan \nnbmkvXzZin\m