Nidanasthanam Chapter 4

Aymbw  4

{]ta-l-\n-Zm\w

tmI x

AYmXx {]tal\nZm\w hymJymkymax CXnlkvaml `Khm\mt{Xbx	1

C\n {]tal \nZm\w F Aymbs Bt{Xb`Khm D]tZinXp{]Imcw Xs Anthi aljn hnhcnpp.

{XntZj {]tIm]\nanm hnwiXnx {]talm `hn hnImcmm]tc ƒ]cn kwtJybmx. X{XbYm {XntZmj{]tIm]kvXp {]talm\`n\nhbXn, XYm\phymJymkymax.	2

{XntZjtIm]w \nanw Ccp]Xvhn[ {]tal DmIpp. {]talhnImcfpw addt\Ifmbpv. AXpIfnhv {XntZj{]tIm]amIs F{]Imcw {]taltcmKsf Dmppthm A{]Imcw ChnsS hnhcnpXcmw.

Cl Jep \nam\ tZmjZqjyhntitjt`ym hnImcmWmw hnLmX `mhm `mh `mh {]Xnhntijm `hn.bZmtlytX {Xtbm \nZm\mZn hntijmx ]ckv]cw \m\p_[v\n, \ X`m hnImcm`n \nhrn`hXn. AYhmIme{]IjmZ_eobmw tkm hm\ph[v\n, \XZm hnImcm`n\nhrn `hXn.NncmZzm]p`n\nht, X\thm hm `hyYhm ƒ]ybtYm kenwKmx, hn]cytbm hn]coXmx.CXn khnImc hnLtX `mhm `mh `mh {]XnhntijmZn \nhrn tlXp `hXypx.	3

Cu a\pjy icocn \nZm\w (tlXp) hmXmZntZmj, ckcmZnZqjy ChbpsS hntijw\nanw Fmhn[ tcmKpw hnLmXns `mhw (hnImcmWmw A\pn), hnLmXns A`mhw (hnImcmWmw Dev]n) Fo`mhm`mhfpsS `mhn\v {]tXyI hntij kw`hnpp. Fm Ftm Cu aqv \nZm\tZmj Zqjyhntij ]ckv]cw _nsSmXncnppthm Atm tcmK DmIpX. AYhm Imegntem _elo\amtbm ]ckv]cw _nsmepw tcmK DmIpX. AYhm Imegn \nZm\mZnI ]ckv]cw _nsm IpdpImewsImv tcmKs Dmpp AYhm \nZm\mZnI _ew Ipdp ]ckv]cw _nsm IpdpImewsImv tcmKs Dmpp AYhm \nZm\mZnI _ew Ipdp ]ckv]cw _nsm Aev]w am{Xamtbm Fm eWfpw CmsXtbm tcmK DmIpp. \nZm\mZnIfpsS `mhm`mh hn]cybn ta ]dXn\v hn]coXambn tcmK DmIpIbpw sNpp. C{]Imcw Fm tcmKfpw DmIpXn\pw DmImXncnpXn\pw \nZm\mZnIfpsS {]tXyIhntijamWv ImcWw FXv ]dbsp.

\nZmt\m]tkh\w hmXmZntZmjsf tIm]nnpItbm ck[mXpsf ZpjnnpItbm sNmXncpm tcmK DmIpX. \nZmt\m]tkh\w Ime{Ian hmXmZntZmjsf tIm]nnpItbm XZzmcmckmZn [mXpsf ZpjnnpItbm sNbvXm kmh[m\n tcmK DmIpw. \nZmt\m]tkh\w _ew IpdXmbm hmXmZntZmj Aev]wam{Xw tIm]npIbpw ckmZn[mXp Aev]wam{Xw ZpjnpIbpw sNbvXp tcmK Aev]wam{Xamtbm Fm eWfpw CmsXtbm DmIpw. CXn\p hn]coXambm AXmbXv \nZmt\m]tk\w hmXmZntZmjsf tIm]nnpIbpw XZzmcm ckmZn[mXp ZpjnpIbpw sNbvXm tcmKw \nbambpw DmIpw. Ch s]smbm s]spXs tcmK DmIpw. _eambnmbm tcmKw `bcambpw Fm eWtfmSpIqSnbpw DmIpw CXmWv tcmKfpsS Dev]npw A\pev]npw ImcWw.

X{Xta {Xtbm \nZm\mZnhntijmx ivtfjva\nanm\mw {]talmWmamiz`n\nhrnIcm `hn. XZyYmlmb\I bhI No\ tImZvZmfI ss\jt[IS apIpI alm{holn {]tamZIm\mw kpIIm\m \hmm\maXntheaXn {]amtW\ tNm]tbmKx, XYm knjvaXmw \hltcWpamjkp]ym\mw {Kmaym\q]uZIm\mamwkm\mw imIXne]ee ]njvSm]mbkIrichnte]op hnImcmWmw ocaI Z[n{Zh a[pcXcpW {]mbmWma]yp]tbmKx,arPmhymbmah\wkz]v\ib\mk\ {]kwtKmbx InZzn[nct\ym ƒ]nivtfjvatatZmaq{XP\\x kkthm\nZm\hntijx. _lp{Zhx ivtfjvam tZmjhntijx. _lp_wtatZmamwkw icocPIvtfZxip{Iw timWnXw hkmam hknIm ckinNuP CXn kwJymXmZqjyhtijx.	4

Cu aqv \nZm\tZmjZqjy I^P\yamb {]talfpsS Wnep Dev]nv ImcWambnocpp. AXv F{]Imcsamlmb\Iw, bhIw, Nn\Iw, DmeIw, ss\j[w, CSw, apIpw, alm{holn, {]tamZIw, kpKIw Fo [m\y (Chbn NneXv tZi hntijt]cn AdnbsSpXmWv.) ]pXnbXpw IpsSpsSbpw IqSpXembpw D]tbmKnpI; [mcmfw s\vtNp ISecnpw Dgpv]cnpw D]tbmKnpI; {KmaPohnIfptSbpw B\q]PohnIfptSbpw PePohnIfptSbpw amwkw IqSpXembp]tbmKnpI, Cedn, Fp, Acn Acpmnb ]elmcw, ]mbkw, Iricw (Xneamjb]njvSIrXmbhmKx), hnte]n (Aw IqSpXep In), Icnv sImpmp ic, ]kmc apXembh ChbpsS AXnbmb D]tbmKw, ]m, \hw ]pfnm ssXcv, {Zh{Zhyw, Cfw a[pcap {Zhyw ChbpsS AXnbmb D]tbmKw, icocw XncppI, hymbmaw sNmXncnpI, ]Iepdw, InSw, Ccpw Ch Ftmgpw ioenpI Chbpw CXpt]mseXs I^tatZmaq{XhIfmb addv GsXnepw hn[nbptm AXpw Fmw \nZm\hntijamIpp. ChnsS AXn{Zhcq]amb I^w tZmjhntijamIpp. AXn\n_nUamb tatZmamwk, icocnep tZw (aq{XmSn{Zhw), ipw, cw, hk, a, eknI, ck[mXp, HmPv Ch ChnsS ZpjyhntijfmIpp. (ChnsS ]d kWobamb BlmchnlmcmZnIfm I^w tIm]np tatZmamwkmZnIsf Zpjnn I^tals Dmpp Fw.)

{XbmWm tajmw \nZm\mZn hntijmWmw kn]mtXn{]w ivtfjvam {]tIm]am]ZytX {]mKXn`qbkvXzm. k{]Ip]nXx n{]tah icoc hnkr]vXnw e`tX. icocssiYney k hnkkicotc taZsskhmZntXm an{io`mhwKXn. taZtkm _lp _Xzm taZkKpssWxkam\ KpW`pbnjvTXzm k taZkm an{io`h kqjbtXy\Zv hnIrXXzm. khnIrtXmZpjvtS\ taZtkm lnXx icocIvtfZamwkm`ymw kwkw KXn. IvtfZamwktbmcXn {]amWmXn hrXzm kamwtk amwk{]tZmjm ]qXnamwk ]nUImx icmhnIm I]nImZymx kwP\bXn, A{]IrXn `qXXzm, icocIvtfZw ]p\Zqjb aq{XtXz\ ]cnWabXn,aq{Xhlm\mw N t{kmXkmw hwW hkvXn{]`hmWmw taZx IvtftZm]lnXm\n KpcqWnapJm\ymkmZy{]XncpytX, XXkvtXjmw sscyakmyXmwhm P\bXn, {]IrXn hnIrXn `qXXzm.	5

I^{]talns k{m]vXnlmb\ImZn \nZmt\m]tkh\w \nanw I^w tIm]npIbpw XZzmcm tatZm amwkmZnI ZpjnpIbpw sNpXv Hmbntcptm BZyw I^w Gddhpw hnpI \nanw Wn I^{]tIm]apmIpp. B {]Ip]nXamb I^w WnXs icocn hym]npp. icocns inYneX \nanw icocnsemShpw hym]npXmb B I^w BZywXs taZtmSpIqSntpt]mIpp. taZv IqSpXembnpXpsImpw taZpw I^hpw KpWwsImv hftc IqSpX kam\KpWapXmbXp sImpw I^w taZpambn IqSntp kzbw ZpjnXmbXpsImv taZnt\qSn Zpjnnpp. B hnIrXamb I^w Zpjn taZnt\mSpIqSntp icocn XpeyKpWapXmb PemwitmSpw amwktmSpw IqSntcpp. Ans\ icocnse tZhpw amwkhpw AXnbmbn hnpI\nanw B I^w amwkn, km[mcW {]IrXamhn[n amwks ZpjnnpI\nanw icmhn, I]nI apXemb amwkn\v ZpKapmp ]oUIsf Dmpp. ]ns B I^w icocnse Peob `mKs Zpjnnp aq{Xcq]n ]cnWanpp. ]ns hwWhkvXn{]tZifn nXnsNp aq{Xs hlnp t{kmtXmapJsf {]m]np, taZtbpw tZntbpw tNsImv KpcpXzapXmb B t{kmtXmapJfn XSbsSpp. A\cw I^ns {]IrXnp hnIrXn\nanw I^{]talv mbnXztam AYhm AkmyXztam Dmpp.

{]talw ktWmnXamb tcmKambXpsImv BZyw I^hrnbmWpmIpsXnepw Fm {]talfnepw Fm tZmjtIm]hpw ImWmhpXmWv. AXmXv tZmjns B[nIyn AXmXhsb ]dbpp Fpam{Xw. AXmbXv I^w hnv ckamwk tatZm [mXpsf Zpjnnptm I^Psapw XpSp ctqSn Zpjnnptm ]nPsapw XpSp tijw [mXpsf Zpjnnptm hmXPsapw ]dbpp. I^{][m\w, ]n{][m\w, hmX{][m\w Fns\ aqv kmam\yhn`mKhpw 20Ahmchn`mKhpamWv {]taln\pXv. Hmtcmnepw DmIp \nZm\ tZmj Zqjy kw_ hntijn\pkcnv aq{Xn\v KhmZn t`Z DmIpp. B t`Z I^{][m\ambXn ]pw ]n{][m\ambXn Bdpw hmX{][m\ambXn \mepw IqSnbmWv BsI Ccp]Xv.

tZmjtIm]spSp [mXp Zpjnptm [mXp]cnWma {]{Inbbvv Nne hntijI kw`hnpp. AtmgmWv Bhncaq{XXzhpw aq{Xm[nIyhpw aq{Xam[pcyhpw DmIpXv. AXmbXv [mXp]cnWma{Inbbvv sshIeyw kw`hnptm [mXpv Dsmm Ignbm Nne Awisf icncn \nv hnkntXmbnhcpp. Atm AhnsS icocnse Pemwis BIjnsSpmsX Xcan. Ans\ BIjnsSp Pemwis ]pdtv hnSphm Gddhpw \amw aq{X]XnbmsX thsdbn. [mXpv D]tbmKnm IgnbmsX hcp Nne Awi aq{XnqSn ]pdtv hcpXv sImv aq{Xn\v BhneXzw DmIpp. \nZm\coXym Nnnmepw A\p`hnepw B BhneXzw ]kmcXs Pemwis IqSpX BIjnsSppXpsImv aq{Xm[nIyhpw DmIpp. Ans\ aq{Xhmlnt{kmXnt\bpw hkvXntbbpw B{ibnp {]talw DmIpp.

C\n {]tals kw_nv {]kamb Nne \ho\m`n{]mbIqSn ]dbmw. Aymibw (pancreas) ]m{Inbmkv F AxkyntKmfw A]mIn\v thp Aymib{Zhw {khnnpXn\v ]pdsa Hcp {]tXyI{ZhtqSn {khnnppv. AXn\v Ckpen (Insulin) Fv ]dbpp. B {ZhamWv cnse a[pcs \nb{npXv. Aymibn\v Ckpen Dev]mZnnpXn amyw kw`hnptmgmWv {]talw A\p`hsSpXv. Ans\ Ckpen Ipdbptm AXv Ipnhp Xevmeimn t\SpIbpw sNpp. Fm ]m{Inbmkv am{Xa {]taln\v ImcWsapw akvXnjvInse ]obqj{Kn ]nddyqdn mv (pituitary) IWvTnse ImIftKmfw ssXtdmbnUv{Kn (Thyroid) hrmtKmf enh apXemb AxkyntKmfsfmw {]h\sshIeyapmbm {]talw DmIpsapw ImWpp. AXmbXv Chbvsmw {]h\ sshIeyapmbm Blmckmcamb a[pcns ]cnWmas \nb{np Ckpens Dev]mZ\n\v amyw kw`hnpIbpw a[pcw [mXp kmcnsSmsX cn Xn\nevpIbpw sNpw. a[pcw cn Xn\nevpXn\v Hcp ]cn[nbpv. kpam 15 iXam\whscbmImw AXn IqSpXemIptm hrI {]hnp AXns\ aq{Xwhgn ]pdtv hnSpp. AtmgmWv aq{Xn\v am[pcyapmpXv. cn a[pcw IqSpXnt\m B]mWv IpdbpXv. AXv a\nemIWsan Ckpen Ipnhbvptm tUmkvIqSntmbmep nXn t\mnbm aXn. km[mcW\nebn cn \nv a[pcmwiw Ipdphm\p {][m\]v addpXnt\m IqSpX enhdn\mbncnpw. Ans\ icocns kahmbn ImcWfmb Acmhbhfn NneXn\v {]tatlmev]nbnep ]ns\bmWv At]mXn ASnm\ambnmWpsXn BbptZw icocns D]mZm\ImcWfmb \nZm\tZmj ZqjysfbmWv ASnm\ambn ImWpXv. AXpsImv Hv asddmns \ntj[amIpn. AXv hyXykvXamb kao]\ coXnI am{XamIpp.

icocIvtfZkvXp ivtfjvatatZman{ix {]hniaq{XmKbw aq{XXzam]Zyam\x ivssfjvanssI, G`nZi`nKpssWcq]krPytX sshjay bpssx XZbYmtizXinX aq]nnem kv\nKvKpcpa[pckm{ {]kmZasx X{X tb\tb\ KptWss\tI\mt\tI\ hm `qbkm kap]KrlytXX kamJyw KuWw \mahntijw {]m]vt\mXn.	6

I^taZpItfmSv IqSntv icocnse tZamIs aq{Xmibn {]thinnv aq{Xcq]s {]m]nv I^ns C\n]dbp ]v KpWtfmSpIqSnop hnpXmIpp. B ]v F{]Imcsam  tizXw, ioXw, aqw, ]nnew, Aw, kv\nKvw, Kpcp, a[pcw, km{{]kmZw, aw Fn{]ImcamXIpp. Cu ]p KpWfn GtXXv KpW Htm AXne[nItam h\thmSpIqSnbXmbnocppthm AXv AXmXns KpWhntijn\pkncn t]tcmSpIqSnbXmbnocpp.

tXXp JezntaZi {]talm \ma hntitjW `hn.XZyYmDZItal, CIv^qhmenImcktalkm{tal, km{{]kmZtal, ipIvftal, ip{Ital, ioXtal,knIXmtal,iss\tal, BemetaltXn. tX Zi{]talmx km[ymx kam\KpWtaZxm\IXzm I^ky {]m[m\ym ka{InbXzm.	7

B I^{]talfmIs t]cns hyXymkwsImv ]v {]talfmIpp. AXv F{]Imcsam1. DZItalw, 2. CuphmenImcktalw, 3. km{talw, 4. km{{]kmZtalw, 5. iptalw, 6. ip{Italw, 7. ioXtalw, 8. knIXmtalw, 9. iss\talw, 10. Bemetalw FnhbmIpp. 10. I^tal. Cu ]v {]tal km[yamIpp. ImcWw taZns\ B{ibnpmIpXpsImpw I^n\v {]m[m\yapXpsImpw XpeyNnInk tlXphmbpw I^{]tal km[yamIpp. ({]talns A[njvSm\[mXphmb taZpw ZqjnXamb I^hpw DjvWcqmZn D]NmcsImv ianpXmIpp. Atm tZjZpjyfpsS XpeyX\nanw ka{InbXzwsImv tcmKs km[yampp Fw.) “Pztc XpeyptZmjXzw {]tatlXpey ZpjyXm cKpevta ]pcmWXzw kpJkm[yky tlXhx” CXn.

X{XivtfmImx ivtfjva{]tal hntijhnm\mm `hn. Aw _lpknXwioXw \nKapZtIm]aw ivtfjvatIm]mtcm aq{XapZtalo {]talXn.	8

I^{]talfpsS hntijs Adnbphm\mbn C\n]dbp tmI IqSnbpv. I^tIm]w\nanapmIp DZItaltcmKn sXfnthmSpIqSnbpw IqSpXembpw shfppw XWppw KanmsXbpw shn\p kZriambnpw aq{Xw Hgnpp.

AXya[pcw ioX aoj]nneamhnew ImWvtUqck kwImiw ivtfjvatIm]m {]talXn.	9

I^tIm]w \nanapmIp CphmenImcktaln Gddhpw a[pccktmSpIqSnbpw XWppw Ipdsmp hgphgptmSpIqSn Ienbpw Icnn\ocntXpt]msebp hnepw aq{Xsamgnpp.

bky]cypjnXw aq{Xw km{o`hXn `mPt\ ]pcpjw I^tImss]\ Xamlpx km{taln\w.	10

GsXmcp {]taltcmKnbpsS aq{Xw Hcp ]m{Xnemn Hcp cm{Xn hncpm sImgppt]mIppthm AXns\ I^ tIm]wsImpmIp km{talamsWv ]dbpp.

bkykwl\ytX aq{XwInn Inn {]koZXn km{{]kmZtaloXn Xamlpx ivtfjvatIm]Xx.	11

GsXmcphs aq{Xw Hcp ]m{Xnemnhncp\m\m ASnbn Aev]w sImgppw ta`mKw Aev]w sXfnpw ImWppthm AXns\ I^tIm]w\nanapmIp km{ {]kmZtalw Fv ]dbpp.

ipIvfw]njvS\n`w aq{Xa`ovWw bx {]talXn ]pcqjw I^tImt]\Xamlpx ipIvftaln\w.	12

GsXmcph I^tIm]w\nanw Acn AcpIenbXpt]mse sh\ndn \nccw aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ iptaln Fv ]dbpp.

ip{Im`w ip{Ian{iw hm aplptalXntbm\cx ip{Italn\amlpkvXw ]pcpjw ivtfjvatIm]Xx.	13

GsXmcph ipwt]msetbm ipnsd IetmSpIqSntbm IpsSpsS aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ I^tIm]w\nanapmIp ip (hocy) taln Fv ]dbpp.

AXyioXa[pcw aq{XwtalXntbm`riw ioXtaln\amlpkvXw ]pcpjw ivtfjvatIm]Xx	14

GsXmcph Gddhpw XWpXpw a[pcckapXpamb aq{Xw IqSpXembn Hgnppthm Ahs\ I^tIm]w \nanapmp ioXtaln Fv ]dbpp.

aqm aq{XKXm tZmjm\Wq talXntbm\cx. knmtaln\w hnZymcw Xw ivtfjvatIm]Xx	15

GsXmcp I^tIm]w\nanw hfsc sNdnb aWcnt]msebp tZmjsf aq{XnqSn Hgnppthm Ahs\ knIXmtalnbmsWdnbWw.

aw aathKw Xp Ir{w tbm aq{Xtbss\x iss\taln\amlpkvXw ]pcpjw ivtfjvatIm]Xx	16

GsXmcph I^tIm]w \nanw Xosc athKambnv hfsc {]bmksp kmh[m\n aq{Xsamgnppthm Ahs\ iss\taln Fv ]dbpp.

Xp_anhmemew ]nnew bx {]talXn Bemetaln\w hnZytt\cw ivtfjvatIm]Xx	17

GsXmcph I^tIm]w\nanw \qevsImv sInbXpt]msebp CuftbmSpIqSn hgphgpaq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ BemetalnbmsWdnbWw.

CtXyXm Zi{]talmx ivtfjva{]tIm]\nanmhJymXm `hn.	18

C{]Imcw I^tIm]w\nanapmIp ]v {]tal hnhcnp.

DjvWmavfehWmc ISpImPo t`mPt\m]tkhn\kvXYmXn XovWmX]mn km]{iat{Im[ hnjamlmtcm]tkhn\ XYmI icocsskyh n{]w]nw {]tIm]am]ZytX.	19

]n{]tal\nZm\wNqSv, ]pfn, Dv, mcw, Fcnhv ChtbmSpIqSnb {Zhy AXnbmbn ioenph\pw Ign Blmcw ZlnpXn\papv hopw Blmcw Ignph\pw AXpt]mseXs AXnXovWXbp shbnepw Xobpw sImph\pw AXnbmb {iaw, t{Im[w, hnjamlmcw Ch ioeambnph\pw amwktaZx tZmZnI Zpjn icoc{]IrXnmc\mbm Wn ]nw tIm]npXmIpp.

X {]Ip]nXw XssYhm\y]qhym {]talm\namjSvIjn{]a`n\nbXn.	20

]n{]tal k{m]vXnDjvWmmZnIfm {]Ip]nXamb]nw I^taln\v ]dXpt]mep {Ia{]Imcw Cu Bdv hn[nep {]talsf Wn {]ISampp.

tXjma]nN ]nKpW hntitjW \mahntijm `hn, XZyYmmtal, Imetal, \oetal, temlnXtal, anjvSmta, lcn{ZmtaltXn. tX_lp`ntcssXx mcmtafehWISpI hnt{kmjvssWx ]nKpssWx ]qh ka\znXm `hn. k Gh NtXbm]ymx kwkrjvStZmjtaZx m\Xzm hncptm]{IaXztXn.	21

B Bdv {]talpw ]nns `nKpWw \nanw `namb t]cpIfmIpp. AXv F{]Imcsammctalw, Imftalw, \oetalw, temlnXtalw, aRvPnjvSmtalw, lcn{Zmtalw Fo{]ImcamIpp. B Bdv {]tal mcw, Aw, ehWw, ISp, hn{kw(BaKw), DjvWw Fo ]nns Bdv KpWsImvXs apv I^{]taln ]dXpt]mse icoctZtmSptNp aq{Xmibn {]thinpmIpp. Cu Bdv ]ntal bm]yamIpp. ImcWw I^hpw ]nhpw HnptNp taZns\ B{ibnpXpsImpw Hns NnIn asddmn\v hncpambXpsImpw ]n{]talw bm]yamIpp.

ChnsS ZqjnXamb ]nn\v a[pcintXm]NmcfmWv thXv. AhbmIs I^taZpIsf hnnpw. Zpjyamb tatZmamwkmZnImIs cqtmjvWmZn{InbIfmWv thXv. Ah ]ns hnnpIbpw sNpw. AXpsImmWv ]n{]talw bm]yamsWv ]dXv.

X{XivtfmImx ]n{]talhntil hnm\mm `hn. Khck kv]ssibYm mckvXYmhn[w ]ntIm]mmtcmaq{Xw mctalo{]talXn.	22

]n{]talfpsS hntijs Adnbphm\mbn C\n ]dbp tmIIqSnbpv. ]n{]tIm]w\nanw mctaltcmKn KwsImpw hwsImpw ckwsImpw kv]iwsImpw mcPew F{]Imcw Ccnppthm A{]Imcap aq{Xsamgnpp.

ajohaP{kwtbm aq{XaqjvWw ]talXn ]nky ]cntImt]W Xw hnZym Imetaln\w.	23

GsXmcph \nccw ajnt]mse Idp NqSp aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ ]nns {]tIm] \nanapmIp ImftaltcmKnbmsWdnbWw.

Nmj]n\n`w aq{Xaavfw talXntbm\cx ]nky]cntImt]W Xw hnZyoe taln\w.	24

GsXmcph a\pjy Nmj]nbpsS NndIns hwt]msebpXpw ]pfnckapXpamb aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ ]ntIm]w \nanapmIp \oetaltcmKnbmsWdnbWw.

hn{kwehWapjvWw N cw talXntbm \nx ]nky]cntImt]W Xw hnZym{Ztaln\w.	25

BaKtmSpw DpcktmSpw NqtSmSpw ctmSpw IqSn GsXmcp a\pjy aq{Xsamgnppthm Ahs\ ]ntIm]w \nanapmIp ctalnbmsWdnbWw.

aRvPnjvTmcq]ntbm ƒP{kw `riwhn{kw{]talXn ]nky]cntIm]mw hnZymamRvPnjvT taln\w.	26

GsXmcph ]ntIm]w\nanw \nccw atmens hnepw BaKambpw IqSpXembpw aq{Xsamgnppthm Ahs\ aRvPnjvTOmtalnbmsWdnbWw.

lcnt{ZmZI kmiw ISpIw bx {]talXn ]nky]cntIm]mXNvXp hnZymmcn{fmaln\w.	27

CtXytX jUv {]talmx ]n{]tIm]\nanm hymJymXm`hn.	28

]nns {]tIm]w\nanamIs GsXmcph afns \ocvt]mse hnepw Fcnhv cknepw aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ lcn{ZmtalnbmsWdnbWw.

C{]Imcw ]ntIm]w\nanapmIp Bdv {]talsf hnhcnp.

cq ISpI Ijmb XneLp ioX hyhmb hymbma ha\hntcN\mm]\ intcmhntcN\mXntbmK kmcWm \i\m`nLmXmXt]m tZzKtimI timWnXmXntkI PmKcWhnjaicoc\ymkm\p]tkham\ky XYmIicocsskyhn{]w hmbpx {]tIm]am]ZytX.	29

hmX{]tal \nZm\wcqISpIjmbXneLpioX {ZhyfpsS AXnbmb D]tbmKwsImpw ssaYp\w, hymbmaw, ha\w, hntcN\w, hkvXn, \kyw ChbpsS AXntbmKwsImpw aeaq{XmZnthK[mcWwsImpw D]hmkwsImpw ASn, CSn apXembh GevpIsImpw shbn GevpIsImpw shbnsIm, `bw, ZpJw, AXnbmb c\nlcWw, Ddsmgnb, icocs t\scbmsX sh Fnh ioenpIsImpw amwktaZx tZmZnI Zpjn icoc{]IrXnmc\v Wn hmbptIm]w DmIpp.

k{]Ip]nXkvXYmtI icotc hnk bZm hkmamZmbaq{Xhlm\n t{kmXmwkn {]Xn]ZytX,XZmhkmtala`n\nhbXn, bZm ]p\m\w aq{XhkvXmhmIjXn, XZm amtala`n\nhbXn,bZm eknImw aq{Xmitb ƒ`nhl aq{Xa\p_w tymXbXn eknImXn_lnXzm Zznt]Wmhmtbmx JezkymXnaq{X{]hrnkwKw ItcmXn, XZmk a CuhKPx cXyP{kw aq{XathKw, Xw lkvXntaln\amNtX, HmPx ]p\a[pckz`mhw, XZyZmcuymZzmbpx IjmbtXz\m`n kwkrPyaq{Xmitb ƒ`nhlXn, XZm a[ptalw ItcmXn.	30

hmXtalk{m]vXnB {]Ip]nXamb hmbp ta]dXpt]mep icocn hym]np Ftm hksb kzoIcnp aq{Xhmlnt{kmXpIfn Fntcppthm Atm hkmtals Dmpp. ]ns Ftm asb kzoIcnp aq{XhkvXnbn BIjnsSppthm Atm amtals Dmpp. Ftm hmbp eknItbm (amwkXzKckvXapZIs) aq{Xmibn sImpsNp aq{Xs XSw IqSmsX {khnnpIbpw eknIbpsS AXn _mlpeywsImpw hmbphns hnt]Wkz`mhwsImpw AXnaq{X{]nbpmpIbpw sNppthm Atm hmXtaln aZnncnp B\ Ft]mse Fmbvt]mgpw aq{Xw Hgnpp. Ahs\ lkvXntaltcmKn Fv ]dbpp. ]ns HmPv a[pckz`mhapffXmIpp. AXv Ftm hmbp Xs cqXsImpw IjmbckXzwsImpw At\ym\yw IqSntp aq{Xmibn sImpsNppthm Atm a[ptals Dmpp.

CamwXpcx {]talm hmXPm \km [ym\mNtX `njtPm almXybnIXzm hncptm]{IaXzmtXn. tXjma]n hmXKpWhntitjssWh \mahntijm`hn., XZyYmhkmtal atal lkvXntal a[ptaltXn.	31

Cu ]d \mev hmXP\yamb {]talsf sshZy Akm[yamsWv ]dbpp. ImcWw {][m\ [mXpsf oWnnpI\nanw hn\mis DmpXmIbmepw tZmjZpjyfn Hn\p sNp NnIn asddmn\v hncpamIpXmIbmepamIpp. Cu \mev hmX{]talpw hmXns KpWv hyXymkapXpsImv Xs t]cpw hyXymkapXmbnocpp. AXv F{]Imcsamhkmtalhpw amtalhpw lkvXntalhpw a[ptalhpw BIpp.

X{XivtfIm hmX{]tal hntij hnm\mm`hn. hkman{iw hkm`w N aplptalXntbm \cx hkmtaln\amlpkvXakm[yw hmXtIm]Xx	32

hmX{]talfpsS hntij hnm\mw C\n ]dbp tmI IqSnbpv GsXmcp a\pjy hmXtIm]w\nanw hk Ientm hkbpsS hntem IqsSqsS aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ hkmtaln Fv ]dbpp. CXv Akm[yamIpp.

am\w kl aqt{XW aplptlXntbm\cx ataln\amlpkvXakm[yw hmXtIm]Xx	33

GsXmcp a\pjy hmXtIm]w\nanw aXsbmbntm aIentm IqsSqsS aq{Xsamgnppthm Ahs\ amtaln Fv ]dbpp. CXpw Akm[yamIpp.

lkvXna ChmP{kw aq{Xw cXntbm `riw lkvXntaln\ amlpkvXakm[yw hmXtIm]Xx	34

GsXmcph hmXtIm]w\nanw aZnncnp B\ Ft]mse Fmbvtmgpw IqSpX aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ lkvXntaln Fv ]dbpp. CXpw Akm[yamIpp.

Ijmba[pcw ]mWvUpw cqw talXntbm \cx hmXtIm]mZkm[yw Xw {]Xobma[ptaln\w. CtXytXNXzmcx {]talm hmX{]tIm]\nanmx.	35

GsXmcp a\pjy hmXtIm]w\nanw Ijmb a[pccknepw ]mWvUphnepw cqXbpXpamb aq{Xw Hgnppthm Ahs\ a[ptaltcmKn Fv ]dbpp. AXpw Akm[yamIpp. Cu \mev {]tal hmXtIm]w\nanapmIpXmIpp.

Ghw {XtZmj {]tIm]\nanm hnwiXnx {]talmhymJymXm `hn.	36

C{]Imcw {XntZmjtIm]w\nanapmIp Ccp]Xv {]talsf hnhcnsncnpp.

{XbkvXp tZmjmx {]Ip]nXmx {]talm\`n\nhbjy Cam\n ]qcq]mWn ZibRn,XZyYmPSneo`mhw tItijp, am[pcyamkyky, Ic]mXtbmkp]vXmZmlu, apJXmepIWvTtimjw, ]n]mkmw,Bekyw, aeImtb, Imbnt{Zjp tNm]tZlw,]cnZmlw kp]vXXmmwtKjp, jSv]Z]n]oenIm`n icocaq{Xm`nkcWw, aqt{X N aq{XtZmjm hn{kicocKw, \n{Zmw X{m kImeanXn.	37

{]talns ]qcq]waqv tZmjfpw tIm]npmIp {]taltcmKfn Cu ]qcq] ImWpXmIpp. AXv F{]ImcsamXeapSnbn PSsIpXpt]msebpmIpI, hmbvv a[pcckw, ssIImepIv Xcnpw Npp\odepw DmhpI, hmbnepw Amnepw IWvTnepw hc, XoZmlw, oWw, icocn aehrn, \hZzmcfn Ftm ]qinbncnpXpt]mse tXmpI, icocn apgph Xcnpw Npp\odepw DmhpI, Cu DdppI icocnepw aq{Xnepw HmSnsbpI, aq{Xn aq{XtZmjwicocn\v BaKw, Ftmgpw Ddw aSnbpw DmhpI Ch Fmw {]talntbpw ]qcq]amIpp.

D]{`hmkvXp Jep {]talnWmw XrjvWmXnkmcPzcZmlZu_eymtcmNImhn]mImx ]qXnamwk]nU ImePo hn{Z[ymZb X {]kwKmZv `hn.	38

{]taltcmKnIv D]{Zhhym[nIfmIs Zmlw, AXnkmcw, Pzcw, Npp\od, _ebw, AcpNn, Anamyw, amwkwZpjnp \mdp Ipcp, AePn hn{Z[n apXembh {]talw \op\nm DmIpXmIpp.

X{X km[ym {]talm kwtim[t\m]iass\ bYmlap]]mZb NnIntkZnXn.	39

Ku Ccp]Xv hn[ {]talfn km[yfmbnp {]talsf kwtim[\ kwia\fm AXmXn\pkcnhn[n NnInknWw.

`hnNm{X

Kr[v\pa`yhlmtcyjp kv\m\Nw{IaWmZznjw {]talx n{]at`yXn \oU{ZpaanhmWvUPx	40
atmkmlaXn qeaXnkv\nKv[w almi\w aqXypx {]talcqt]W n{]amZmb KXn	41
bkvXzmlmcw icocky [mXpkmayIcw \cx tkthtX hnhn[mm\ymtjvSmx k kpJaiv\ptX.	42

A]m\mZnIfn ep_v[Xzw ImWnpht\bpw Ifn, hgn\Sw, Fnhsb shdppht\bpw {]talw ]n Xs hmkeamb hrn hp tNcpXpt]mse Wn _m[npXmWv Dmlw Ipdpw icocw AXnbmbn XSnpw icocn\v kv\nKvX IqSpXembpw IqSpX `Ww IgnpIbpw sNphs Pohs\ arXyp{]talcq]nhp Wn FSppsImpt]mIpXmWv. GsXmcp a\pjy icocns tZmj[mXpsf kamhbnemnop Blmcfpw addv hnhn[ hn[nep hnlmcfpw ioenppthm Ah tcmKsfmpw CmsX kpJw A\p`hnpp.

X{XivtfmImx

tlXphym[n hntijmWmw {]talmWmw N ImcWw tZmj[mXp aemtbmtKm cq]w hnhn[tah N.	43
ZiivtfjvaIrXmw bkvam {]talmx SjvN ]nPm bYmItcmXn hmbp {]talmwXptcm_en	44
km[ym km[y hntijm ]qcq]mWyp]{Zhmx {]talmWmw \nZmt\ Xkvan{Inbm kq{Xw N `mjnXw.	45

hym[nhntijfpsS tlXp, {]talfpsSbpw ImcWw, tZmj[mXpaefpsS kwtbmKw, hnhn[ hn[nep eWw. Fv ImcWwsImv I^P\yamb ]pw ]nP\yamb Bdpw {]tal DmIpp Fpw km[ym km[y hntijtfbpw ]qcq]tfbpw D]{Zhhym[nItfbpw {]talfpsS NnInmkq{Xtbpw Cu {]tal\nZm\n hnhcnsncnpp.

CXynthi IrtX Xt{ NcI{]XnkwkvIrtX \nZm\mt\ {]tal\nZm\w \ma NXptybx.

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