Nidanasthanam Chapter 6

Aymbw  6

timj- \nZm\w

tmI x

AYmXx timj\nZm\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n timj \nZm\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb `Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Xs Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

Cl Jep NXzmcn timjkymbX\m\n `hn. XZyYmkmlkw kmcWw tbm hnjami\anXn.	2

timjn\v (bn\v) \mepImcW Dv. AXv F{]Imcsamkmlkw, aeaq{XmZnthK[mcWw, [mXpbw hnjami\w Fn{]ImcamIpp.

X{Xkmlkw timjkymbX\anXn bZpw. XZ\p hymJymkymax. bZm ]pcptjm Zp_ex k_ehXmklhnKrlvWmXn, klkm hm [\pjm hymbXn, P]XnNmXyXnam{Xw, AXnam{Xw hm `mcapZzlXn,A]vkp hm ]vfhtXNmXnZqcw, DkmZ\]ZmLmtX\ hmXn{]KmV ap]tkhtX AXnhn{]IrjvSwhm[ym\w, {ZpXa`n]XXn, A`nl\ytX hm\yZzm InntZhw hn[w hnjaaXnam{Xw hm hymbmaPmXamc`tX,XkymXnamt{XW ItWmcx WytX.XtkymcxXap]]vfhtX hmbpx. kX{XmhnXxivtfjvamWapcxkvYw D]kwkrPy timjb hnlcXyqza[kvXncyIv N.	3

\mepImcWfn kmlkw bmsXmv timjn\v ImcWambn ]dbspthm AXv hnhcnp. Ftm Zp_e\mbh _ehm\pambn a]nSpw \SpItbm s]sv henb hnsSpv Akv{Xw AbpItbm, AXnbmbn kwkmcnpItbm, henb `mcw NpapItbm, shn AXnZqcw \ontmhpItbm ImsImv NhnnShpXv A[nIambntmhpItbm AXnZqcw hgn\SpItbm s]sv hogvN]ddpItbm ASn, CSn apXembh GevpItbm Cu hn[nep atddsXnepw hnjaw]nSn hymbmaw AXnbmbn ioenpItbm sNppthm Atm Ahs Cu AXnam{X{]hnsImv Dcn\v Xw kw`hnpp. Ahs Xw kw`hn Dcn AXnhymbmawsImv tIm]n hmbp HmSnsbpp. B hmbp AhnsS nXn sNbvXpsImv Dcnep I^s kzoIcnp icocns Duz`mKpw At[m`mKpw hnenepw kcnpp.

“D]rPytimjb” F m\v “D]kwKrly ]n Zqjb” F ]mTt`Zapv, Atm B hmbp I^s am{Xa ]nsqSn Zpjnnppsw. “ssXcp Zotm ƒ\nex ]nw I^w tNmZocy” Fv AjvSmwK lrZbnepw ]dpImWppv.

Xkytbm ƒix icocko BhniXn tX\mkyPrw`mwKatm Pzctm]PmbtX. bkvXzmamiba`ypss]Xn tX\mky N htm `n`ytX. bkvXp lrZbamhniXn tX\tcmKm `hypckymx.tbm ck\mwtX\mkymtcmNI. bx IWvTa`n{]]ZytX IWvTkvtXt\mzw ktX kzcmhkoZXn. bx {]mWhlm\n t{kmXmwkyt\zXn tX\ izmkx {]Xniymb PmbtX. bx inckyhXnjvTtX inckvtXt\m] l\ymX. XXxW\mssthmctkm hnjaKXnXzm hmtbmx IWvTkytNmzwk\m Imkx kXXakyPmbtX. k Imk {]kwKmZpckn tX ktimWnXw \njvTnhXn timWnX Ka\mmkyZuheyap]PmbtX. GhtatX kmlk {]`hmx kmlknIap]{Zhmx kv]rin, XX. k D]timjssWtcssXcp]{ZpXx iss\x iss\tcmthm]ipjyXn,	4

ta]dXp{]Imcw I^]ntfmSv tNp icocn kcnp B hmXns GsXmcp`mKw icocknIsf {]m]nppthm Atm AXpsImv Ah\v tImphmbnSepw icocn \pdpnt\mhpw ]\nbpw DmIpp. bmsXmcp `mKamIs Bamibs {]m]nppthm AXpsImv Ahs aes Cfpp. bmsXmcp `mKamIs lrZbn {]thinppthm AXpsImv Ah\v Dcn tcmKw (thZ\) DmIpp. bmsXmcp`mKw \mhn {]thinppthm AXpsImv Ah\v AcpNnbpmIpp. bmsXmcp`mKw IWvTn {]thinppthm Ahv AXv\nanw i_vZ]mcpjyhpw HbSpw DmIpp. bmsXmcwiw {]mWhlt{kmXns\ {]m]nppthm AXv \nanw izmktcmKhpw {]Xniymbhpw DmIpp. bmsXmcwiw incn nXnsNppthm AXv \nanw XesshZ\bpmIpp. XZ\cw IWvTn\v Xw kw`hnpIbmepw hmbphns hnjaKXnsImpw IWvTw NobmhpIsImpw Ah\v \nccw NpabpmIpp. Ah Npaptm Dcnep Xn \nv cw]pdsSpIbpw cw XppIbpw sNpp. Ans\ cw t]mIpXpsImv Ah\v _ebapmhpIbpw sNpp. C{]Imcw kmlknI{]hn\nanw DmIp Prw`mwKamZn D]{Zh kmlknI {]hn sNphs\ kv]inpp. (_m[npp.) Cu kmlkntIm]{ZhfpmbXn\ptijw Ah icocs timjnnp Prw`mKaPzcmXnIfm ]oUnX\mbn sas sas icocw timjnpp.

Xkvam ]pcptjm aXnam _eam\x kaoyXZ\pcq]mWn kImWn Bct`XIpw. _ekam[m\w ln icocw icocaqe ]pcpj CXn.	5

AXpsImv _pnam\mb ]pcpj Xs kzw _ew t\mnbnv AXn\\pkcnhn[n Fm {]hnIfpw sNm XpSWw. _ew sImmIs icocw \nevpp. icocwaqew ]pcpj\pw \nevpp.

`hnNm{X

kmlkw htb I c PohnXam\x Poh ln ]pcpj kvXznjvSw IWx ^eaiv\ptX.	6

Xs Pohs\ cnWsaph kmlkIw hnWw. Fm ]pcpj\mIs CjvSambncnp Iw sNpIbpw AXns ^ew Poh `pPnpIbpw sNpp.

AY kmcWw timjkymbX\anXn bZpw XZ\phymJymkymax. bZ ]pcptjm cmPkao]`pxkaot] hm Kptcm hm ]mZaqte\yXaw kXmw hm kamPw kv{Xoa[yw hm\p{]hiy,bmss\x hm]ypmhssNK `bm {]kwKm {loaXzm LrWnXzm hm \ncpWymKXm hmX aq{X ]pcojthKm, XXkvXky kmcWmZv hmbpx {]tIm]am]ZytX.	7

C\n aeaq{XmZnthK[mcWamWv timjn\v ImcWw Fv apv ]d {Ian hnhcnpp, Ftm ]pcpj cmPkn[nbntem {]`pkn[nbntem Kpcp]mZkn[nbntem addv k\kn[nbntem kv{XoIfpsS a[yntem {]thintmgpw Dbpw Xmgvpap tdmUnqSn khmcnsNptmgpw `bw, k`w, e, \n Ch\nanw {]ham\amb At[mhmX aq{Xaesf XSbppthm Atm Ahv B thK[mcWw \nanw hmbp tIm]w DmIpp.

k {]Ip]nXx ]nivtfjvamWu kaqZntcym[z a[kvXncyIv N hnlcXn. XX AwihntitjW]qh icocmhbh hntijw {]hniy iqew P\bXn `n\n]pcojaptmjbXn hm ]mtiz NmXncpPXn AwkmhharZv\mXnIWvTapcmh[aXn inctm]ln Imkw izmkw Pzcw kzct`Zw {]Xniymbtm]P\bXn. XXx k D]timjssW GssXcp]{Zsshcp]{ZpXxiss\x iss\cq]ipjyXn.Xkvam ]pcptjm aXnam\m\x icotctjzhw tbmKIvtja Itcjp {]btXX hntitjWx icocw lykyaqew icocaqe ]pcptjm `hXoXn.	8

B {]Ip]nXamb hmbp ]nI^sfqSn tIm]nnp icocns Duz`mKpw At[m`mKpw hnenepw kcnpp. AXn\ptijw apv ]dXpt]mse `mKw `mKambn icocns Hmtcm Ahbhfnepw {]thinnv thZ\sb Dmpp. aes CfntmpItbm aes hcpItbm sNpp. ]miz`mKfn AXnbmb thZ\sb Dmpp. Npaen anpXpt]mep thZ\bpmIpp. IWvTnepw Dcnepw AapXpt]mep thZ\bpmIpp. XethZ\, Npa, izmktcmKw, ]\n, HbSv, PetZmjw Chbpw DmIpp. Cu th[mctW]{ZhfpmbXn\ptijw Ah icocs timjnnp Cu D]{Zhfm ]oUnX\mbn Ahs icocw sat sat timjnpp. AXpsImv _pnam\mb ]pcpj Xs icocn tbmKtafpmIphm Xs hntijnpw {]bXv\nWw. CXns Fmw ImcWw icocamIpp. icocw ImcWambn ]pcpj\pw DmIpp.

`hXnNm{X

ka\y ]cnXyPy icoca\p]memb XZ`mth ln `mhm\mw k`mhx icocmWmw.	9

addp Fm Imcyfpw ]cnXyPnnv icocs cnWw. Fm icoc]me\ns A`mhn icocnIv [mImatamfmIp Fmhn[ `mhpw A`mhw kw`hnpw.

bxtimjkymbX\anXnbZpw XZ\phymJymkymax. bZm ]pcptjm ƒXnam{Xw timINnm]cnKXlrZtbm `hXotjymIWvTm. `b t{Im[mZn`nhm kam hniytX, Irtim hm kcqm]m\tkho`hXn, Zp_e{]IrXnc\mlmtcm hm ]y]mlmtcm hm`hXn, XZm Xky lrZbmbo ckxbapss]Xn, k Xtkym]bm timjw {]m]vt\mXn A{]XoImcmm\q _[ytXbvaWmbtYm]tZyamtW\.	10

[mXpbw timjns ImcWamsWv apv ]dXns\ hnhcnpp. Ftm ]pcpjs lrZbw AXnbmb ZpxJhpw Nnbw DXmbnocpItbm Cujy, DWvT, `bw, t{Im[w, apXembhtbmSpIqSnbXmbnocpItbm kzXth Iri\mbh cqamb. A]m\ ioenpItbm Zp_eamb icoc{]IrXnmc \ncmlmctam Aev]mlmctam ioenpItbm sNppthm Atm Ahs lrZbamb ckns bw \nanw icocw timjnph\mbnocpp. Cu Ahbn NnInnmXncpm apv ]d eWtfmSpIqSnb cmPbvamtcmKnbmbnocpp.

bZm hm ]pcptjm ƒXn{]ljmZXn {]k `mhm kv{XojzXn{]tbmKamc`tX, XkymXn{]tbmKmZvtcXxbtaXn ba]ntNm] KXn tcXkna\x kv{Xot`ym ss\hmky \nhtX, Xky NmXn {]WoXk]ky ssaYp\am]Zyam\ky \ ip{Iw {]htX D]oW tcXkvXXzm. AYmkyhmbphymbam\sskyh [a\oc\p {]hniy timWnXhmln\okvXm`yx timWnXw {]NymhbXn.Xip{IbmZky ]p\x ip{IamtW timWnXw {]htX hmXm\nkrXenwKw AYmkyip{Ibm timWnX {]ham\Xzm kbx inYneo`hn cuya]n ]mtkym]PmbtX,`qbxicocw Zu_eyamhniXoXnhmbpx{]tIm]am]ZytX.k{]Ip]ntXm ƒcknIw icoca\pk, ]cncimjbXnamwktimWntX, {]NymhbXn ivtfjva]nt, kwcpPXn ]mtiz, AhKrlvWmXn Awku, IWvTap[zwkbXn, incx ivtfjvamWap]Ivfniy ]cn]qcbXnivtfjvaWm, kow{]]oUb, ItcmXywKamhn]mImtcmNIm, ]nivtfjvtamIvtfim {]XntemaKXym hmbpPzcw Imkw izmkw kzct`Zw {]Xniymbtm]P\bXn. k Imk {]kwKmZpckn tX timWnXw \njvTohXn timWnXma\mmky Zu_eyap]PmbtX. XXx tkm ƒ]yp]timjssWtcssXcp]{Zsshcq]{ZpXx iss\x iss\x D]ipjyXn. Xkvam ]pcptjm aXnam\m\x icoca\pc ip{Ia\pct. ]cmtlyjm ^e\nhrncmlmctkyXn.	11

AYhm Ftm ]pcpj AXnbmb Imamkn\nanw AXyw kv{Xotkh sNppthm Atm Ahs AXnssaYp\w \nanw tcXv bnpt]mIpp. tcXv bnpt]mbnpsnepw kv{Xobn \nv Ahs a\v ]nXncnbpX. Ans\ AXnbmb Imamkn\nanw AXnssaYp\w sNph\v tcXv bnncnbm ipw ]pdtv hcpX. A\cw ssaYp\w tIhew hymbmaambn sNph\v hmbp chmln [a\nIfn {]thinnv cw ]pdtv hcpp. B ipbw \nanw ]ns Ah\v ipamnqSn cw ]pdtv hcpp. A\cw ipbw sImpw c{]h\wsImpw Ahs knI inYneambnocpp. icocn\v cqXbpmIpp. hopw icocw Zp_eambnocpp. hmbp tIm]npIbpw sNpp. B {]Ip]nXamb hmbp iq\yicocn kcnp amwktbpw ctbpw ipjvInnpp. I^]nsf ]pdtv hnSpp. ]miz`mKfn thZ\bpmpp. Npaen ]nSpw Dmpp. IWvTs Nobmpp. I^s hnnnv kncn \ndpp. I^wsImv knIsf ]oUnnnv icocn \pdpnt\mhpw AcpNnbpw Anamyhpw DmIpp. ]nI^v h\hpw {]XntemaKa\hpw DmhpI \nanw hmbp, Pzcw, Npa, HbSv, PetZmjw, Chsb Dmpp. Ah Npabvptm Dcnep Xn\nv cw ]pdsSpIbpw cw XppIbpw sNpp. Ans\ cw t]mIpXpsImv Ah\v _ebapmhpIbpw sNpp. _ebm\cw Ah icocs timjnnp D]{Zhfm ]oUnX\mbn Ahs icocw sas sas timjnpp. AXpsImv _pnam\mb ]pcpj Xs icoccmbn ips cnWw. Cu ipw Blmcns AXyw DIrjvSamb ^eamIpp.

`hnNm{X

Blmcky]cw [ma ip{Iw X{Zyam\x tb lyky _lq tcmKm acWw hm \nbn	12

ipw Blmcns ]caamb kmcamIpp. AXns\ kzbw cnWw. Cu hocyns bn At\Iw tcmKtftbm AYhm acWttbm Dmpp.

hnjami\w timjkymbX\anXn bZpw XZ\phymJymkymaxbZm ]pcpjx ]m\mi\ `y temlym]tbmKm\m {]IrXnIcWcmin kwtbmKtZiImtem]tbmK kwtm]ibhnjam D]tkhtX,XZmXkytXt`ymhmX]n ivtfjvamtWm sshjayam]Zyt.tX hnjamx icoca\pkrXy bZm t{kmXkmw apJm\n {]XnhmcymhXnjvTtX, XZm PpbZyZmlmcPmXamlcXn X aq{X ]pcojtathm ]PmbtX `qbnjvTw \m\ykvXYm icoc[mXpx, k ]pcotjm]jvSw`mZv hbXn. XkvamipjytXm hntitjW ]pcoja\pcyw XYm ktjmaXnIriZp_em\mw. Xkym\t]ymam\ky hnjamit\m]NnXtZmjmx ]rYIv ]rYKp]{ZsshbpRvPtm `qbx icocap]timjbn.	13

hnjami\w timjns ImcWamsWv apv ]dXns\ hnhcnpp. Ftm ]pcpj ]m\w(t]b{Zhyw), Ai\w (AmZn{Zhyw), `yw (AwapXembh), telyw (\nnph) Fohn[nep Blmc{Zhysf {]IrXn, IcWw, kwtbmKw, cmin, tZiw, Imew, D]tbmKkwm D]ibw FnhbpsS hnjacq]n ioenppthm Atm Ahv AXptImv hmX]nI^fpw sshjaynembnocpp. B sshjaynembno hmX]nI^ icocn hym]np Ftm t{kmXpIfpsS apJfn XSbsp \nevppthm Atm Ah GtXXmlmcw Ignppthm AXmXmlmcsmw IqSpX aehpw aq{Xhpambnocpp. icocnse addv [mXpsf t]mjnnpX. Ah aew Xmmbn \nevpXpsImv Pohnpp. AXpsImv timjtcmKnbpsS aes hntijnpw cnWw. AXpt]mseXs Fmhn[ AXnIrimcptSbpw AXnZp_emcptSbpw aes Ftmgpw cntXmWv. [mXp t]mjnnmsX icocw oWnphcp Ahv hnjami\wsImv hnphcp tZmj {]tXyIw {]tXyIw D]{Zhsf DmpIbpw hopw icocs IqSpX timjnnpIbpw sNpp. {]IrXnIcWkwtbmKmZnIsf ASp hnam\m\n hnhcnppv.

X{X hmtXmlyky incx iqew AwKaw IWvtTmzw k\w ]mizkwtcmP\w Awkmhaw kzct`Zw{]Xniymb D]P\bXn. ]nw ]p\PzcaXnkmcaZml, ivtfjvam Xp {]Xniymbw inctkm KpcpXzw AtcmNIw Imk. k Imk{]kxKmZpcknIvjtX timWnXw \njvTohXn, timWnXKa\mmky Zu_eyap]PmbtX. GhtatX hnjamit\m]NnXmkv{XtbmtZmjm cmPbvamWa`n \nhbn.k ssXcp]timjssWcp]{Zsshcp]{ZpXx iss\x iss\x. ipjyXn. Xkvam ]pcptjm aXnam {]IrXnIcWcmin kwtbmKtZiImtem]tbmK kwtm]ibm AhnjaamlmcamltcZnXn.	14

hnphcp tZmjfn hv hmXamIs Ah\v XethZ\, \pdpnt\mhv, IWvTs Nobm, ]mizthZ\, Awk{]tZifn ]oU, HbSv, PetZmjw Chsb Dmpp. ]ns ]namIs Pzcw, AXnkmcw, icocns Dn Npp\od Chsb Dmpp. I^amIs PetZmjw, Xebvv I\w, AcpNn, Npa Chsb Dmpp. NpabpmhpI\nanw Dcnep Xn \nv cw hcnIbpw Ah cw XppIbpw sNpp. Ans\ cw t]mIpXpsImv Ah\v _ebapmhpIbpw sNpp. C{]Imcw hnjami\wsImv hn {XntZmj cmPbvamtcmKs Dmpp. B cmPbvamtcmKn C{]Imcap icocs timjnnp D]{Zhfm ]oUnX\mbn sas sas timjnphcpp. AXpsImv _pnam\mb ]pcpj {]IrXn, (kz`mhw), IcWw (kwkvmcw), kwtbmKw, cmin, tZiw, Imew D]tbmK\nbaw, D]ibw (kmyw) Chbn\nv hncpam Blmcs BlcnWw.

`hXnNm{X

lnXmiokym anXmiokym Imet`mPoPntX{nbx ]iy tcmKm _lq IjvSm _pnam hnjami\m.	15

hnjami\w \nanw IjvSfmb At\ItcmK DmIpsav Iv _pnam PntX{nb\mbn lnXambpw anXambpw IrXykabpw Blmcw IgnWw.

GhtassXXp`nx timjkymb Xss\cq]tkhnssXx Ptm hmX]nivfjvamWx {]tIm]am]ZytX.tX {]Ip]nXm \m\mhnt[m]{Zsshx icocap]timjbn. Xw ktcmKmWmw IjvSXaXzm cmPbvamWamNtX `njPx bkvamZzm ]qamkoZv `KhXx tkmatkymUpcmPky,Xkvam{ZmPbtaXn.	16

C{]Imcw timjns Cu \mev ImcW ioenphv hmX]n I^ tIm]npXmIpp. B tIm]n hmX]nI^ \m\mhnt[m]{Zhsf Dmnbnv icocs timjnnpp. FmtcmKfnepw hv Gddhpw IjvSapXmIbm Cu tcmKs sshZym cmPbvamsh t]cv ]dbsSpp. AYhm bmsXmv tlXphmbnv \{XfpsS cmPmhmb N{`Khm\m Cu tcmKw BZyambn Dmbncppthm AXv tlXphmbnv CXns\ cmPbvamshv ]dbpp.

\{XfpsS cmPmhmb N{\v ]v btcmKapmbn. AXn\m cmPmhn\pmb bvamhv (tcmKw) cmPbvamhv, Asn cmPmhmbncnp bvamhv cmPbmhvCXmWv cmPbvamhns i_vZmw. cmPmm bm{Xt]mIptm apnepw ]n]nepw At\Iw AISnmcpmbncnpXpt]mse ]qcq]fmbnv At\Iw tcmKfpmbn AhbpsS ]ndInembnmWv cmPbvamtcmKw DmIpXv. AXpmbngnm AXns ]nnembnv D]{Zhcq]n At\Iw tcmKfpmhpIbpw sNpw. Ans\ cmPbvamhv tcmKfpsS Iqn cmPmhmb tcmKambncnpp.

Xtkyam\n ]qcq]mWn `hn. XZyYm{]Xniymbx hYpc`nvWw ivtfjva{]tktImapJam[pcywA\m`nemjx AWImeNmbmtkm tZmjZi\ AtZmtjjz] tZmtjip hm`mthjp]mt{XmZm kqqt]m]Zwi ]cnthitIjp. `qhtXm ƒ]yky lrmkkvXtYmtJ\a]ymlmcky Acmcm, apJky ]mZtbmtimjx, ]mtWymmthWaXyw AvtWmx tizXmh`mkXm NmXnam{Xw _mtMzm {]amWPnPvRmkm,kv{XoImaXm, \nLrWnXzw, _o`kZi\XmNmky Imtb. kz]vt\Nm`nvWw Zi\a\pZIm\mapZIm\m\mw, iq\ym\m {Kma\Kc\nKaP]Zm\mw, ipjvIZKv `m\m h\m\mw IrIemk abqchm\c ipIkImtImeqImZn`nxkv]i\a[ntcmlWw hm bm\w hm hcmtlmjv{SJsscx, tIimn`kvaXpjmwKmc cmio\mm[ntcmlWanXn timj ]qcq]mWn `hn.	17

bn\v Cu ]dbph ]qcq]fmbnv DmIpp. AXv F{]ImcsamPetZmjw, A[nIamb Xp, hmbn I^aqdpI, hmbvv a[pcckw, Blmcn B{KlanmbvI, ]m{Xw, shw, Aw, ]cnv, Aw, Idn, Ch hnfnbXn XrWanImZntZmjsfmpansnepw AYhm Aev]tZmjapsnepw _lptZmjapXmbnmWpI, Blmcw Ignm s\pIenpw Onbpw Blmcns at[y at[y DmhpI, apJn\pw ImepIpw timjapmhpI, ssIIfn AXnbmbn t\mpI, Iv cpw AXnbmbn shfppImWpI, ssIIfpsS henw Afpt\mn Adnbm B{KlnpI, kv{Xobn AXnbmb B{Klw, \nb\mbncnpI, kzw icocn _o`X DXmbnmWpI, kz]v\n Ftmgpw shap\Zn, Ipfw apXemb.hsb shanmXmbnmWpIbpw, {Kmaw, \Kcw, hgn, tZiw Ch P\iq\yambnmWpIbpw, h\ DWnbpw Inbpw apdnpw ImWpIbpw Hmv, abn, Ipcv, Infn, kw, Im, Iqa CXpIfm kv]inpXmtbm Ch tZln IbdpXmtbm ImWpIbpw ]n, HIw, IgpX CXpIfpsS ]pdpIbdnbm{XsNpXmbn ImWpIbpw XeapSn, An, `kvaw, Dan, Icn apXembh IqnbncnpXn IbdpXmbn ImWpIbpw sNpI Ch timj tcmKns ]qcq]ambpmIpp.

AX DuztaImZicq]mWn Xky `hn. XZyYminckx {]Xn]qXzw Imkx izmkx kzct`Zx ivtfjvaWivO\w timWnXjvToh\w ]mizkwtcmP\awkmh atm Pztcm ƒXnkmtcm ƒtcmNICtXyImZicq]mWn `hn.	18

C\nbtmv bns ]Xns\mv eWsf ]dbmw. AXv F{]ImcsamXe\ndXpt]mse tXmpI, Npa, izmktcmKw, HbSv, I^wOnpI, cwXppI, hmcnbn thZ\, AwkthZ\, ]\n, AXnkmcw, AcpNn Cu ]Xns\mv eW cmPbvam tcmKnpmIpp.

X{Xm]coW amwktimWntXm _ehm\PmXmcnjvSx kssc]n timjenwssKcp]{ZpXx kmt[ymtbx _ehm\p]NntXm ln klXzmZv hym[yuj[ _ekyImaw kp_lpenwtKm X]nkz]enwKGh ahyx Zp_ep AXooW _eamwk timWnXa]enwKaPmXmcnjvSa]n _lpenwKPmXmcnjvS hnZymZklXzmZv hym[yuj[_eky, Xw ]cnhtb. tWss\h ln {]mZp`hycnjvSm\n A\nanX AkymcnjvS {]mZp`mh CXn.	19

amwkhpw chpw bnnnsnepw _ehm\msWnepw AcnjvSeWfpmbnnsnepw bns Fmhn[ eWfm ]oUnX\mbmt]mepw AXv km[yamsWdnbWw. tcmKn _ehm\pw amwkhpw chpw bnmh\pw tcmKnsbpw Huj[nsbpw _es CjvSwt]mse klnm Ignbph\msWn bns Fm eWtfmSp IqSnbh\mbmt]mepw Aev] eWbp\msWpXs a\nemWw. (AXmbXv kpJkm[yamsWdnbWw.) Zp_e\mIs _eamwk c AXnbmbn bnpIbmsWn Aev]eWbp\mbmepw AcnjvSeWfpmImh\mbmepw tcmKntbpw Huj[ntbpw _es klnm IgnbmbvI\nanw _lpeWbp\mbpw (Akmyambpw), AcnjvSeWfpXmbpw (amcIamsWpw) AdnbWw. Ans\bphs\ NnInnmsX Dt]nWw. btcmKnv WnXs AcnjvSeWfpmhpIbpw Hcp ImcWhpw IqSmsX AcnjvSeWfpmhIbpw sNpw.
X{XivtfmIx

kapm\ enwKbx timjkymh_p[ytX ]qcq] XtXz\ kcmx IpalXn.	20

GsXmcp sshZy btcmKns \nZm\hpw eWhpw ]qcq]hpw bYmcq]n a\nemppthm Ah cmPmhnv NnInnphm AlXbph\mIpp.

CXymnthi IrtX Xt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX \nZm\mt\ timj\nZm\w \ma jjvtSm ƒybx.

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